600 MW超临界“W”型火焰锅炉优化内螺纹管壁温及热负荷分布试验研究

在超临界"W"火焰锅炉水冷壁上设计安装了监测管内外壁温及管内工质温度的测量装置,得到了优化内螺纹垂直水冷壁管壁温、管内工质温度及典型负荷下炉膛截面热负荷分布等实炉运行数据。试验及研究结果表明:在机组由亚临界到超临界的转换过程中,管水冷壁管内外壁温与管内工质温度呈现剧烈变化状态,在超临界负荷下,内壁与工质的换热明显减弱,水冷壁的安全性受到威胁;管内外壁温差及内壁与工质温差沿炉膛宽度和深度方向均呈现中间高两侧低的分布,水冷壁向火侧管外壁温度大大低于设计值,水冷壁有较大的安全裕量,实际炉膛截面热负荷分布介于两种设计热负荷值之间。     

1025t/h直流锅炉水冷壁壁温特性理论研究

介绍了作者对上海锅炉厂有限公司1025t／h亚临界压力直流锅炉水冷壁壁温特性的理论研究。运用壁温计算的有限单元法,编制程序计算得到了锅炉上、中、下三个辐射区水冷壁高度方向的壁温分布。结果表明在所有负荷下,水冷壁管壁最高温度工况是安全的,不存在超温的危险;管间温差也在允许范围内,不会引起过大的温差应力。还得到了水冷壁全平面上的平均壁温分布和管子最高壁温度分布,表明水冷壁壁温状况不仅与热负荷有关,还受到管内工质状态和参数的极大影响。     

超临界锅炉过热器炉内外壁温对比试验及分析

在600 MW超临界锅炉机组上进行了过热器炉内外壁温测量对比试验,目的是为了全面掌握超临界锅炉过热器炉内壁温状况。试验中实时采集了炉内壁温及炉外壁温的实时数据,并将采集的各种数据分析对比,从而对过热器的炉内壁温分布、炉内外壁温关联规律等进行了分析研究,得到了600 MW超临界锅炉过热器炉内外温度特性即炉外与炉内的管壁温度波动趋势、过热器炉内外负荷、水煤比、主汽温度的波动与炉内外管壁温差波动趋势相同的规律,对于研究600 MW超临界锅炉过热器管壁壁温监测以及寿命诊断具有重要的意义。     

高速燃气喷射管道表面自然对流散热分析

将热阻比拟为等效电阻,采用有限体积元法对超音速燃气喷射管道传热及表面自然对流散热进行数值计算,得到喷射管壁温度分布和表面不同自然对流散热及参数变化对壁温的影响.由于管两端自然对流散热作用,管中部温度高于两端;随着表面自然对流换热增强管壁温度逐渐降低;选用不同材质时,随材质导热系数增大管内外壁温差线性增大.     

超超临界锅炉变压运行水冷壁的传热特性

针对超超临界机组变压运行中,负荷和参数变化范围扩大,汽水温度剧烈变化的特性,分析了3类不同技术的1 000 MW超超临界锅炉水冷壁出口的汽水焓控制值及其对水冷壁传热特性的影响;根据运行试验数据,分析了1 000 MW锅炉螺旋管圈水冷壁和600 MW超超临界锅炉垂直管屏水冷壁的传热特性和壁温差变化特点;阐述了炉型和水冷壁形式对水冷壁出口汽水焓控制值的影响以及对省煤器水温的限制等。运行和试验数据表明,在近临界压力区、60%~80%额定负荷范围内上水冷壁壁温和壁温差均大于下水冷壁,精确控制水冷壁管内工质焓增和管外热负荷的偏差是减小水冷壁壁温差的有效措施。     

超临界压力倾斜光管水动力及传热特性的研究

在试验台上对外径38.1 mm,壁厚7.2 mm,倾斜角度26.21°的光管进行了水动力及传热特性试验研究,以确定是否会发生壁温飞升、传热恶化及汽水分层等现象,并对该类型螺旋管圈水冷壁在实炉运行工况下进行了试验研究,以验证在试验台上得到的试验结果.结果表明：在启动过程以及低负荷工况,倾斜光管壁温正常,未超过金属的许用温度;但是在拟临界点附近,管壁对工质的对流传热系数减小,发生传热恶化现象;如果管壁热负荷较高,管壁温度将发生飞升,可能会引起爆管.     

