一种引入成对代价的子类判别分析

传统的降维方法追求较低的识别错误率,假设不同错分的代价相同,这个假设在一些实际应用中往往不成立.例如,在基于人脸识别的门禁系统中,存在入侵者类和合法者类,将入侵者错分成合法者的损失往往高于将合法者错分成入侵者的损失,而将合法者错分成入侵者的损失又大于将合法者错分成其他合法者的损失.为此,首先通过对人脸识别门禁系统进行分析,将其归为一个代价敏感的子类学习问题,然后将错分代价以及子类信息同时注入判别分析的框架中,提出一种近似于成对贝叶斯风险准则的降维算法.在人脸数据集Extended Yale B以及ORL上的实验结果表明了该算法的有效性.     

Discriminative common vectors for face recognition

In face recognition tasks, the dimension of the sample space is typically larger than the number of the samples in the training set. As a consequence, the within-class scatter matrix is singular and the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method cannot be applied directly. This problem is known as the "small sample size" problem. In this paper, we propose a new face recognition method called the discriminative common vector method based on a variation of Fisher's linear discriminant analysis for the small sample size case. Two different algorithms are given to extract the discriminative common vectors representing each person in the training set of the face database. One algorithm uses the within-class scatter matrix of the samples in the training set while the other uses the subspace methods and the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure to obtain the discriminative common vectors. Then, the discriminative common vectors are used for classification of new faces. The proposed method yields an optimal solution for maximizing the modified Fisher's linear discriminant criterion given in the paper. Our test results show that the discriminative common vector method is superior to other methods in terms of recognition accuracy, efficiency, and numerical stability.     

一种鲁棒稀疏表示的单样本人脸识别算法

稀疏表示在人脸识别问题上取得了非常优秀的识别结果,但在单样本条件下,算法性能下降严重。为提高单样本条件下稀疏表示的应用能力,提出一种鲁棒稀疏表示单样本人脸识别算法(RSR)。通过使用每张人脸图像创建一组位置图像,扩充每个对象训练样本,并利用L2,1范数约束,保证RSR选择正确对象的位置图像。在AR和Extended Yale B人脸数据库上进行评测,实验结果表明RSR能够有效处理存在遮挡或光照变化的人脸图像,获得了较好的单样本人脸识别准确率,具有很强的鲁棒性。     

联合标签预测与判别投影学习的半监督典型相关分析

目的 典型相关分析是一种经典的多视图学习方法。为了提高投影方向的判别性能,现有典型相关分析方法通常采用引入样本标签信息的策略。然而,获取样本的标签信息需要付出大量的人力与物力,为此,提出了一种联合标签预测与判别投影学习的半监督典型相关分析算法。方法 将标签预测与模型构建相融合,具体地说,将标签预测融入典型相关分析框架中,利用联合学习框架学得的标签矩阵更新投影方向,进而学得的投影方向又重新更新标签矩阵。标签预测与投影方向的学习过程相互依赖、交替更新,预测标签不断地接近其真实标签,有利于学得最优的投影方向。结果 本文方法在AR、Extended Yale B、Multi-PIE和ORL这4个人脸数据集上分别进行实验。特征维度为20时,在AR、Extended Yale B、Multi-PIE和ORL人脸数据集上分别取得87%、55%、83%和85%识别率。取训练样本中每人2（3,4,5）幅人脸图像为监督样本,提出的方法识别率在4个人脸数据集上均高于其他方法。训练样本中每人5幅人脸图像为监督样本,在AR、Extended Yale B、Multi-PIE和ORL人脸数据集上分别取得94.67%、68%、83%和85%识别率。实验结果表明在训练样本标签信息较少情况下以及特征降维后的维数较低的情况下,联合学习模型使得降维后的数据最大限度地保存更加有效的信息,得到较好的识别结果。结论 本文提出的联合学习方法提高了学习的投影方向的判别性能,能够有效地处理少量的有标签样本和大量的无标签样本的情况以及解决两步学习策略的缺陷。     

