A view-invariant gait recognition algorithm based on a joint-direct linear discriminant analysis

This paper proposes a view-invariant gait recognition algorithm, which builds a unique view invariant model taking advantage of the dimensionality reduction provided by the Direct Linear Discriminant Analysis (DLDA). Proposed scheme is able to reduce the under-sampling problem (USP) that appears usually when the number of training samples is much smaller than the dimension of the feature space. Proposed approach uses the Gait Energy Images (GEIs) and DLDA to create a view invariant model that is able to determine with high accuracy the identity of the person under analysis independently of incoming angles. Evaluation results show that the proposed scheme provides a recognition performance quite independent of the view angles and higher accuracy compared with other previously proposed gait recognition methods, in terms of computational complexity and recognition accuracy.     

基于模糊主成分分析的步态识别

提出针对步态能量图的基于模糊主成分分析的步态识别算法。通过对原始步态序列进行预处理得到步态能量图,利用模糊主成分分析提取出特征值和对应的特征向量,获得模糊主成分后将其映射到低维空间,并使用最近邻法进行分类。在CASIA数据库上对算法进行验证,实验结果证明,该算法与同类算法相比具有更好的识别性能。     

Effect of silhouette quality on hard problems in Gait recognition.

Gait as a behavioral biometric has been the subject of recent investigations. However, understanding the limits of gait-based recognition and the quantitative study of the factors effecting gait have been confounded by errors in the extracted silhouettes, upon which most recognition algorithms are based. To enable us to study this effect on a large population of subjects, we present a novel model based silhouette reconstruction strategy, based on a population based hidden Markov model (HMM), coupled with an eigen-stance model, to correct for common errors in silhouette detection arising from shadows and background subtraction. The model is trained and benchmarked using manually specified silhouettes for 71 subjects from the recently formulated HumanID Gait Challenge database. Unlike other essentially pixel-level silhouette cleaning methods, this method can remove shadows, especially between feet for the legs-apart stance, and remove parts due to any objects being carried, such as briefcase or a walking cane. After quantitatively establishing the improved quality of the silhouette over simple background subtraction, we show on the 122 subjects HumanID Gait Challenge Dataset and using two gait recognition algorithms that the observed poor performance of gait recognition for hard problems involving matching across factors such as surface, time, and shoe are not due to poor silhouette quality, beyond what is available from statistical background subtraction based methods.     

一种基于静态和动态特征的步态识别新方法

最近,利用步态对个人身份进行识别受到越来越多生物识别技术研究者的重视。步态能量图(Gait EnergyImage,GEI)是一种有效的步态表征方法。把步态能量图分解为身体相关能量图(Body-Related GEI,BGEI)、步态相关能量图(Gait-Related GEI,GGEI)、身体步态相关能量图(Body-Gait-Related GEI,BGGEI)3部分,利用傅立叶描绘子对身体相关能量图(BGEI)、身体步态相关能量图(BGGEI)进行描述,利用Gabor小波提取步态相关能量图(GGEI)的幅值特征,分别研究了它们的识别能力,并在Rank层和Score层融合步态相关能量图(GGEI)、身体步态相关能量图(BGGEI)这两部分信息用于步态识别。该算法在CASIA数据库上进行的试验取得了较高的正确识别率。     

基于核主成分分析的步态识别方法

为了从多帧步态序列中更有效地提取步态特征并实时性地进行身份识别,提出一种有效的基于平均步态能量图(MGEI)的核主成分分析(KPCA)的身份识别方法。通过预处理技术提取出运动人体的侧面轮廓,根据步态下肢的摆动距离统计出步态周期,得到MGEI。KPCA采用非线性方法提取主成分,描述待识别图像中多个像素之间的相关性。利用KPCA的方法在高维空间对MGEI提取特征,选择合适的核函数,用方差倒数加权欧氏距离进行身份识别。实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的识别性能,并且耗时大大缩短。     

集成HOG步态模板

步态模板在提升步态识别的实时性能中扮演了关键角色。由于缺乏时间信息和不能充分提取步态中的统计特征,其识别性能会受到一定的损害。以步态能量图（GEI）为模板,并使用基于时间保持的步态能量图（CGI）,从这两个模板中进一步提取空间特征。在此基础上,构造了集成HOG步态模板。这一模板能较好地保持时间信息和有效地提取空间结构特征。在USF步态数据集的实验表明,与其他已知步态识别方法相比,提出的模板实现了好的识别性能。     

基于时间保持能量图和Radon变换的步态识别

Radon变换把图像从坐标空间映射到Radon空间,因其可以保存频率信息而被应用在步态识别算法中。主要从频率角度入手,着力提高基于Radon变换的步态识别算法的识别正确率,提出了基于时间保持能量图的Radon变换步态识别算法。传统的步态能量图是对步态周期中经过归一化的人体轮廓图求算术平均而得到的步态特征表示,最近提出的时间保持能量图在保持步态能量图的优点的基础上,保留了步态序列的时间信息,在改进的步态周期检测算法的基础上,提出将时间保持能量图和Radon变换结合到一起的步态识别算法。也对结合不同数据空间的特征如频率、形状等做了初步探讨。     