锅炉水冷壁爆管事故的分析

针对一起锅炉水冷壁爆管事故,从水冷壁的受热状态、水循环、管壁应力等方面进行了分析,指出局部水冷壁受热强,水循环流速缓慢,导致水冷壁金属超温过热;管内壁的汽水腐蚀、管外壁的高温氧化,再加上高速烟气气流对向火侧管壁金属的剧烈磨损,导致管壁金属发生严重减薄,承受的应力水平进一步提高;频繁的启、停锅炉以及压力波动、温度变化,导致水冷壁上部弯管部位金属既承受弯曲应力,又同时承受着较大的交变应力作用。由此得出造成局部水冷壁金属超温过热、高温腐蚀、磨损减薄以及交变压力等是导致爆管的主要原因。     

基于渣层增长模型的水冷壁背火侧温度表征特性

以某台600 MW超临界锅炉为研究对象,提出了渣层增长模型,考虑焊脚结构对导热的影响建立了结渣水冷壁物理模型,并采用Fluent模拟了不同工况下结渣水冷壁的温度分布,根据240组工况模拟结果,分析了背火侧温差与锅炉关键运行参数的关系.结果 表明:渣层表面温度主要取决于炉膛烟温的变化,背火侧温差(背火侧管壁中点与背火侧鳍片中点之间的温差)受结渣影响明显,可作为诊断结渣厚度的特征参数;背火侧温差与炉膛烟温呈接近线性的正相关关系,其随管内工质对流传热系数的增大而减小,并趋近于一个恒定的温度;在锅炉正常负荷范围内,管内工质对流传热系数对背火侧温差的影响要小于炉膛烟温,但工质温度对其影响基本可以忽略.     

600MW超临界锅炉炉膛膜式水冷壁的热行为研究

建立了超临界锅炉膜式水冷壁温度场的有限元计算模型,系统地分析了管壁、鳍片、水垢和积灰厚度对水冷壁温度分布的影响.结果表明:在锅炉炉膛膜式水冷壁向火侧中心和鳍片中心的温度最高,且向火侧内、外壁面温差最大,为29 K;管壁厚度对B、C、D点温度影响较小,但对向火侧A点的温度影响较大,而鳍片厚度对管壁内温度影响较小;随着水垢厚度的增加、积灰厚度的减小,水冷壁向火侧温度基本上呈线性升高的变化趋势.     

电加热倾斜管温度场分布计算

考虑自然对流对倾斜上升管内流体传热的影响,将外壁温度与外壁热负荷作为边界条件,同时将内热源作为并联网格电阻放热来进行处理,为电加热倾斜管温度场分布建立二维数学模型。根据空间节点推进的控制容积差分法求解流体换热和管壁导热耦合决定的电加热倾斜管二维温度场导热反问题,编制计算程序,针对我国第一台超临界锅炉螺旋管圈水冷壁的管型进行了管壁温度场的计算。在亚临界及超临界压力工况下,计算结果都可以很好地反映倾斜管壁温的分布规律,同时计算收敛性良好。     

An experimental and theoretical investigation into the heat transfer of a finned water wall tube in a circulating fluidized bed boiler

Heat transfer improvement in a water wall tube with fins was investigated in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Experiments were first conducted in a 6 MWth CFB boiler then a model was developed to analyse and interpolate the results. Temperatures at some discrete points within the wall cross‐section of the tube were measured by burying 0.8 mm thermocouples within a tube. Experimental data showed an increase in heat absorption up to 45 per cent. A good agreement between measured and predicted values was noted. The distribution of temperature in the metal wall and of heat flux around the outer wall of a tube with longitudinal and lateral fins was analysed by numerical solution of a two‐dimensional heat conduction equation. Effects of bed‐to‐wall heat transfer coefficient, water‐to‐tube inside heat transfer coefficient, bed temperature, water temperature and thermal conductivity of the tube material on the heat flux around the water tube are discussed. The present work also examines the influence of the length of the longitudinal fin and the water tube thickness. Heat flux was highest at the tip of the longitudinal fin. It dropped, but increased again near the root of the lateral fin. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于燃烧与水动力耦合模型的锅炉蒸汽管超温特性研究

