Influence of counter-tilted failure surface angle on the stability of rock slopes subjected to block toppling failure mechanisms

In rock slopes where sedimentary rock masses dip into the face of the slope, failure may occur by block toppling. In traditional analytical models, the failure surface is assumed to be a single plane running from the upper columns to the toe of the slopes, which may be inconsistent with the physical situation, where the weak plane has undergone counter-tilting within the rock slope due to variations of lithology and weak plane characteristics. To better reflect the physical situations, the failure surfaces ought to be determined instead of basing it on assumptions and incorporated in the existing analytical methods for stability analyses. Therefore, a searching technique for determining the counter-tilted failure surface angle has been proposed and traditional analytical models for evaluating the stability of rock slopes subjected to block toppling failure mechanisms have been modified by incorporating the counter-tilted weak plane angle. The physical slope with counter-tilted failure surface was comprehensively analyzed using the modified analytical model and the results were validated using numerical simulation models. The simulated failure mode zones are consistent with the failure mode zones obtained by the modified analytical method. The influence of relative angles of the counter-tilted failure surface on the slope stability has been studied and the results show that progressive increase of the counter-tilted failure surface angles lead to a gradual increase in slope instability. The proposed analytical method could provide precise applications to evaluate the slope instability in rock slopes with counter-tilted failure surface.

     

Overhanging rock slope by design: An integrated approach using rock mass strength characterisation,large-scale numerical modelling and limit equilibrium methods

Overhanging rock slopes(steeper than 90°) are typically avoided in rock engineering design, particularly where the scale of the slope exceeds the scale of fracturing present in the rock mass. This paper highlights an integrated approach of designing overhanging rock slopes where the relative dimensions of the slope exceed the scale of fracturing and the rock mass failure needs to be considered rather than kinematic release of individual blocks. The key to the method is a simplified limit equilibrium(LE) tool that was used for the support design and analysis of a multi-faceted overhanging rock slope. The overhanging slopes required complex geometries with constantly changing orientations. The overhanging rock varied in height from 30 m to 66 m. Geomechanical modelling combined with discrete fracture network(DFN)representation of the rock mass was used to validate the rock mass strength assumptions and the failure mechanism assumed in the LE model. The advantage of the simplified LE method is that buttress and support design iterations(along with sensitivity analysis of design parameters) can be completed for various cross-sections along the proposed overhanging rock sections in an efficient manner, compared to the more time-intensive, sophisticated methods that were used for the initial validation. The method described presents the development of this design tool and assumptions made for a specific overhanging rock slope design. Other locations will have different geological conditions that can control the potential behaviour of rock slopes, however, the approach presented can be applied as a general guiding design principle for overhanging rock cut slope.     

Stability analysis of rock slopes against sliding or flexural-toppling failure

Toppling is a mode of failure that may occur in a wide range of layered rock strata in rock slopes. According to the results of physical model tests and field investigations of anti-inclined rock slopes, most real instabilities are of the sliding or flexural-toppling type. Failure often initiates at the slope toe, and the failure surface is usually multi-planar rather than planar. These properties should determined by searching rather than based on assumption. Taking these problems into account, in this paper we propose a theoretical model for rock slopes with a potential for sliding or flexural-toppling failure on the basis of two physical model tests. An innovative approach for the stability analysis of such slopes based on the limit equilibrium theory is then proposed. Subsequently, a comparative analysis is carried out using the discrete element method and the Aydan et al. method with the aim to verify the validity and accuracy of the proposed approach. Finally, the possible difference between angles of the basal calculation plane and the failure surface of the sliding zone and superimposed toppling zone with respect to the plane normal to the discontinuities is presented.     

基于坡角变化的反倾层状岩质斜坡倾倒变形离心模型试验研究

基于临空条件变化对倾倒变形斜坡影响的认识,以澜沧江古水水电站倾倒变形边坡为原型,通过3组斜坡模型的离心试验,模拟不同坡角条件下反倾层状斜坡的变形演化与破坏过程,获得坡角变化与倾倒变形发展演化之间的关系.研究结果表明:反倾斜坡倾倒破坏最先发生在坡脚位置,而后向上部发展.坡角越陡,产生这种变形需要的累积时间越短;反倾层状岩...     

