生物柴油标准分析与制定研究

我国生物柴油技术的发展急需生物柴油标准的建立。本文分析了国内外生物柴油标准发展现状,讨论了国内现有生物柴油企业标准。建立了一系列生物柴油质量测试方法,测试了国内典型的3种工业生物柴油样品及原生植物油、柴油及20%生物柴油样品。在对测试结果和国际主要生物柴油标准进行对比和分析的基础上,对我国生物柴油标准的制定提出了建议。     

生物柴油原料资源开发及深加工技术研究进展

生物柴油（脂肪酸甲酯）是一种绿色清洁的再生能源。我国生物柴油产业发展速度很快,但受原料价格高及产品多元化程度低等因素的影响,生物柴油价格高,产业缺乏竞争力。开发多样化的原料资源,进行产品深加工,对于生物柴油产业的发展具有重要的意义。本文综述了国内外生物柴油原料开发利用进展,介绍了国外生物柴油原料资源分布、资源特点及不同原料生物柴油的特点。简述了我国生物柴油原料资源现状及发展策略。介绍了生物柴油深加工技术研究进展,重点阐述了在制备第二代生物柴油、生物降解润滑油基础油、脂肪醇、烷醇酰胺、脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐及绿色增塑剂等方面的研究进展及面临的问题,指出开发高效催化剂是发展生物柴油深加工技术的关键。     

生物柴油技术的进展

综述了世界各国生物柴油的发展、应用及生产现状,以及各国为发展生物柴油而采取的相应措施。讨论了合成生物柴油的方法：直接混合法、微乳液法为主的物理方法和以热裂解、酯交换为主的化学方法,重点介绍了酯交换法生产生物柴油的原理及合成方法,并对在酶催化和无催化剂条件下的酯交换技术进行了介绍。阐述了我国发展生物柴油的重要意义,并提出了我国发展生物柴油技术的几点建议。     

我国生物柴油的发展前景

生物柴油是绿色可再生能源,近期有专家提出,要限制发展生物能源以平抑上涨过快的粮价。文章对发展生物柴油的重要意义作了全面分析,简要介绍了生物柴油的主要生产方法,并介绍了生物柴油在世界各地的现状及发展概况。文章综述了在我国发展生物柴油产业的良好基础及现状,展望了该产业的发展前景。     

非均相法催化制备生物柴油的最新研究进展

非均相连续化工艺是生物柴油规模化工业生产的发展方向。多相催化剂的研制和新型工艺过程的开发一直是生物柴油领域的研究热点,也是实现生物柴油绿色、经济、高效生产的关键。分析了酯交换反应可能的反应机理,综述了国内外生物柴油非均相酸碱催化剂的最新研究进展,评述了多种固体酸碱催化剂在生物柴油的制备中优异的催化性能和存在的问题,介绍了多种新型多相生物柴油反应器及反应分离耦合工艺在生物柴油连续化制备中的应用,最后展望了生物柴油未来的发展前景,指出新型固体酸碱双功能催化剂与先进多相连续反应分离耦合工艺的开发将推动生物柴油领域不断发展。     

我国生物柴油产业存在问题与发展建议

综述了我国生物柴油的政策实施状况、产业现状、技术进展,并分析了我国生物柴油行业发展中存在的问题和发展生物柴油产业的社会意义,对我国生物柴油的未来发展提出了建议。     

生物柴油的制备方法及其发展前景

综述了生物柴油的特性,重点介绍了生物柴油的制备方法,并讨论了生物柴油国内外的研究进展,最后展望了生物柴油在我国发展的前景。     

四川麻疯树生物柴油研究展望

概述了国内外麻疯树生物柴油的相关研究.首先分析了麻疯树生物生态学特性、区域差异以及麻疯树生物柴油性能,指出了麻疯树生物柴油在生物柴油领域的优势,还提出了麻疯树生物柴油产业化发展途径.最后,结合四川麻疯树生物柴油研究与开发现状,分析了四川麻疯树生物柴油产业化优势.     