提出一种基于燃烧与水动力耦合模型的锅炉蒸汽管壁温度数值模拟方法,对某660 MW超临界切圆燃烧锅炉壁温进行了计算分析。以均匀外壁温为边界条件,利用Fluent软件模拟了煤粉气固流动、燃烧和辐射等过程,获得了炉内不同位置受热管的传热热流。再以热流分布为边界,采用MATLAB软件建立了工质流动及气-壁-汽换热方程组,Fluent软件重新计算的壁温边界。通过编写模型间的网格映射函数,实现壁温的耦合计算。研究表明:壁温计算值与实测值的最大相对误差在2%以内;炉膛出口残余旋转使水平烟道左侧和右上方热流较大,高温再热器和末级过热器的外壁温沿炉宽方向呈双峰分布;高温再热器整级受热管出口壁温的峰谷差值远高于末级过热器,实际运行中应特别注意高温再热器靠烟道左侧管屏外圈管子向火侧弯头处的超温。     

单回路紫铜_水脉动热管传热性能的实验研究

实验研究了单回路紫铜—水脉动热管在水冷方式和定传热功率时,冷却水流量、倾角、管径和充液率4种因素对热管传热性能,包括管壁测点温度、冷热段均温、传热温差、传热热阻和温度振幅的影响规律,得到提高传热性能的一些措施。结果显示:水平放置的单回路脉动热管无法启动;30°以上倾角管内可产生振荡,增加倾角可降低传热热阻;定加热功率下,冷却水流量存在最佳值,过大和过小都会增加传热热阻;在脉动热管允许管径范围内,增加管径可大大降低传热热阻;相同传热功率时,30%充液率热管的传热热阻明显低于70%充液率管;小而均匀的壁温振荡比大幅锯齿状振荡时的传热性能好。     

循环流化床锅炉膜式水冷壁管与鳍片上的温度分布

研究了循环流化床锅炉膜式水冷壁管的传热，并通过采用二维传热分析方法，讨论了带有竖直鳍片和横向鳍片的水冷壁管上温度与热流分布。探讨了炉膛侧传热系数、水冷壁管水侧传热系数、水温、床温、水冷壁管材的导热率以及竖直鳍片部最高，然后逐渐下降，但在横向鳍处理的根部又会上升。为了验证传热分析的真实性，在1台6MWth循环流化床锅炉膜式水冷壁管的横裁面内安置了0.8mm的热电偶，测量子水管横截面上的一些点的温度。实际测量值符合得相当好。     

Coupled Heat Transfer Simulation of the Spiral Water Wall in a Double Reheat Ultra-supercritical Boiler

This paper presented a coupled heat transfer model combining the combustion in the furnace and the ultra-supercritical(USC) heat transfer in the water wall tubes. The thermal analysis of the spiral water wall in a 1000 MW double reheat USC boiler was conducted by the coupled heat transfer simulations. The simulation results show that there are two peak heat flux regions on each wall of spiral water wall, where the primary combustion zone and burnt-out zone locate respectively. In the full load condition, the maximal heat flux of the primary combustion zone is close to 500 kW/m~2, which is higher than that in the conventional single reheat USC boilers. The heat flux along the furnace width presents a parabolic shape that the values in the furnace center are much higher than that in the corner regions. The distribution of water wall temperature has a perfect accordance with the heat flux distribution of the parabolic shape curves, which can illustrate the distribution of water wall temperature is mainly determined by heat flux on the water wall. The maximal water wall temperature occurs at the middle width of furnace wall and approaches 530°C, which can be allowed by the metal material of water wall tube 12Cr1MoVG. In the primary combustion zone, the wall temperatures in half load are almost close to the values in 75% load condition, caused by the heat transfer deterioration of the subcritical pressure fluid under the high heat flux condition. The simulation results in this study are beneficial to the better design and operational optimization for the double reheat USC boilers.     

