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1.
Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are promising candidates for solar-to-fuel conversions yet exhibit low photocatalytic activities mainly due to serious recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. Constructing heterojunction is regarded as an effective method to promote the separation of charge carriers in PNCs. However, the low interfacial quality and non-directional charge transfer in heterojunction lead to low charge transfer efficiency. Herein, a CsPbBr 3–CdZnS heterojunction is designed and prepared via an in situ hot-injection method for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. It is found that the high-quality interface in heterojunction and anisotropic charge transfer of CdZnS nanorods (NRs) enable efficient spatial separation of charge carriers in CsPbBr 3–CdZnS heterojunction. The CsPbBr 3–CdZnS heterojunction achieves a higher CO yield (55.8 µmol g −1 h −1) than that of the pristine CsPbBr 3 NCs (13.9 µmol g −1 h −1). Furthermore, spectroscopic experiments and density functional theory (DFT) simulations further confirm that the suppressed recombination of charge carriers and lowered energy barrier for CO 2 reduction contribute to the improved photocatalytic activity of the CsPbBr 3–CdZnS heterojunction. This work demonstrates a valid method to construct high-quality heterojunction with directional charge transfer for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. This study is expected to pave a new avenue to design perovskite–chalcogenide heterojunction. 相似文献
2.
It is facing a tremendous challenge to develop the desirable hybrids for photocatalytic H 2 generation by integrating the advantages of a single semiconductor. Herein, an all-sulfide ZnIn 2S 4/CdS/PdS heterojunction is constructed for the first time, where CdS and PdS nanoparticles anchor in the spaces of ZnIn 2S 4 micro-flowers due to the confinement effects. The morphology engineering can guarantee rapid charge transfer owing to the short carrier migration distances and the luxuriant reactive sites provided by ZnIn 2S 4. The S-scheme mechanism between ZnIn 2S 4 and CdS assisted by PdS cocatalyst is testified by in situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), where the electrons and holes move in reverse driven by work function difference and built-in electric field at the interfaces. The optimal ZnIn 2S 4/CdS/PdS performs a glaring photocatalytic activity of 191.9 µmol h −1 (10 mg of catalyst), and the largest AQE (apparent quantum efficiency) can reach a high value of 26.26%. This work may afford progressive tactics to design multifunctional photocatalysts. 相似文献
3.
Ultrathin ZnIn 2S 4 nanosheets (NSs) are grown on Co/N‐doped graphitic carbon (NGC) nanocages, composed of Co nanoparticles surrounded by few‐layered NGC, to obtain hierarchical Co/NGC@ZnIn 2S 4 hollow heterostructures for photocatalytic H 2 generation with visible light. The photoredox functions of discrete Co, conductive NGC, and ZnIn 2S 4 NSs are precisely combined into hierarchical composite cages possessing strongly hybridized shell and ultrathin layered substructures. Such structural and compositional virtues can expedite charge separation and mobility, offer large surface area and abundant reactive sites for water photosplitting. The Co/NGC@ZnIn 2S 4 photocatalyst exhibits outstanding H 2 evolution activity (e.g., 11270 µmol h ?1 g ?1) and high stability without engaging any cocatalyst. 相似文献
4.
Photocatalysis technology using solar energy for hydrogen (H 2) production still faces great challenges to design and synthesize highly efficient photocatalysts, which should realize the precise regulation of reactive sites, rapid migration of photoinduced carriers and strong visible light harvest. Here, a facile hierarchical Z‐scheme system with ZnIn 2S 4/BiVO 4 heterojunction is proposed, which can precisely regulate redox centers at the ZnIn 2S 4/BiVO 4 hetero‐interface by accelerating the separation and migration of photoinduced charges, and then enhance the oxidation and reduction ability of holes and electrons, respectively. Therefore, the ZnIn 2S 4/BiVO 4 heterojunction exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance with a much higher H 2‐evolution rate of 5.944 mmol g ?1 h ?1, which is about five times higher than that of pure ZnIn 2S 4. Moreover, this heterojunction shows good stability and recycle ability, providing a promising photocatalyst for efficient H 2 production and a new strategy for the manufacture of remarkable photocatalytic materials. 相似文献
5.
