油田采油管柱技术应用探讨

油井套管因腐蚀等原因造成套管损坏、穿孔漏失后,地层水由套管损坏处流入油井中,影响油井的正常生产,严重时还会倒灌地层。为此,套管漏失井油层保护采油技术采用丢手封堵管柱,上部泵抽管柱通过插入密封方式与其连接,可以阻止生产和检泵作业时套损处漏失水和洗井液进入油层,起到保证油井正常生产,防止油层污染的作用。本文主要探讨油田采油管柱技术及其应用。     

稠油漏失井配套作业技术

稠油油田开发进入中后期,油井生产周期长、采出程度高,大量地层砂被采出沉降在井筒内,地层亏空漏失严重,入井液体无法循环,冲砂、洗井工作无法正常进行,严重困扰油田正常生产。入井液体漏失到油层,不仅造成油层污染伤害,油井产量降低,还可能因为井筒内外液柱压力失衡,造成油井套管损坏、油井报废等事故。     

无伤害洗井管柱技术在文南油田的应用

1概述 油井在生产过程中,不可避免的要结蜡。常规的热洗不仅影响油井的产量,而且造成地层伤害,甚至造成油井不出油的现象。因此,油层伤害的预防是一个非常重要的生产问题,一旦地层受到伤害,将其恢复是非常困难的。文南油田属于低渗油田,洗井对油井产能影响很大,针对此项难题,引进了无伤害洗井管柱。它解决了油井热洗存在的问题,杜绝了洗井液对地层造成的伤害,缩短了热洗排液时间,提高了油井的生产时效。[第一段]     

高效清蜡洗井液在文明寨油田的应用

油井结蜡严重影响了正常的生产,文明寨油田历年投入大量的人力物力进行热洗作业,以减轻井下管柱泵的工作负荷;使用高效洗井液后,不仅节约了热洗井作业的成本,减少洗井液的油层污染,避免由于洗井造成油井减产。高效洗井液现场应用表明,洗井效果好,可以推广应用于其它油田,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

雷家区块降凝开发技术研究

雷家区块为一低渗稀油油藏,投入开发以来,结蜡是影响油井正常生产的一个重要因素。为实现油井正常生产,以往主要以热水洗井为主,电加热为辅。但频繁热洗易造成油层污染,电加热成本高。为此,现场开展降凝防蜡技术研究,初步见到一定效果,试验井洗井周期延长到130天以上。     

防止油井溢漏工艺技术研究

油水井在作业过程中常常遇到油管溢漏问题,即地层与井筒压力不平衡时,井底液体从油管、套管外溢或井筒内液体漏失。油井溢流使施工不能正常进行,严重影响作业周期,污染井场,致使油井不能按时施工;油井漏失会污染油层;在稠油、超稠油井中,压井液、洗井液进入地层,吸收井筒周围的热量,使井筒周围温度降低,转抽后开井困难。本文针对油田生产中存在的油井漏失问题,介绍了一种能够减少油井作业程序,防止压井液、洗井液进入地层以及地层内的液体进入井筒的作业管柱,实现了注汽、采油一体化,采用该工艺管柱后,可减少作业工序和作业时间,降低作业费用,防止环境污染。     

水力冲击压裂及强负压解堵技术在曙光油田的应用

在油井的钻完井、修井及生产过程中,产生的任何阻碍油、气流入井底的附加原因均称之为油气层的污染或损害。曙光油田开发已近四十年,油层在开采过程中受到越来越严重的伤害。水力冲击压裂及强负压解堵技术通过将强负压解堵与水力冲击解堵有机组合,可更加经济有效地解决油层污染问题,提高油井生产效果。     

DF-09型驱排剂在卫城油田的综合运用

针对卫城油田油井洗井过程中负压现象严重 ,导致油井在洗井过程中造成污染 ,排水时间长的特点 ,引进 DF-0 9型驱排剂 ,达到助排驱油的效果。     

超导洗井效果浅析

超导洗井技术是一项新型的管柱、管道清蜡防蜡技术。它操作简便,接管快捷,省时省力,具有良好的清蜡性能。减少洗井液对油层的污染,避免由于洗井造成油井减产。超导洗井技术现场应用表明,洗井效果好,可以推广应用于其它油田,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