局部联合结构化稀疏表示的单样本人脸识别

针对单样本问题,基于相同类别的人脸变化信息应有相似的稀疏编码这一事实,提出结构化稀疏变化字典学习方法,以得到较好的共享类内变化字典。同时鉴于同一人脸的所有区域应有相同的类标签,通过训练样本与变化字典按坐标分块联合表示查询人脸区域,然后给稀疏系数引入导致结构化稀疏效果的约束条件,实现对应类别字典的自动选择,从而更好地表示查询人脸。提出的人脸表示方法可以在局部识别方法的优势上整合全局信息,使得在AR、Extended Yale B、CMU-PIE人脸库上的表现超过其他单样本识别相关的方法,取得了较好的识别效果。     

学习原型超平面融合SILD的户外人脸识别

非限制环境下光照、姿势、表情等变化已成为户外人脸识别的主要瓶颈所在。针对这一问题,提出了一种学习原型超平面融合线性判别边信息的算法进行人脸识别。利用支持向量机将弱标记数据集中的每个样本表示成一个原型超平面中层特征;使用学习组合系数从未标记的通用数据集中选择支持向量稀疏集;借助于Fisher线性判别准则最大化未标记数据集的判别能力,并使用迭代优化算法求解目标函数;利用线性判别边信息进行特征提取、余弦相似性度量以完成最终的人脸识别。在Extended YaleB和户外标记人脸（LFW）和通用人脸数据集上进行实验,验证了所提算法的有效性和可靠性。实验结果表明,相比其他几种较为先进的人脸识别算法,所提算法取得更好的识别性能。     

Pose Robust Low-resolution Face Recognition via Coupled Kernel-based Enhanced Discriminant Analysis

Most face recognition techniques have been successful in dealing with high-resolution (HR) frontal face images. However, real-world face recognition systems are often confronted with the low-resolution (LR) face images with pose and illumination variations. This is a very challenging issue, especially under the constraint of using only a single gallery image per person. To address the problem, we propose a novel approach called coupled kernel-based enhanced discriminant analysis (CKEDA). CKEDA aims to simultaneously project the features from LR non-frontal probe images and HR frontal gallery ones into a common space where discrimination property is maximized. There are four advantages of the proposed approach: 1) by using the appropriate kernel function, the data becomes linearly separable, which is beneficial for recognition; 2) inspired by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), we integrate multiple discriminant factors into our objective function to enhance the discrimination property; 3) we use the gallery extended trick to improve the recognition performance for a single gallery image per person problem; 4) our approach can address the problem of matching LR non-frontal probe images with HR frontal gallery images, which is difficult for most existing face recognition techniques. Experimental evaluation on the multi-PIE dataset signifies highly competitive performance of our algorithm.      

一种基于深度学习的改进人脸识别算法

针对当前许多算法在非约束条件下特征判别能力不强、人脸识别性能不佳等问题,提出一种基于深度学习的改进人脸识别算法,通过训练多任务级联卷积神经网络,完成非约束图像的人脸检测和人脸归一化,提高训练图像的人脸信息,减少对模型的干扰。同时使用Softmax损失与中心损失联合监督训练模型,优化类内聚合、类间分散。实验结果表明,该算法提高了模型的特征判别能力,在LFW标准测试集上达到了较高的识别率。     

基于虚拟样本图像集的多流形鉴别学习算法

为了丰富训练样本的类内变化信息,提出了基于通用训练样本集的虚拟样本生成方法。进一步,为了利用生成的虚拟样本中的类内变化信息有效地完成单样本人脸识别任务,提出了基于虚拟样本图像集的多流行鉴别学习算法。该算法首先将每类仅有的单个训练样本图像和该类的虚拟样本图像划分为互补重叠的局部块并构建流形,然后为每个流形学习一个投影矩阵,使得相同流形内的局部块在投影后的低维特征空间间隔最小化,不同流形中的局部块在投影后的低维特征空间中间隔最大化。实验结果表明,所提算法能够准确地预测测试样本中的类内变化,是一种有效的单样本人脸识别算法。     

Face recognition using discriminative locality preserving vectors

We proposed an effective face recognition method based on the discriminative locality preserving vectors method (DLPV). Using the analysis of eigenspectrum modeling of locality preserving projections, we selected the reliable face variation subspace of LPP to construct the locality preserving vectors to characterize the data set. The discriminative locality preserving vectors (DLPV) method is based on the discriminant analysis on the locality preserving vectors. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis showed that the DLPV is viewed as a generalized discriminative common vector, null space linear discriminant analysis and null space discriminant locality preserving projections, which gave the intuitive motivation of our method. Extensive experimental results obtained on four well-known face databases (ORL, Yale, Extended Yale B and CMU PIE) demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed DLPV method.     