Atomic level decoration route is designated as one of the attractive methods to regulate both the charge density and band structure of photocatalysts. Moreover, to enable more efficient separation and transport of photocarriers, the construction of novel active sites can enhance both the reactivity and electrical conductivity of the crystal. Herein, an Li–N ligand is constructed via co-doping lithium and nitrogen atoms into ZnIn 2S 4 lattice, which achieves a promoted photocatalytic H 2 evolution at 9737 µmol g −1 h −1. The existence of Li–N ligand pairs and the behaviors of photocarriers on L 40N 5ZIS are determined systematically, which also provides a unique insight into the mechanism of the improved photocarrier migration rate. With the introduction of Li–N dual sites, the vacancy form of ZnIn 2S 4 has changed and the photocatalytic stability is significantly improved. Interestingly, the change of charge density around Li–N ligand in ZnIn 2S 4 is determined by theoretical simulations, as well as the regulated energy barrier of photocatalytic water splitting caused by Li–N dual sites, which act as both adsorption site for H 2O and stronger reactive sites. This work helps to extend the understanding of ZnIn 2S 4 and offers a fresh perspective for the creation of a Li–N co-doped photocatalyst. 相似文献
6.
It is technically challenging to reversibly tune the layer number of 2D materials in the solution. Herein, a facile concentration modulation strategy is demonstrated to reversibly tailor the aggregation state of 2D ZnIn 2S 4 (ZIS) atomic layers, and they are implemented for effective photocatalytic hydrogen (H 2) evolution. By adjusting the colloidal concentration of ZIS (ZIS- X, X = 0.09, 0.25, or 3.0 mg mL −1), ZIS atomic layers exhibit the significant aggregation of (006) facet stacking in the solution, leading to the bandgap shift from 3.21 to 2.66 eV. The colloidal stacked layers are further assembled into hollow microsphere after freeze-drying the solution into solid powders, which can be redispersed into colloidal solution with reversibility. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of ZIS- X colloids is evaluated, and the slightly aggregated ZIS-0.25 displays the enhanced photocatalytic H 2 evolution rates (1.11 µmol m −2 h −1). The charge-transfer/recombination dynamics are characterized by time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy, and ZIS-0.25 displays the longest lifetime (5.55 µs), consistent with the best photocatalytic performance. This work provides a facile, consecutive, and reversible strategy for regulating the photo-electrochemical properties of 2D ZIS, which is beneficial for efficient solar energy conversion. 相似文献
7.
Regulating electronic structures of the active site by manipulating the local coordination is one of the advantageous means to improve photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) kinetics. Herein, the ZnIn 2S 4/Mo 2TiC 2 Schottky junctions are designed to be constructed through the interfacial local coordination of In 3+ with the electronegative O terminal group on Mo 2TiC 2 based on the different work functions. Kelvin probe force microscopy and charge density difference reveal that an electronic unidirectional transport channel across the Schottky interface from ZnIn 2S 4 to Mo 2TiC 2 is established by the formed local nucleophilic/electrophilic region. The increased local electron density of Mo 2TiC 2 inhibits the backflow of electrons, boosts the charge transfer and separation, and optimizes the hydrogen adsorption energy. Therefore, the ZnIn 2S 4/Mo 2TiC 2 photocatalyst exhibits a superior PHE rate of 3.12 mmol g −1 h −1 under visible light, reaching 3.03 times that of the pristine ZnIn 2S 4. This work provides some insights and inspiration for preparing MXene-based Schottky catalysts to accelerate PHE kinetics. 相似文献
8.
Hexagonal ZnIn 2S 4 porous microspheres were synthesized via a cetylpyridinium bromide (CPBr)-assisted hydrothermal method. The structure, morphology and optical property of these prepared products were characterized by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXRD), small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXRD), UV-Vis diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX) and nitrogen sorption analysis. The effects of CPBr and pH on the crystal structure, morphology and photocatalytic activity of ZnIn 2S 4 products were studied. The results demonstrated that the flowerlike ZnIn 2S 4 microspheres, which were composed of numerous nanosheets, performed higher visible-light photocatalytic activity than bulk ZnIn 2S 4 for hydrogen evolution. The CPBr addition influenced the crystal structure including the position and intensity of some peaks. Furthermore, the pH played a crucial role in the formation of ZnIn 2S 4 porous microspheres. The as-synthesized porous ZnIn 2S 4 microspheres possessed the specific surface area of 165.4 m 2 g −1 and the slit-like porous configuration, which was beneficial to photocatalytic reaction. 相似文献
9.