Liver disorder detection using variable- neighbor weighted fuzzy K nearest neighbor approach

The human liver disorder is a genetic problem due to the habituality of alcohol or effect by the virus. It can lead to liver failure or liver cancer, if not been detected in initial stage. The aim of the proposed method is to detect the liver disorder in initial stage using liver function test dataset. The problem with many real-world datasets including liver disease diagnosis data is class imbalanced. The word imbalance refers to the conditions that the number of observations belongs to one class having more or less than the other class(es). Traditional K- Nearest Neighbor (KNN) or Fuzzy KNN classifier does not work well on the imbalanced dataset because they treat the neighbor equally. The weighted variant of Fuzzy KNN assign a large weight for the neighbor belongs to the minority class data and relatively small weight for the neighbor belongs to the majority class to resolve the issues with data imbalance. In this paper, Variable- Neighbor Weighted Fuzzy K Nearest Neighbor Approach (Variable-NWFKNN) is proposed, which is an improved variant of Fuzzy-NWKNN. The proposed Variable-NWFKNN method is implemented on three real-world imbalance liver function test datasets BUPA, ILPD from UCI and MPRLPD. The Variable-NWFKNN is compared with existing NWKNN and Fuzzy-NWKKNN methods and found accuracy 73.91% (BUPA Dataset), 77.59% (ILPD Dataset) and 87.01% (MPRLPD Dataset). Further, TL_RUS method is used for preprocessing and it improved the accuracy as 78.46% (BUPA Dataset), 78.46% (ILPD Dataset) and 95.79% (MPRLPD Dataset).

     

基于增强能量图和二维保局映射的行为分类算法

行为分类中,现有的特征提取要么方法简单、识别率低,要么特征提取复杂、实时性差。对此,提出一种算法：将步态能量图（GEI）改进,得到增强步态能量图（EGEI）;然后将二维保局映射（2DLPP）应用于特征空间降维;最后采用最近邻(NN)法分类。EGEI比GEI更能反映目标特征;2DLPP降维效果好于主成分分析(PCA)及一维保局映射。在Weizmann行为数据库上测试,实验结果表明：该算法简单、准确率高,平均识别率达到了91.22%。     

A study on gait entropy image analysis for clothing invariant human identification

A simple and common human gait may be viewed as a strong biometric cue to solve human identification problem through understanding the intrinsic patterns of gait biometrics. An individual’s gait pattern appears to be different in gallery and probe gait sequences due to wearing dissimilar clothing types. The gait dataset captures the possible changes found in silhouette shape image which provides the difficulty in distinguishing among individuals. In this paper, a robust feature selection technique has been addressed through Gait Entropy Image (GEnI) analysis. The GEnI has the capacity to accumulate most significant motion information. The width of GEnI, along the horizontal axis is taken as discriminative feature which produces a small intra-class variance. This information is studied as an evidence of feature invariance. The standard statistical tests such as pair-wise clothing correlation and intra-clothing variance are performed on gait dataset to evaluate the reliability of feature. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of proposed feature selection method using k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), minimum distance classifier (MDC), and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. The performance analysis of recognition system has been evaluated on OU-ISIR Treadmill B gait database with different error metrics after performing N-fold cross validation method.     

Expressions Recognition of North-East Indian (NEI) Faces

Facial expression is one of the major distracting factors for face recognition performance. Pose and illumination variations on face images also influence the performance of face recognition systems. The combination of three variations (facial expression, pose and illumination) seriously degrades the recognition accuracy. In this paper, three experimental protocols are designed in such a way that the successive performance degradation due to the increasing variations (expressions, expressions with illumination effect and expressions with illumination and pose effect) on face images can be examined. The whole experiment is carried out using North-East Indian (NEI) face images with the help of four well-known classification algorithms namely Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm (KNN), combination of Principal Component Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA + LDA), combination of Principal Component Analysis and K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm (PCA + KNN). The experimental observations are analyzed through confusion matrices and graphs. This paper also describes the creation of NEI facial expression database, which contains visual static face images of different ethnic groups of the North-East states. The database is useful for future researchers in the area of forensic science, medical applications, affective computing, intelligent environments, lie detection, psychiatry, anthropology, etc.     

A telemedicine tool to detect pulmonary pathology using computerized pulmonary acoustic signal analysis

BackgroundDetection and monitoring of respiratory related illness is an important aspect in pulmonary medicine. Acoustic signals extracted from the human body are considered in detection of respiratory pathology accurately.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to develop a prototype telemedicine tool to detect respiratory pathology using computerized respiratory sound analysis.MethodsAround 120 subjects (40 normal, 40 continuous lung sounds (20 wheeze and 20 rhonchi)) and 40 discontinuous lung sounds (20 fine crackles and 20 coarse crackles) were included in this study. The respiratory sounds were segmented into respiratory cycles using fuzzy inference system and then S-transform was applied to these respiratory cycles. From the S-transform matrix, statistical features were extracted. The extracted features were statistically significant with p < 0.05. To classify the respiratory pathology KNN, SVM and ELM classifiers were implemented using the statistical features obtained from of the data.ResultsThe validation showed that the classification rate for training for ELM classifier with RBF kernel was high compared to the SVM and KNN classifiers. The time taken for training the classifier was also less in ELM compared to SVM and KNN classifiers. The overall mean classification rate for ELM classifier was 98.52%.ConclusionThe telemedicine software tool was developed using the ELM classifier. The telemedicine tool has performed extraordinary well in detecting the respiratory pathology and it is well validated.     