一种面向人脸识别的加权代价敏感局部保持投影

传统的局部保持降维方法追求最低的识别错误率,即假设每一类的错分代价都是相同的.这个假设在真实的人脸识别应用中往往是不成立的.人脸识别是一个多类的代价敏感和类不平衡问题.例如,在人脸识别的门禁系统中,将入侵者错分成合法者的损失往往高于将合法者错分成入侵者的损失.因此,每一类的错分代价是不同的.另外,如果任一类合法者的样本数少于入侵者的样本数,该类合法者和入侵者就是类别不平衡的.为此,将错分代价融入到局部保持的降维模型中,提出了一种错分代价最小化的局部保持降维方法.同时,采用加权策略平衡了各类样本对投影方向的贡献.在人脸数据集AR,PIE,Extended Yale B 上的实验结果表明了该算法的有效性.     

基于泛滑动窗与加权2DLDA的单样本人脸识别

对于单训练样本人脸识别,基于每人多个训练样本的传统人脸识别算法效果均不太理想。尤其是基于Fisher线性鉴别准则的一些方法,由于类内散布矩阵为零矩阵,根本无法进行识别。针对这一问题进行了分析研究,提出了一种新的样本扩充方法,即泛滑动窗法。采用“大窗口,小步长”的机制进行窗口图像采集和样本扩充,不仅增加了训练样本,而且充分保持和强化了原始样本模式固有的类内和类间信息。然后,使用加权二维线性鉴别分析方法（Weighted 2DLDA）对上面获得的窗口图像进行特征抽取。在ORL国际标准人脸库上进行的实验表明了所提算法的可行性和有效性。     

Person re-identification with block sparse recovery

We consider the problem of automatically re-identifying a person of interest seen in a “probe” camera view among several candidate people in a “gallery” camera view. This problem, called person re-identification, is of fundamental importance in several video analytics applications. While extracting knowledge from high-dimensional visual representations based on the notions of sparsity and regularization has been successful for several computer vision problems, such techniques have not been fully exploited in the context of the re-identification problem. Here, we develop a principled algorithm for the re-identification problem in the general framework of learning sparse visual representations. Given a set of feature vectors for a person in one camera view (corresponding to multiple images as they are tracked), we show that a feature vector representing the same person in another view approximately lies in the linear span of this feature set. Furthermore, under certain conditions, the associated coefficient vector can be characterized as being block sparse. This key insight allows us to design an algorithm based on block sparse recovery that achieves state-of-the-art results in multi-shot person re-identification. We also revisit an older feature transformation technique, Fisher discriminant analysis, and show that, when combined with our proposed formulation, it outperforms many sophisticated methods. Additionally, we show that the proposed algorithm is flexible and can be used in conjunction with existing metric learning algorithms, resulting in improved ranking performance. We perform extensive experiments on several publicly available datasets to evaluate the proposed algorithm.     

Combination of Warping Robust Elastic Graph Matching and Kernel-Based Projection Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition

In this paper, a robust face recognition algorithm is proposed, which is based on the elastic graph matching (EGM) and discriminative feature analysis algorithm. We introduce a cost function for the EGM taking account of variations in face pose and facial expressions, and propose its optimization procedure. Our proposed cost function uses a set of Gabor-wavelet-based features, called robust jet, which are robust against the variations. The robust jet is defined in terms of discrete Fourier transform coefficients of Gabor coefficients. To cope with the difference between face poses of test face and reference faces, 2 x 2 warping matrix is incorporated in the proposed cost function. For the discriminative feature analysis, linear projection discriminant analysis and kernel-based projection discriminant analysis are introduced. These methods are motivated to solve the small-size problem of training samples. The basic idea of PDA is that a class is represented by a subspace spanned by some training samples of the class instead of using sample mean vector, that the distance from a pattern to a class is defined by using the error vector between the pattern and its projection to the subspace representing the class, and that an optimum feature selection rule is developed using the distance concept in a similar way as in the conventional linear discriminant analysis. In order to evaluate the performance of our face recognition algorithm, we carried out some experiments using the well-known FERET face database, and compared the performance with recently developed approaches. We observed that our algorithm outperformed the compared approaches.     