粘土矿物与斜坡失稳

作为微米级材料，粘土矿物的单晶尺寸及特殊晶体结构使其集合体-粘土呈现低渗透性、分散-凝絮性及粘滞性等重要工程特性。除沉积岩斜坡含粘土矿物外，76％以上的斜坡岩石造岩矿物还可形成次生粘土矿物。粘土矿物广泛分布于原生沉积岩、三大岩类风化带及第四系松散堆积物构成的斜坡中。泥屑岩因含粘土矿物而易于失稳，且水稳定性差。次生粘土矿物的形成将引起源矿物、矿物集合体及岩块的强度与变形特性的显著变化，诱发岩石向松散介质转化。宏观结构面是粘土矿物最主要的形成和聚集场所，结构面及其内侧一定范围内不同成因粘土矿物的淀积将导致结构面及岩体强度的衰减。粘土矿物是滑坡滑带的常见矿物组分；粘土滑带可以在滑体与滑床之间起到润滑作用。滑带中粘土矿物的含量越多，其润滑效应越显著。粘土型滑带还具有隔水边界之功效，可将滑体与周围介质隔离，使之成为独立水文地质单元，提高坡体拦截、吸收渗入水的能力及斜坡稳定对降雨过程的敏感度。粘土矿物可以促进斜坡时效变形，甚至成为斜坡破坏的关键因素，对斜坡演化及失稳的贡献是显著的。     

基于流形方法和图论算法的岩/土质边坡稳定性分析

目前边坡稳定性分析常用的极限平衡法存在着不能考虑实际岩土体的应力应变关系,假设过多等缺点,强度折减法也存在着需要重复计算工作量大,计算容易不收敛,难以考虑边坡应力路径影响及较难直接得到滑裂面等不足。从边坡的应力状态出发,借助基于物理覆盖系统、能较好统一连续和不连续分析的数值流形方法,得到土质边坡或存在着较多不连续面的岩质边坡的应力场分布,并将边坡稳定性分析转化为图论问题,利用Bellman-Ford搜索算法快速稳定地寻找出边坡的安全系数和最危险滑裂面。该方法无需做过多假设及迭代计算,可以反映边坡的应力路径影响,较好地统一岩质/土质边坡稳定性分析。     

改进CSMR法在露采矿山边坡中的应用

针对传统CSMR法没有考虑露采矿山边坡出露频率快、存在周期长和边坡高度差异大对岩体质量等级的影响,引入时间影响系数?,修正不连续面与坡面倾角间关系调整参数F3和坡高修正系数?,提出改进CSMR法,对一般露采矿山的不同高度边坡岩体进行质量分级,提高其分级适用性。边坡实例分析表明,改进CSMR法比传统质量分级SMR法和CSMR法更加符合工程实际,运用改进CSMR法对露采矿山边坡岩体质量分级更加合理。     

地震作用下岩质边坡块体倾倒破坏分析

 基于传递系数法的概念,在建立地震作用下岩质边坡倾倒破坏地质力学模型的基础上,提出考虑地震作用边坡倾倒破坏的解析分析方法,并进一步分析地震作用对边坡倾倒稳定性的影响。该方法采用边坡几何力学参数以及潜在倾倒岩块编号来表征边坡倾倒稳定性分析中变量,从而使每个倾倒岩块的计算变量具有统一的表达式,因此很容易采用Microsoft Excel进行程序化分析。分析结果表明,地震作用下边坡的破坏模式取决于地震影响系数与其临界值的关系,地震影响系数临界值的大小取决于地震力方向以及缓倾结构面的倾角和内摩擦角,当地震影响系数小于该临界值时,按倾倒破坏分析边坡稳定性,否则边坡发生滑动破坏;边坡倾倒稳定性受地震力作用方向和地震影响系数的影响,地震作用方向对边坡倾倒稳定性影响较小,而边坡倾倒稳定性随地震影响系数的增加而显著降低。     

