掺杂Fe3+对高电压正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4结构和性能的影响

以Li2CO3、MnO2、NiO、FeC2O4·2H2O为原料,用高温固相法合成了尖晶石结构的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/LiNi0.5Mn1.45Fe0.05O4锂离子电池正极材料;并对合成的样品进行XRD、SEM及电化学性能测试。结果表明:引入Fe3+可以提高材料的结构稳定性,并且改善了材料的导电性,一定程度上减缓材料的容量衰减,LiNi0.5Mn1.45Fe0.05O4表现出较好的电化学性能,0.2C倍率下经20次充放电循环,未掺杂样品与掺杂样品的放电比容量分别为115.4mAh/g和120.1mAh/g,容量保持率由92.1%提高到96.5%。     

高嵌锂电位正极材料LiMn_(1-x)Mg_xPO_4/C结构与电化学性能研究

采用高温固相法制备了LiMn1-xMgxPO4/C(x=0.01、,0.02、,0.03、,0.04、,0.05)系列材料,通过XRD,SEM,恒流充放电和交流阻抗等测试方法,研究了镁掺杂量对材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能的影响。结果表明:不同镁掺杂量的LiMn1-xMgxPO4/C材料的结构和形貌未发生明显的变化,Mg2+完全进入材料的晶格,占据Mn位。随着镁掺杂量的增加,材料的放电比容量呈先增加后下降的趋势,则循环稳定性的变化没有明显的规律性。LiMn0.98Mg0.02PO4/C材料0.05C放电比容量为100mAh/g,30次循环后,容量保持率为73%,而0.2C的容量保持率仅为52.43%。     

金属镁掺杂的LiMnPO4/C的电化学性能研究

采用固相湿磨并热处理,以酚醛树脂为碳源,合成了锂离子电池正极材料LiMn1-xMgxPO4/C(x=0,0.01、0.04、0.05和0.1)。制备的样品具有相似的形貌,掺杂的镁离子半径较小导致了晶格收缩,从而使颗粒细小且分布均匀。充放电测试和交流阻抗表明,由于镁离子掺杂加快了电化学动力学反应过程,而明显提高了材料的电化学性能。600℃煅烧得到的LiMn0.96Mg0.04 PO4/C材料在0.05C倍率下具有144mAh/g的放电容量;高放电倍率下,以恒流-恒压-恒流模式进行充放电测试,LiMn0.96Mg0.04PO4/C复合正极材料显示出良好的循环性能及倍率性能。     

锂离子电池正极材料Li_2Fe_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)SiO_4/C的制备及电化学性能

采用液相法合成了锂离子电池Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4/C正极材料,考察了热处理温度对Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5-SiO4/C电化学性能的影响,运用XRD、SEM、充放电测试方法和循环伏安法表征了Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4/C的结构和电化学性能。结果表明,合成的Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4/C晶胞为斜方晶胞结构,属于Pmn21空间群。其中700℃焙烧7h制备的Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4/C材料具有较好的电化学性能,首次可逆容量为206.2mAh/g,库仑效率为94.9%,循环20次后的可逆容量为145.7mAh/g,Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4/C中Fe2+/Fe3+和Mn2+/Mn4+电对的氧化峰电位比较接近,均为4.5V(vs Li/Li+),3个还原峰峰电位分别为3.5V、2.9V和2.1V。     

Mn掺杂Li3Fe2(PO4)3正极材料的制备与表征

通过固相反应法合成出Li3+xFe2-xMnxn(Po4)3(x-0～O.1)、Li3Fel.ω5Mn0.05(PO4)3和Li2.95Fe1.ωMnoN.05(PO4)3正极材料.采用行星式球磨方法,均匀混合正极材料和导电乙炔黑以提高活性材料的电子导电率和降低颗粒尺寸.Mn掺杂的Li3Fe2(PO4)3样品的恒电流充放电测试和伏安循环测试(2～4V)发现,所有样品中Fe3+/Fe2+氧化还原电对均有两个稳定的充放电平台(2.8、2.7V)、Li3+,Fe2-xMnxII(PO4)3和Li3Fe1.95Mn0.05(PO4)3中Mn3+/Mn2+电对的充放平台位于3.5V左右.不同价态Mn的掺杂均可明显提高正极材料的电化学性能,其中Mn掺杂样品的电化学性能最好,其中Li3.05Fel.95MnⅡ0.05(PO4)3/C的C/20和C/2恒流放电比容量分别可达11O和66mAh/g.     