Electrochemical dinitrogen (N 2) reduction to ammonia (NH 3) coupled with methanol electro-oxidation is presented in the current work. Here, methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is proposed as an alternative anode reaction to oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to accomplish electrons-induced reduction of N 2 to NH 3 at cathode and oxidation of methanol at anode in alkaline media thereby reducing the overall cell voltage for ammonia production. Cobalt pyrophosphate micro-flowers assembled by nanosheets are synthesized via a surfactant-assisted sonochemical approach. By virtue of structural and morphological advantages, the maximum Faradaic efficiency of 43.37% and NH 3 yield rate of 159.6 µg h −1 mg ca−1 is achieved at a potential of −0.2 V versus RHE. The proposed catalyst is shown to also exhibit a very high activity (100 mA mg −1 at 1.48 V), durability (2 h) and production of value-added formic acid at anode (2.78 µmol h −1 mg cat−1 and F.E. of 59.2%). The overall NH 3 synthesis is achieved at a reduced cell voltage of 1.6 V (200 mV less than NRR-OER coupled NH 3 synthesis) when OER at anode is replaced with MOR and a high NH 3 yield rate of 95.2 µg h −1 mg cat−1 and HCOOH formation rate of 2.53 µmol h −1 mg −1 are witnessed under full-cell conditions. 相似文献
10.
Although challenges remain, synergistic adjusting various microstructures and photo/electrochemical parameters of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3N 4) in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are the keys to alleviating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. In this work, a novel nitrogen-defective and sulfur-doped g-C 3N 4 (S-g-C 3N 4-D) is designed elaborately. Subsequent physical and chemical characterization proved that the developed S-g-C 3N 4-D not only displays well-defined 2D lamellar morphology with a large porosity and a high specific surface area but also has an efficient light utilization and carriers-separation and transfer. Moreover, the calculated optimal Gibbs free energy of adsorbed hydrogen (ΔG H*) for S-g-C 3N 4-D at the S active sites is close to zero (≈0.24 eV) on the basis of first-principle density functional theory (DFT). Accordingly, the developed S-g-C 3N 4-D catalyst shows a high H 2 evolution rate of 5651.5 µmol g −1 h −1. Both DFT calculations and experimental results reveal that a memorable defective g-C 3N 4/S-doped g-C 3N 4 step-scheme heterojunction is constructed between S-doped domains and N-defective domains in the structural configuration of S-g-C 3N 4-D. This work exhibits a significant guidance for the design and fabrication of high-efficiency photocatalysts. 相似文献
11.
Semiconductor-based heterostructures have exhibited great promise as a photocatalyst to convert solar energy into sustainable chemical fuels, however, their solar-to-fuel efficiency is largely restricted by insufficient interfacial charge separation and limited catalytically active sites. Here the integration of high-efficiency interfacial charge separation and sufficient single-atom metal active sites in a 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure between ultrathin polymeric carbon nitride ( p-CN) and Ni-containing Salphen-based covalent organic framework (Ni-COF) nanosheets is illustrated. The results reveal a Ni N 2 O 2 chemical bonding in NiCOF nanosheets, leading to a highly separated single-atom Ni sites, which will function as the catalytically active sites to boost solar fuel production, as confirmed by X-ray absorption spectra and density functional theory calculations. Using ultrafast femtosecond transient adsorption (fs-TA) spectra, it shows that the vdW p-CN/Ni-COF heterostructure exhibits a faster decay lifetime of the exciton annihilation (τ = 18.3 ps) compared to that of neat p-CN (32.6 ps), illustrating an efficiently accelerated electron transfer across the vdW heterointerface from p-CN to Ni-COF, which thus allows more active electrons available to participate in the subsequent reduction reactions. The photocatalytic results offer a chemical fuel generation rate of 2.29 mmol g −1 h −1 for H 2 and 6.2 µmol g −1 h −1 for CO, ≈127 and three times higher than that of neat p-CN, respectively. This work provides new insights into the construction of a π-conjugated vdW heterostructure on promoting interfacial charge separation for high-efficiency photocatalysis. 相似文献
12.
Optimizing catalysts for competitive photocatalytic reactions demand individually tailored band structure as well as intertwined interactions of light absorption, reaction activity, mass, and charge transport. Here, a nanoparticulate host–guest structure is rationally designed that can exclusively fulfil and ideally control the aforestated uncompromising requisites for catalytic reactions. The all-inclusive model catalyst consists of porous Co 3O 4 host and Zn xCd 1-xS guest with controllable physicochemical properties enabled by self-assembled hybrid structure and continuously amenable band gap. The effective porous topology nanoassembly, both at the exterior and the interior pores of a porous metal–organic framework (MOF), maximizes spatially immobilized semiconductor nanoparticles toward high utilization of particulate heterojunctions for vital charge and reactant transfer. In conjunction, the zinc constituent band engineering is found to regulate the light/molecules absorption, band structure, and specific reaction intermediates energy to attain high photocatalytic CO 2 reduction selectivity. The optimal catalyst exhibits a H 2-generation rate up to 6720 µmol g −1 h −1 and a CO production rate of 19.3 µmol g −1 h −1. These findings provide insight into the design of discrete host–guest MOF-semiconductor hybrid system with readily modulated band structures and well-constructed heterojunctions for selective solar-to-chemical conversion. 相似文献
13.