基于核二维主成分分析算法的步态识别

步态识别是一种新的生物认证技术,它是通过人的行走方式来识别人类身份的方法。为了更加快速有效地对人体步态特征进行提取和识别,采用了基于核二维主成分分析（Kernel two Dimensional Principal Component Analyses,K2DPCA）的方法进行步态特征提取,运用支持向量机（SVM）进行步态识别。根据人体步态下肢摆动距离统计出步态周期,得到步态能量图（GEI）,对生成的GEI采用核二维主成分分析方法进行步态特征向量提取,采用SVM分类器进行分类识别。实验结果表明该方法具有很好的识别效果。     

基于步态能量图和不变矩的身份识别算法

分析步态能量图即具有作为静态的外观特征,又包含了识别的动力学有用信息,同时证明了步态能量图对噪声的不敏感性。文章提出了一种基于步态能量图和不变矩的身份识别算法,介绍了不变矩的基本理论以及Hu提出的七个不变矩,利用图像不变矩的平移、尺度和旋转不变特性,从原始的步态能量图中提取不变矩特征作为步态能量图的输入特征向量,运用不变矩的最小距离分类器的模式匹配进行步态特征分类。最后在CASIA步态数据库上对所提出的算法和其他新的步态识别方法相比较。实验结果表明,提出的算法是一种有效的步态识别方法。     

基于LBP和HOG特征分层融合的步态识别

针对步态能量图（GEI）在提取人体信息时只描绘出了轮廓信息,而丢失了内部特征的局限性,提出一种基于人体目标图像的局部二值模式（LBP）与方向梯度直方图（HOG）分层融合的GEI识别算法。该算法步骤包括：首先用光流法提取步态周期,获得一个周期的步态能量图（GEI）;然后分三层提取GEI的LBP特征,得到三层的LBP图像;依次提取每层LBP图像的HOG特征,最后将每层提取的LBP和HOG特征融合,得到每层的新特征;最后将三个新特征依次融合成可以用于识别的最终特征。通过几种方法对CASIA和USF步态数据库的实验对比,提出的算法取得了更高的识别率。     

A new approach of audio emotion recognition

A new architecture of intelligent audio emotion recognition is proposed in this paper. It fully utilizes both prosodic and spectral features in its design. It has two main paths in parallel and can recognize 6 emotions. Path 1 is designed based on intensive analysis of different prosodic features. Significant prosodic features are identified to differentiate emotions. Path 2 is designed based on research analysis on spectral features. Extraction of Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) feature is then followed by Bi-directional Principle Component Analysis (BDPCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural classification. This path has 3 parallel BDPCA + LDA + RBF sub-paths structure and each handles two emotions. Fusion modules are also proposed for weights assignment and decision making. The performance of the proposed architecture is evaluated on eNTERFACE’05 and RML databases. Simulation results and comparison have revealed good performance of the proposed recognizer.     

Evaluating the use of ECG signal in low frequencies as a biometry

Traditional strategies, such as fingerprinting and face recognition, are becoming more and more fraud susceptible. As a consequence, new and more fraud proof biometrics modalities have been considered, one of them being the heartbeat pattern acquired by an electrocardiogram (ECG). While methods for subject identification based on ECG signal work with signals sampled in high frequencies (>100 Hz), the main goal of this work is to evaluate the use of ECG signal in low frequencies for such aim. In this work, the ECG signal is sampled in low frequencies (30 Hz and 60 Hz) and represented by four feature extraction methods available in the literature, which are then feed to a Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifier to perform the identification. In addition, a classification approach based on majority voting using multiple samples per subject is employed and compared to the traditional classification based on the presentation of single samples per subject each time. Considering a database composed of 193 subjects, results show identification accuracies higher than 95% and near to optimality (i.e., 100%) when the ECG signal is sampled in 30 Hz and 60 Hz, respectively, being the last one very close to the ones obtained when the signal is sampled in 360 Hz (the maximum frequency existing in our database). We also evaluate the impact of: (1) the number of training and testing samples for learning and identification, respectively; (2) the scalability of the biometry (i.e., increment on the number of subjects); and (3) the use of multiple samples for person identification.     

汉字的线性分类实验

本文通过实验研究了在汉字识别中应用线性分类器的可能性,考察了汉字之间的线性可分性。实验使用了两种主要的线性分类器: Fisher线性判别和感知器。实验检验每一对汉字的线性可分性。实验结果表明,汉字之间的线性分类性是相当好的。尤其是Fisher线性判别,不能成功线性分类的汉字仅占百万分之4.25 。这显示了在汉字识别中应用线性分类器是有着巨大的潜力的。同时,线性分类实验结果还可用来检验所选取特征的好坏,有利于客观的评价特征。