新型三元锂离子正极材料Li_2Ru_(1/3)Co_(1/3)M_(1/3)O_3的合成及其电化学性能

利用高温固相反应法制备了新型三元锂离子电池正极材料Li2Ru1/3Co1/3M1/3O3(M=Mn、Ni、Fe)。通过X射线衍射技术和电化学性能测试对Li2Ru1/3Co1/3M1/3O3的微观结构及其电化学性能进行了表征。研究结果表明,Li2Ru1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O3和Li2Ru1/3Co1/3Fe1/3O3为六方层状结构,空间群为R-3M,而Li2Ru1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O3保持了单斜结构;电化学性能测试表明Li2Ru1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O3的电化学性能优于掺杂Fe和Ni的三元材料,该材料具有良好的循环性能,在电流密度为16 m A/g情况下,首次充电容量达到190 m Ah/g,首次放电容量为171 m Ah/g,50次循环后容量保持率为98%。     

铝掺杂的富锂正极材料Li[Li0.2Mn0.4Fe0.3Al0.1]O2的合成及电化学性能研究

用共沉淀法合成了用铝掺杂的铁部分取代锰的富锂正极材料Li[Li0.2Mn0.4Fe0.3Al0.1]O2。采用XRD、SEM、电化学测试等方法对样品进行表征。结果表明,与Li[Li0.2Mn0.45Fe0.35]O2相比,Li[Li0.2Mn0.4Fe0.3Al0.1]O2具有较好的电化学性能,其初始容量达到241mAh/g左右,经50次充放电循环后,容量衰减率在7%左右。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiFe_(1-2x)Mn_xMg_xPO_4/C的电化学性能研究

通过高温固相合成法以MnCO3为锰源、(MgCO3)4·Mg(OH)·5H2O为镁源,葡萄糖为碳源,在氩气气氛下合成二元掺杂Mn、Mg的LiFe0.8Mn0.1Mg0.1PO4/C和LiFePO4/C正极材料,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱仪(FT-IR)进行结构表征,通过恒电流充放电实验研究了LiFe0.8Mn0.1Mg0.1PO4/C和LiFePO4/C电化学性能。结果表明,二元掺杂Mn、Mg的LiFe0.8Mn0.1Mg0.1PO4/C呈现橄榄石结构,无杂质产生。与未掺杂的LiFePO4/C相比,掺杂后LiFe0.8Mn0.1Mg0.1PO4/C提高了电导率,0.1C倍率下放电可逆容量为131mAh/g,表现出良好的电化学性能。     

尖晶石型Li1-xMgxMn2O4正极材料的制备和性质

采用高温固相分段反应法制备了尖晶石LiMn2O4和Mg2 掺杂的Li1-xMgxMn2O4(x=0.05、0.1)材料,对材料进行了XRD结构分析和电化学性能等测试,结果表明:Mg2 掺杂样品Li1-xMgxMn2O4(x=0.05、0.1)仍保持尖晶石相Fd3m结构;循环性能明显改善,室温条件下50次循环后,样品Li0.9Mg0.1Mn2O4的放电容量为100mAh/g,容量保持率为9.9%,而LiMn204容量衰减率仅为18.1%.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiMn_(0.8-x)Fe_(0.15+x)Mg_(0.05)PO_4的制备、表征及电化学过程研究

采用溶剂热法制备了Mg掺杂的磷酸铁锰锂(LiMn_(0.8-x)Fe_(0.15+x)Mg_(0.05)PO_4)正极材料。通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、恒流充放电等手段对合成样品的结构、形貌及电化学性能进行了测试与表征。结果表明,所制样品为具有良好橄榄石型结构的纳米颗粒。Mg的掺入提升了材料中Mn和Fe的容量发挥率,0.1C倍率下材料的容量提升率达23.2%,1C倍率时循环100周后材料比容量为110.1mAh/g,容量保持率高于94%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...