In this work, the sulfur vacancies were successfully introduced into the ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) lattice through two facile approaches, plasma etching and annealing, for enhancing the photocatalytic performance. The optimized plasma-etched ZIS exhibited an enhanced H2 generation rate of 706 μmol g?1 h?1, which was 5 and 1.2 times higher than that of pure ZIS and annealed ZIS, respectively. Theoretical calculation demonstrated that surface S vacancy could arouse the catalytic activity of the adjacent S atoms in inert (001) basal plane, serving as the active site for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Although annealing could produce much more S vacancies than the plasma etching, a majority of bulk S vacancies usually acted as charge recombination center to lower the photocatalytic activity. Hence, even plasma-etched ZIS presented poor light absorption capacity, plasma etching showed a better effect on the HER improvement of ZIS than annealing. This work presents a simple and promising pathway for optimization of 3D ZIS photocatalysts to improve photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. 相似文献
14.
The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (E-CO 2RR) to formate is a promising strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and addressing the global energy crisis. Developing low-cost and environmentally friendly electrocatalysts with high selectivity and industrial current densities for formate production is an ideal but challenging goal in the field of electrocatalysis. Herein, novel titanium-doped bismuth nanosheets (Ti Bi NSs) with enhanced E-CO 2RR performance are synthesized through one-step electrochemical reduction of bismuth titanate (Bi 4Ti 3O 12). We comprehensively evaluated Ti Bi NSs using in situ Raman spectra, finite element method, and density functional theory. The results indicate that the ultrathin nanosheet structure of Ti Bi NSs can accelerate mass transfer, while the electron-rich properties can accelerate the production of *CO 2− and enhance the adsorption strength of *OCHO intermediate. The Ti Bi NSs deliver a high formate Faradaic efficiency (FE formate) of 96.3% and a formate production rate of 4032 µmol h −1 cm −2 at −1.01 V versus RHE. An ultra-high current density of −338.3 mA cm −2 is achieved at −1.25 versus RHE, and simultaneously FE formate still reaches more than 90%. Furthermore, the rechargeable Zn–CO 2 battery using Ti Bi NSs as a cathode catalyst achieves a maximum power density of 1.05 mW cm −2 and excellent charging/discharging stability of 27 h. 相似文献
15.
Using full solar spectrum for energy conversion and environmental remediation is a major challenge, and solar-driven photothermal chemistry is a promising route to achieve this goal. Herein, this work reports a photothermal nano-constrained reactor based on hollow structured g-C 3N 4@ZnIn 2S 4 core–shell S-scheme heterojunction, where the synergistic effect of super-photothermal effect and S-scheme heterostructure significantly improve the photocatalytic performance of g-C 3N 4. The formation mechanism of g-C 3N 4@ZnIn 2S 4 is predicted in advance by theoretical calculations and advanced techniques, and the super-photothermal effect of g-C 3N 4@ZnIn 2S 4 and its contribution to the near-field chemical reaction is confirmed by numerical simulations and infrared thermography. Consequently, the photocatalytic degradation rate of g-C 3N 4@ZnIn 2S 4 for tetracycline hydrochloride is 99.3%, and the photocatalytic hydrogen production is up to 4075.65 µmol h −1 g −1, which are 6.94 and 30.87 times those of pure g-C 3N 4, respectively. The combination of S-scheme heterojunction and thermal synergism provides a promising insight for the design of an efficient photocatalytic reaction platform. 相似文献
16.
Transition metal oxides with high theoretical capacities are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the sluggish reaction kinetics remain a bottleneck for fast-charging applications due to its slow Li + migration rate. Herein, a strategy is reported of significantly reducing the Li + diffusion barrier of amorphous vanadium oxide by constructing a specific ratio of the V O local polyhedron configuration in amorphous nanosheets. The optimized amorphous vanadium oxide nanosheets with a ratio ≈1:4 for octahedron sites ( Oh) to pyramidal sites ( C4v) revealed by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) demonstrate the highest rate capability (356.7 mA h g −1 at 10.0 A g −1) and long-term cycling life (455.6 mA h g −1 at 2.0 A g −1 over 1200 cycles). Density functional theory (DFT)calculations further verify that the local structure ( Oh: C4v = 1:4) intrinsically changes the degree of orbital hybridization between V and O atoms and contributes to a higher intensity of electron occupied states near the Fermi level, thus resulting in a low Li + diffusion barrier for favorable Li + transport kinetics. Moreover, the amorphous vanadium oxide nanosheets possess a reversible V O vibration mode and volume expansion rate close to 0.3%, as determined through in situ Raman and in situ transmission electron microscopy. 相似文献
17.