基于位平面图像与2DMSLDA的单样本人脸识别

在进行单训练样本人脸识别时,基于每人多个训练样本的传统人脸识别算法效果通常不太理想。尤其是基于Fisher线性鉴别准则的一些方法,由于类内散布矩阵为零矩阵,根本无法进行识别。针对以上问题进行了分析研究,提出了一种新的样本扩充方法,即：采用位平面图像分解法,将每幅样本图像分解为8幅,进而通过各种合成策略构造多幅样本图像。使用一种更加稳定的二维最大散度差线性鉴别分析方法（2DMSLDA）对上面获得的新样本图像进行特征抽取。在ORL国际标准人脸库上进行的实验表明了所提算法的可行性和有效性。     

Making FLDA applicable to face recognition with one sample per person

In face recognition, the Fisherface approach based on Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) has obtained some success. However, FLDA fails when each person just has one training face sample available because of nonexistence of the intra-class scatter. In this paper, we propose to partition each face image into a set of sub-images with the same dimensionality, therefore obtaining multiple training samples for each class, and then apply FLDA to the set of newly produced samples. Experimental results on the FERET face database show that the proposed approach is feasible and better in recognition performance than E(PC)²A.     

基于稀疏重构的判别分析

为了解决现有判别分析算法对残缺和遮挡等外部干扰比较敏感的问题,从局部稀疏表示的角度,提出一种基于稀疏重构的判别分析(SDA)降维算法。该算法首先利用稀疏表示完成各个类内局部稀疏重构,然后通过非所在类内的样本均值完成各样本的类间局部稀疏重构,最后在降维过程中保持类间和类内的稀疏重构信息之比。在AR和UMIST人脸库人脸数据集上的实验结果表明,与基于图优化的Fisher分析(GbFA)算法和基于重构判别分析(RDA)算法相比,该算法提高了基于近邻分类的最高识别准确率2%~10%。     

Joint regularized nearest points for image set based face recognition

Face recognition based on image set has attracted much attention due to its promising performance to overcome various variations. Recently, classifiers of regularized nearest points, including sparse approximated nearest points (SANP), regularized nearest points (RNP) and collaborative regularized nearest points (CRNP), have achieved state-of-the-art performance for image set based face recognition. From a query set and a single-class gallery set, SANP and RNP both generate a pair of nearest points, between which the distance is regarded as the between-set distance. However, the computing of nearest points for each single-class gallery set in SANP and RNP ignores collaboration and competition with other classes, which may cause a wrong-class gallery set to have a small between-set distance. CRNP used collaborative representation to overcome this shortcoming but it doesn't explicitly minimize the between-set distance. In order to solve these issues and fully exploit the advantages of nearest points based approaches, in this paper a novel joint regularized nearest points (JRNP) is proposed for face recognition based on image sets. In JRNP, the nearest point in the query set is generated by considering the entire gallery set of all classes; at the same time, JRNP explicitly minimizes the between-set distance of the query set and a single-class gallery set. Furthermore, we proposed algorithms of greedy JRNP and adaptive JRNP to solve the presented model, and the classification is then based on the joint distance between the regularized nearest points in image sets. Extensive experiments were conducted on benchmark databases (e.g., Honda/UCSD, CMU Mobo, You Tube Celebrities databases, and the large-scale You Tube Face datasets). The experimental results clearly show that our JRNP leads the performance in face recognition based on image sets.     

应用于人脸图像识别的邻域保持极限学习机

极限学习机广泛应用于人脸识别领域。传统的极限学习机算法因在少量标签样本上进行训练，容易发生学习过程不充分问题，同时在学习过程中往往忽略了样本内在的几何结构，影响其对人脸识别的分类能力。受流形学习思想的启发，提出一种邻域保持极限学习机算法。该算法保持数据最本质的结构和同类数据的判别信息，利用最小化类内散度矩阵来提高极限学习机整体的分类性能。通过人脸数据集上的多次实验结果表明，该算法的人脸识别准确率高于其他算法，更能有效地进行分类识别。