降雨入渗对含软弱夹层顺层岩质边坡性状影响的模型试验研究

 为揭示降雨入渗对于含软弱夹层顺层边坡性状的影响,结合室内叠加喷洒降雨技术和光纤光栅监测技术,开展大型地质力学模型试验,分别针对不同岩层倾角、有无支护结构的顺层边坡,探讨降雨工况下坡体内部关键位置处的物理量发展模式和变化特征。结果表明,在相同降雨条件下,对于含软弱夹层的顺层边坡,无支护时的位移发展模式具有陡变性、牵引性的特点,而有支护时的位移发展模式具有渐进性、推动性的特点;降雨导致边坡层间错动的现象受岩层倾角影响较大,当倾角达到35°时层间错动将较为明显,应充分重视深部位移和含水率的监测。无支护顺层边坡的软弱夹层泥化贯通位置主要位于坡体前部,有支护顺层边坡的泥化位置则位于坡体后部,可据此确定不同形式边坡的重点监控位置。随降雨入渗时间的持续,支护结构对于坡体的抗滑力从由锚杆受剪提供转向由框架受压带动锚杆受拉提供。试验结果可为类似边坡工程的加固设计和防灾监控提供参考。     

大型露天矿山边坡岩体稳定性分级分析方法

基于大型露天矿山边坡的构成要素与规模大小,将其划分为总体边坡、组合台阶边坡、台阶边坡3个层次;根据结构面规模与各层次边坡规模的几何关系,将结构面划分为贯穿结构面、非贯穿结构面、小规模结构面3个层次。从岩体结构控制论角度,认为不同空间位置、不同规模结构面对不同层次边坡的岩体稳定性影响存在差异性,提出结构面空间位置与边坡部位相匹配、结构面规模与边坡规模相匹配开展大型露天矿山边坡岩体稳定性分级分析的新思路。重点介绍大型露天矿山边坡岩体工程稳定性分级分析方法,按照结构面空间位置与边坡部位的匹配性、结构面规模与边坡规模的匹配性,依次对露天矿山的总体边坡、组合台阶边坡、台阶边坡进行分层次的岩体稳定性分析,系统全面地找出控制边坡稳定的关键性结构面及其组合,实现露天矿山边坡岩体稳定性的精细分析。结合具体案例,分别从整体稳定性、局部稳定性两方面评价了露天矿山的总体边坡、组合台阶边坡、台阶边坡的稳定性。大型露天矿山边坡岩体工程稳定性分级分析为开展边坡岩体稳定性的精确计算创造了必要的条件。     

顺层岩质边坡开挖稳定性研究

用地质力学模型试验方法,在实验室对顺层岩质边坡进行分期开挖破坏试验;同时,利用三维快速拉格朗日差分分析(FLAC3D)程序模拟开挖破坏过程。2 种方法所得结果具有较好的可比性,揭示了顺层岩质边坡在开挖状态下岩体变形破坏的一些规律。提出在实际工程中,为避免开挖过程中边坡出现顺层滑动,宜边开挖边支护,且首先在坡脚处设置锚杆。     

岩质边坡断续裂隙阶梯状滑移模式及稳定性计算

阶梯状滑移破坏是一类典型岩质边坡破坏失稳模式。在总结断续裂隙阶梯状滑移的岩质边坡地质结构特征的基础上,利用离散元二维颗粒流程序（PFC^2D）模拟研究了边坡阶梯状滑移破裂模式及其演化过程。边坡岩桥可归纳为剪切贯通破坏、张拉贯通破坏及张–剪混合贯通破坏3类。通过岩石细观颗粒黏结力场、岩桥段应力及破裂贯通演化分析,揭示了重力作用下阶梯状滑移是从下而上岩桥逐个渐进性破裂贯通演化的过程,坡体后缘张裂纹发展贯通是下部坡体的牵拉作用造成;以缓倾角阶梯状平行裂隙边坡（岩桥倾角90°,裂隙倾角30°）为例,阶梯状滑移过程大致可分为坡体弹性稳定变形、下部岩桥贯通破坏、中上部岩桥贯通–后缘张裂、整体沿贯通面滑移共个阶段,其中第3个阶段坡体微断裂数急剧增加,为滑裂带扩展至贯通的临界失稳状态。基于滑移模式及其演化过程的认识,建立了岩桥剪切贯通、张拉贯通和张–剪混合贯通三类阶梯状滑移边坡稳定性计算理论模型,推导了考虑岩桥强度和贯通率的边坡安全系数极限平衡计算公式。     