This work reports a new form of tubular g-C 3N 4 that is featured with a hierarchical core–shell structure introduced with phosphorous elements and nitrogen vacancies. The core is self-arranged with randomly stacked g-C 3N 4 ultra-thin nanosheets along the axial direction. This unique structure significantly benefits electron/hole separation and visible-light harvesting. A superior performance for the photodegradation of rhodamine B and tetracycline hydrochloride is demonstrated under low intensity visible light. This photocatalyst also exhibits an excellent hydrogen evolution rate (3631 µmol h −1g −1) under visible light. Realizing this structure just requires the introduction of phytic acid into the solution of melamine and urea during hydrothermal treatment. In this complex system, phytic acid plays as the electron donor to stabilize melamine/cyanuric acid precursor via coordination interaction. Calcination at 550 °C directly renders the transformation of precursor into such hierarchical structure. This process is facile and shows the strong potential toward mass production for real applications. 相似文献
18.
The development of sp 2-carbon-linked covalent organic frameworks (sp 2c-COFs) as artificial photocatalysts for solar-driven conversion of CO 2 into chemical feedstock has captured growing attention, but catalytic performance has been significantly limited by their intrinsic organic linkages. Here, a simple, yet efficient approach is reported to improve the CO 2 photoreduction on metal-free sp 2c-COFs by rationally regulating their intrinsic π-conjugation. The incorporation of ethynyl groups into conjugated skeletons affords a significant improvement in π-conjugation and facilitates the photogenerated charge separation and transfer, thereby boosting the CO 2 photoreduction in a solid-gas mode with only water vapor and CO 2. The resultant CO production rate reaches as high as 382.0 µmol g −1 h −1, ranking at the top among all additive-free CO 2 photoreduction catalysts. The simple modulation approach not only enables to achieve enhanced CO 2 reduction performance but also simultaneously gives a rise to extend the understanding of structure-property relationship and offer new possibilities for the development of new π-conjugated COF-based artificial photocatalysts. 相似文献
19.
It is critical to facilitate surface interaction for liquid–solid two-phase photocatalytic reactions. This study demonstrates more advanced, efficient, and rich molecular-level active sites to extend the performance of carbon nitride (CN). To achieve this, semi-isolated vanadium dioxide is obtained by controlling the growth of non-crystalline VO 2 anchored into sixfold cavities of the CN lattice. As a proof-of-concept, the experimental and computational results solidly corroborate that this atomic-level design has potentially taken full advantage of two worlds. The photocatalyst comprises the highest dispersion of catalytic sites with the lowest aggregation, like single-atom catalysts. It also demonstrates accelerated charge transfer with the boosted electron–hole pairs, mimicking heterojunction photocatalysts. Density functional theory calculations show that single-site VO 2 anchored into the sixfold cavities significantly elevates the Fermi level, compared with the typical heterojunction. The unique features of semi-isolated sites result in a high visible-light photocatalytic H 2 production of 645 µmol h −1 g −1 with only 1 wt% Pt. They also represent an excellent photocatalytic degradation for rhodamine B as well as tetracycline, surpassing the activities obtained from many conventional heterojunctions. This study presents exciting opportunities for the design of new heterogeneous metal oxide for a variety of reactions. 相似文献
20.
Photo-responsive semiconductors can facilitate nitrogen activation and ammonia production, but the high recombination rate of photogenerated carriers represents a significant barrier. Ferroelectric photocatalysts show great promise in overcoming this challenge. Herein, by adopting a low-temperature hydrothermal procedure with varying concentrations of glyoxal as the reducing agent, oxygen vacancies (Vo) are effectively produced on the surface of ferroelectric SrBi 4Ti 4O 15 (SBTO) nanosheets, which leads to a considerable increase in photocatalytic activity toward nitrogen fixation under simulated solar light with an ammonia production rate of 53.41 µmol g −1 h −1, without the need of sacrificial agents or photosensitizers. This is ascribed to oxygen vacancies that markedly enhance the self-polarization and internal electric field of ferroelectric SBTO, and hence, facilitate the separation of photogenerated charge carriers and light trapping as well as N 2 adsorption and activation, as compared to pristine SBTO. Consistent results are obtained in theoretical studies. Results from this study highlight the significance of surface oxygen vacancies in enhancing the performance of photocatalytic nitrogen fixation by ferroelectric catalysts. 相似文献
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