葡西油田低渗透油层污染因素及保护措施

针对葡西油田低渗透油层污染导致油井产量下降甚至停产的问题,通过现场实际分析了油井洗井、作业对油层产生的影响,介绍了几种油层保护及解堵措施方法,即振动解堵技术、微生物解堵技术、油层保护技术等,对油田现场生产具有一定的指导意义。     

一种经济型清洁压裂液配方研究与性能评价

粘弹性表面活性剂(Viscoelastic surfactant,下文简称VES)压裂液与传统聚合物压裂液不同,可消除残余聚合物对支撑剂充填层的堵塞,并能有效提高导流能力,减少对地层的损害及污染,压后油气产量比使用传统压裂液有显著提高。介绍了VES压裂液的原理及配方设计原则。通过室内试验确定了一种经济型VES压裂液的配方,并对其性能进行了相关评价。     

尾气脱液罐改造及分析

对醇酮装置高压洗涤塔的尾气处理工艺进行技术改造,增设一尾气脱液罐,有效地解决了反应尾气中夹带洗涤油过多的问题。既避免了洗涤油排放大气对环境的污染,又能够对洗涤油进行回收利用,对于降低醇酮装置的环境污染,节约洗涤油,以及装置的平稳生产起到关键作用。     

油气田含油污泥生物处理技术研究进展

油气田含油污泥是石油钻井、运输、储存过程中产生的主要污染物。随着油气田开发的逐步深入,含油污泥所带来的生产和环境矛盾越来越突出。原有的含油污泥处理方式已经不适用新的环保要求。目前,物理化学处理方法初步实现了含油污泥减量化和原油资源回收,但其并不能从根本上去除含油污泥的石油污染物,甚至有可能造成二次污染。生物处理方法有低毒、环保、效率高等特点,具有较广泛的应用前景。本文介绍了含油污泥的来源、特征、处理标准和环境影响。将生物处理技术分为生物表面活性剂（BSF）洗油法和生物降解法,并从BSF的类型和特性、洗油机理、降解工艺、降解菌、对处理效果的影响因素以及BSF增强生物降解作用等方面进行了详细阐述。文章指出BSF洗油法主要应用于高含油污泥（含油率≥6%）的处理,含油率可降到2%以下;对于低含油污泥（含油率≤6%）采用微生物降解技术处理,可达到0.3%的生态标准。生物处理技术是最有前景的满足资源回收的环保型的含油污泥处理技术。     

七棵树油田油井热流体循环洗井清蜡效果分析

七棵树油田属于异常低压油田,含蜡高、析蜡点高,油井清蜡周期短,主要采取热流体循环洗井同时辅以投加清防蜡剂来清防蜡。文章分析了不同类型的热流体循环洗井在七棵树油田的应用情况,通过对比载荷、电流、返排期及产量变化,得出了目前最适合七棵树油田热循环洗井热流体。     

油层保护与高温蒸汽热洗清防蜡综合技术

中原油田采油三厂一般应用长期定量加高效表面活性剂、清蜡剂等化学药剂,降低原油粘度,提高原油溶蜡能力的方式,以维持结蜡油井的正常生产;但是对于严重结蜡油井,只能减缓石蜡、沥青等重组分的析出和附着速度,清防蜡效果有限。因此针对严重结蜡油井,开发应用油层保护与高温蒸汽热洗清防蜡综合技术,通过油层保护与高温蒸汽热洗相结合,定期对严重结蜡井进行蒸汽热洗,能清理油管内壁和抽油杆的积蜡,同时相比普通热洗和一般蒸汽热洗,大幅降低对油井生产的负面影响;对于维护严重结蜡井的正常高效生产,具有重要的意义。     

热化学清洗法处理罐底油泥的研究

为解决罐底油泥的环境问题,采用新型环保清洗剂配方,选用热化学清洗法,研究了该清洗剂对罐底油泥的热化学清洗效果的影响。通过生物显微镜观察清洗后浮油的结构,以及测定油的回收率,确定最佳清洗条件为:清洗剂质量分数为1.2%,清洗时间为60 min。最佳清洗时,罐底油泥能够充分进行三相分离,油回收率可达92.5%,可以有效回收原油,减少环境污染。     