1000MW塔式直流锅炉炉膛水冷壁管壁温度和热负荷分布的试验研究

对2台1 000MW超超临界压力塔式直流锅炉炉膛水冷壁管壁温度和热负荷分布进行了测量和计算,并对不同负荷工况、不同磨煤机投运方式下的热负荷和管壁温度分布规律以及炉膛上部垂直水冷壁的热负荷分布进行了分析.结果表明:1 000MW塔式直流锅炉炉膛热负荷的分布规律与其他四角切圆燃烧锅炉炉膛热负荷的分布规律基本一致.由于在最上层的燃烧器上方布置了燃尽风,对炉内烟气的扰动加强,导致沿管长方向的热负荷在54m标高处波动较大;在燃尽风喷嘴中心线以上,因受到燃尽风进入炉膛的影响,水冷壁热负荷大幅度下降.为了避免炉膛大比热区传热恶化,可以将处于拟临界点附近的水冷壁布置在低热负荷区域.     

非均匀热流下水平管内混合对流大涡模拟研究

针对以槽式太阳能集热器为背景的高密度、高度非均匀热流下水平管内的混合对流换热问题,采用大涡模拟方法,研究了热流密度非均匀性对水平管内混合对流瞬态涡结构、脉动强度、湍流热通量及局部平均壁温的影响;揭示了非均匀热流下自然对流对管内湍流特性的影响规律;提出了适用于不同热边界条件下管内混合对流换热的强化措施。结果表明:均匀热流时,自然对流会抑制管顶部的湍流脉动,使流动层流化,造成传热能力局部恶化;非均匀热流时,随着自然对流的增强,近壁面速度脉动强度先减小后增大,二次流逐渐增强,换热能力逐渐提高,故管内换热能力受湍流脉动与二次流协同影响;在自然对流影响下,均匀加热时管顶部可采用针对层流的强化换热措施,非均匀加热时需着重提高管底部高热流区域的湍流脉动与涡强度。     

螺纹烟管的传热效果及技术经济性研究

对螺纹烟管的传热效果和技术经济性进行研究。在分析螺纹烟管强化传热机理的基础上,以某锅炉厂设计制造的型号为DZL10.5-1.0/115/70-AⅡ的新型水火管链条炉排热水锅炉为案例,分别计算分析了螺纹烟管和普通光管的传热效果,通过两者的比较,验证了螺纹烟管技术的优越性和经济性。     

超临界锅炉中间点温度控制问题分析

结合国内新一代600 MW超临界锅炉的实际,综合分析了超临界锅炉中间点温度的控制与水冷壁传热特性以及汽温调节的关系,对超临界锅炉工质的热物理特性、水冷壁的类膜态沸腾、管壁过热以及汽温调节等相关问题进行了比较深入地理论分析。     

Investigation on the characteristics and mechanisms of unusual heat transfer of supercritical pressure water in vertically-upward tubes

The heat transfer characteristics of supercritical pressure water in a vertically-upward optimized internally-ribbed tube was investigated experimentally to study the mechanisms of unusual heat transfer of supercritical pressure water in the so-called large specific heat region. The experimental parameters were as follows. The pressure at the inlet of the test section ranged from 22.5 to 29.0 MPa, and the mass flux of the fluid was from 650 to 1200 kg/m² s, and the heat flux on the inside wall of the tube varied from 200 to 660 kW/m². According to experimental data, the characteristics of heat transfer enhancement and also the heat transfer deterioration of supercritical pressure water in the large specific heat region was analyzed and based on the comparison and analysis of the current major theories that were used to explain the reasons for unusual heat transfer to occur, the mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement and deterioration were discussed, respectively. The enhanced heat transfer was characterized by the gently changing wall temperature, the small temperature difference between the inside-tube-wall and the bulk fluid and the high heat transfer coefficient in comparison to the normal heat transfer. The deteriorated heat transfer could be characterized by the sharply increasing wall temperature, the large temperature difference and a sudden decrease in heat transfer coefficient in comparison to the normal heat transfer. The heat transfer enhancement of the supercritical pressure water in the large specific heat region was suggested to be a result of combined effect caused by the rapid variations of thermophysical properties of the supercritical pressure water in the large specific heat region, and the same was true of the heat transfer deterioration. The drastic changes in thermophysical properties near the pseudocritical points, especially the sudden rise in the specific heat of water at supercritical pressures, might result in the occurrence of the heat transfer enhancement, while the covering of the heat transfer surface by fluids lighter and hotter than the bulk fluid made the heat transfer deteriorated eventually and explained how this lighter fluid layer formed.