确定岩质边坡地震安全系数的简化方法

 作为岩质边坡地震稳定性评价的规范方法,拟静力法忽略岩体的动力特性和地震动大部分特性的影响,而地震时程分析法考虑的因素较全面,却相对费时费力。目前岩质边坡地震稳定性评价缺乏较好地考虑岩体的动力特性和地震动特性的简化方法。为此,综合利用时程分析法和拟静力法的各自优点,建立地震安全系数与拟静力安全系数间的关系,提出2种岩质边坡地震稳定性评价的简化方法：(1) 对于重要边坡,建立边坡地震安全系数与地震动峰值、边坡拟静力安全系数的统计经验公式;(2) 对于一般边坡,统计边坡地震安全系数与拟静力安全系数的修正系数,建议相应的修正方案。以典型岩质边坡为例,采用显式波动有限元–极限平衡法,阐述所提出的简化方法的详细实施步骤,初步证明所提出方法的可行性和合理性。所建议的简化方法为重要工程岩质边坡震后快速评估和一般工程岩质边坡抗震稳定性评价提供有益的思路和重要参考。     

刚体离散元动力方法在基于位移的岩坡地震响应分析中的应用

当前岩坡地震动力响应分析中,多采用极限平衡方法分析拟静力安全系数,采用Newmark滑块分析动力永久位移,假设较多,工程实用性受限。将刚体离散元方法引入岩坡地震动力稳定性评价工作中。通过与强度折减法、Newmark法中的永久位移评价相结合,提出一种复杂岩坡静动力稳定性分析方法。初步认识表明:(1)采用极大节理刚度可以减少节理刚度带来的弹性接触位移,使得刚体离散元用于求解岩坡楔形块体的静/动力稳定性问题。(2)刚体离散元强度折减法可以无需假设块体运动方向或假定滑动形式,直接求解获取安全系数、下滑力等结果,可以考虑复杂形状块体,相比传统方法更具优势和实用性。(3)与4个经典静力算例与3个动力算例的对比验证,表明提出的刚体离散元方法及程序实现的正确性。(4)采用提出的方法,研究幅值、节理面交线倾角等参数对岩坡地震响应永久位移的影响规律研究,表明刚体离散元方法可以根据参数变化得到正确的得到相应的结果变化规律。且对比发现在某些特定条件下拟静力安全系数不能正确反映岩坡地震响应的陡增程度。(5)在工程实例中,采用刚体离散元方法进行K1块体基于位移的地震稳定性评价,给出基于超越概率的支护设计方案。相比拟静力安全系数设计方案,在满足使用条件的前提下优化程度更高。研究可为岩坡静动力稳定性分析提供一种新的思路。     

反倾层状碎裂结构岩质边坡破坏机制研究

反倾岩质边坡是我国西南水利水电工程、山区交通工程、矿山工程中一种常见的边坡类型,目前已成为影响此类工程正常运行的安全隐患之一.通过基底摩擦物理模型试验,研究了发育一组与岩层层面正交节理的反倾碎裂结构岩质边坡变形破坏全过程,分析了边坡变形破坏过程中的宏观变形、岩层位移、岩层弯折角等,揭示了反倾层状碎裂结构岩质边坡破坏机制...     