Capillary Curves for Ex‐situ Washing of Oil‐Coated Particles

The oil removal efficiency for the ex situ extraction of bitumen from oil sands, or ex situ washing of oil‐contaminated sand and related processes is determined by the balance of forces at the oil/water and solid/fluid interfaces. The objective of this work is to estimate the balance of forces at the interface using dimensionless numbers, and their use in evaluating and engineering ex situ soil washing processes. To this end, bitumen was removed from bitumen‐coated sand particles using a two‐step process. In the first step, the particles were mixed with a suitable solvent (toluene) used, primarily, to reduce the viscosity of bitumen. The particles were then mixed with water or an aqueous surfactant solution capable of producing low interfacial tensions with the solvent‐bitumen mixture. The fraction of oil retained after washing was evaluated as a function of interfacial tension, solvent/bitumen ratio, mixing time, mixing velocity, and particle size. These ex situ washing conditions were normalized using dimensionless film and particle‐based Weber and Capillary numbers. The fraction of oil retained by the particles was plotted against these dimensionless numbers to generate capillary curves similar to those used in enhanced oil recovery. These curves reveal the existence of a critical film‐based Weber number and a particle‐based Capillary number that can be used in the design or evaluation of soil washing processes. The film‐based Weber number also explained literature data that associates interfacial tension with the removal of oil from oil‐based drill cuttings, as well as field observations on the role that particle size plays on the removal of oil in soil washing operations.     

压裂液技术研究

压裂技术是提高油气井生产能力以及注水井增注的主要措施,并且会对改造后的油气层有较大的影响。在压裂过程中,压裂液必须要着重考虑以下两个方面:压裂液是否满足于油气层的配伍性,以及是否会伤害油气层。这样才能优选出优质的压裂液体系。     

Water recycle method for washing alkali-refined soybean oil

Vegetable oil refineries are faced today with cutting down on pollution caused by their waste water. A method was developed for washing alkali-refined soybean oil with treated, recirculated wash water. In this method, wash water passes through a cation exchange resin that removes Na, and the slightly acid water goes back into the system for continuous reuse. The disposal problem arising from current industrial practice can be largely or entirely avoided by this reuse method. The new method might well be applicable to other oilseed processing. Batch tests were first made by mixing water, alkalirefined soybean oil and cation exchange resin. The amount of Na in the soybean oil was reduced from 34 to less than 0.5 ppm. In continuous washing tests conducted in a Podbielniak contactor with water treated by a cation exchange resin, the Na level of a commercially refined oil (not water-washed) was reduced from 34 ppm to less than 1.5 ppm. These results are comparable to or better than those obtained by the conventional method of employing fresh water for washing soybean oil. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Minneapolis, October 1969. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

The physical refining process

This paper deals with influences and optimizing of changing process conditions for physical refining of palm oil. These process variables are temperature, pressure, residence time, fluid flow and stripping steam to oil ratio. These parameters influence not only finished oil quality, oil yield, energy consumption and running costs, but also content and yield of natural stabilizers like tocopherols or color compounds like carotenes, and last, but not least, environmental load of waste water and exhaust air as studied under industrial plant conditions. With the right pretreatment process physical refining of palm oil is not only much more economical than chemical refining in connection with stripping steam deodorization, but also causes much less pollution by waste water and exhaust air. Under all these aspects the performance of continuously operated industrial plants now in use for physical refining of palm oil is being examined. Because of the water solubility of the low-boiling thermal degradation products, the effluents of nearly all installations must be specially treated to fulfill today’s legal requirements on BOD and on COD as well as on oil and grease content. The only exception is a new counter-current two-step film type physical refining process in connection with a combined sophisticated steam ejector vacuum and two-step exhaust air washing system, with which, without any air pollution, COD values of <50 for waste water are possible. For best oil quality deacidification should be done with pressure drop of less than 1 torr at 2 to 3 torr tap pressure at 260 C working temperature with residence times of 10 min and counter-current exchange efficiency of 6 to 8 theoretical plates.