非均质边坡多级稳定性分析方法

为了实现对非均质边坡稳定性的全面表征与系统评价,提出了一种针对非均质边坡的“多级次”评价方法。这种方法以强度折减理论为基础,首先对岩土体进行多次局部强度折减,得到边坡不同深度、不同岩层控制的多级潜在滑动面;然后运用极限平衡法进行各个潜在滑动面的稳定性计算,即可得到边坡不同深度、不同级次的稳定性系数。这种方法在确定多级滑动面的过程中充分利用了强度折减法客观性的优点,避开了极限平衡方法主观性的缺点,折减所得滑动面更能反映边坡在重力作用下的变形破坏过程,优于滑弧法搜索结果。通过规则模型的验证及实际边坡的应用,证明这种方法对于综合评价非均质边坡的稳定状态是有效的,并可为边坡的治理、监测设计及施工提供指导。     

Microseismic monitoring and numerical simulation on the stability of high-steep rock slopes in hydropower engineering

For high-steep slopes in hydropower engineering, damage can be induced or accumulated due to a series of human or natural activities, including excavation, dam construction, earthquake, rainstorm, rapid rise or drop of water level in the service lifetime of slopes. According to the concept that the progressive damage(microseismicity) of rock slope is the essence of the precursor of slope instability, a microseismic monitoring system for high-steep rock slopes is established. Positioning accuracy of the monitoring system is tested by fixed-position blasting method. Based on waveform and cluster analyses of microseismic events recorded during test, the tempo-spatial distribution of microseismic events is analyzed.The deformation zone in the deep rock masses induced by the microseismic events is preliminarily delimited. Based on the physical information measured by in situ microseismic monitoring, an evaluation method for the dynamic stability of rock slopes is proposed and preliminarily implemented by combining microseismic monitoring and numerical modeling. Based on the rock mass damage model obtained by back analysis of microseismic information, the rock mass elements within the microseismic damage zone are automatically searched by finite element program. Then the stiffness and strength reductions are performed on these damaged elements accordingly. Attempts are made to establish the correlation between microseismic event, strength deterioration and slope dynamic instability, so as to quantitatively evaluate the dynamic stability of slope. The case studies about two practical slopes indicate that the proposed method can reflect the factor of safety of rock slope more objectively. Numerical analysis can help to understand the characteristics and modes of the monitored microseismic events in rock slopes. Microseismic monitoring data and simulation results can be used to mutually modify the sensitive rock parameters and calibrate the model. Combination of microseismic monitoring and numerical simulation provides a more objective basis for the numerical model and parameters and a solid mechanical foundation for the microseismic monitoring.     

水电岩质边坡的稳定性概率分级方法研究

 引入荷兰学者R. Hack等[1-3]提出的边坡稳定性概率分级(SSPC)方法,针对该方法在水电边坡稳定性评价中存在的两个局限性：一是仅适合于45 m以下边坡的稳定性评价和对完整岩石抗压强度的估计主观性和随意性较强,提出采用Hoek-Brown经验强度准则和边坡最大坡高经验公式,对SSPC方法中边坡岩体的抗剪强度和最大坡高进行修正。典型水电边坡实例的研究结果表明,SSPC修正方法对34个水电边坡稳定性评价的准确率为61.8%,对10个非构造性控制破坏的水电边坡稳定性评价的准确率达80%。SSPC修正方法对于水电岩质边坡的稳定性概率分级具有较好的适用性,可以为水电岩质边坡的稳定性快速评价提供一条新的途径。     

边坡滚石运动轨迹分析及坡形坡率设计

在闽东南地区,因花岗岩球状风化诱发的边坡滚石灾害问题十分突出,通过研究滚石运动轨迹来确定合理的坡形坡率是防范边坡滚石灾害的基本对策。对边坡坡率、平台宽度和坡面特征三个基本参数变化条件下典型边坡滚石运动轨迹进行定量计算和对比分析,得到了以下结论:1植被覆盖的土质坡面较光滑坚硬的岩质坡面具有明显的"消能"效应;2加宽平台及增加平台植被可有效阻碍滚石运动;3放缓坡率能延缓滚石启动变形,并能明显控制滚石运动距离;4宽平台结合上缓下陡的坡形坡率设计是控制滚石灾害的优选方案。