生物柴油稳定性及稳定剂研究进展

综述了国内外生物柴油稳定性和生物柴油稳定剂的研究发展状况,内容涉及生物柴油的化学组成与基本特征、生物柴油的稳定性及其影响因素、生物柴油的稳定性检测及评价方法、生物柴油稳定剂的种类及性能等,认为添加稳定剂是提高生物柴油稳定性的主要手段。     

国内外生物柴油研究生产现状及发展趋势

可替代柴油的生物柴油在国内外研究及生产的现状和发展趋势,指出了生物柴油的优势及生物柴油制备、应用中存在的问题,分析了发展生物柴油产业对我国石油安全、国民经济建设、农业产业结构调整和环境保护的作用,并展望了该产业的发展前景。     

生物柴油的生产现状及发展前景

生物柴油是绿色可再生能源。本文由生物柴油的特性出发,阐述了西方国家和我国生物柴油的发展现状,讨论了各种生物柴油的制备方法及生物柴油的工业应用及存在的主要问题,并展望了该产业的发展前景。     

添加剂对橡胶籽油生物柴油氧化稳定性的改进

测定了橡胶籽油的物化性能及组成. 加入6种抗氧化剂,采用Rancimat法研究了其添加量及复配、温度、0#柴油添加量、金属铜、铁等对橡胶籽油生物柴油氧化稳定性能的影响. 结果表明,橡胶籽油所制生物柴油不饱和脂肪酸含量达82.1%,诱导期为0.81 h,达不到国家标准(6 h). 6种抗氧化剂在添加量为4000′10-6(w)时对橡胶籽油生物柴油的氧化稳定性能均有提升,其中TBHQ效果最好,使其氧化稳定性诱导期达13.09 h,6种抗氧化剂的抗氧化效果为TBHQ>BHT>D-TBHQ>OG>PG>BHA. PG与其他抗氧化剂复配后效果较好,而TBHQ与其他抗氧化剂复配后效果降低. 温度和0#轻柴油添加量对橡胶籽油生物柴油的氧化稳定性能影响很大,随温度升高,诱导期明显缩短,而随0#柴油添加量增大,诱导期增加,添加量较大时诱导期增幅很大. 铁、铜对其氧化稳定性能也有一定影响.     

中国生物柴油技术开发及应用进展

综述了目前我国制备生物柴油的主要廉价原料资源即基因改造植物油脂、废弃油脂和微生物油脂,并介绍了现阶段我国生物柴油的酯交换技术开发和应用现状,而且对生物柴油的发展前景进行了展望,指出必须走出一条符合我国国情的生物柴油发展道路。     

Physical properties of normal grade biodiesel and winter grade biodiesel

In this study, optical and thermal properties of normal grade and winter grade palm oil biodiesel were investigated. Surface Plasmon Resonance and Photopyroelectric technique were used to evaluate the samples. The dispersion curve and thermal diffusivity were obtained. Consequently, the variation of refractive index, as a function of wavelength in normal grade biodiesel is faster than winter grade palm oil biodiesel, and the thermal diffusivity of winter grade biodiesel is higher than the thermal diffusivity of normal grade biodiesel. This is attributed to the higher palmitic acid C(16:0) content in normal grade than in winter grade palm oil biodiesel.     

Protection of biodiesel against oxidation

The importance of using synthetic antioxidants to improve oxidation stability and shelf life of biodiesel is today generally accepted. In our investigations which started early with the development of biodiesel we have looked at the course of stability, ageing of biodiesel, and the use of synthetic antioxidants. We have shown for the first time that oxidative stability of biodiesel is lower than that of the rape seed oil from which it was produced. The natural stability of biodiesel relates mainly to the content of tocopherols which survive the transesterification process. Biodiesel freed from tocopherols has no stability and will be destroyed immediately in air. Synthetic antioxidants like BHT and the newly developed stronger “Bis‐BHT” dramatically improve oxidative stability and prolong shelf life. Biodiesel rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl ester needs strong antioxidants to be sufficiently protected. The class of hindered phenolic antioxidants from which the BHT and “Bis‐BHT” derive are well suited as industrial biodiesel stabilizer because of their ready availability, sufficient effectiveness and proven safety in diesel fuel. Surprisingly, none of the approved international biodiesel and biodiesel blend specifications refer to shelf life as a quality parameter. There is no definition of shelf life available, although it is well understood that biodiesel ages and loses its oxidative stability over time. We propose to consider the time span from production until the biodiesel reaches zero oxidative stability and becomes rancid and detrimental for the engine as the “shelf life” of biodiesel. From the perspective of a customer running their car on biodiesel blends, shelf life should become a more important issue.     

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil—A Case Study of Hong Kong

Fossil fuel shortage is a major challenge worldwide. Therefore, research is currently underway to investigate potential renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is one of the major renewable energy sources that can be obtained from oils and fats by transesterification. However, biodiesel obtained from vegetable oils as feedstock is expensive. Thus, an alternative and inexpensive feedstock such as waste cooking oil (WCO) can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. In this project, techno-economic analyses were performed on the biodiesel production in Hong Kong using WCO as a feedstock. Three different catalysts such as acid, base, and lipase were evaluated for the biodiesel production from WCO. These economic analyses were then compared to determine the most cost-effective method for the biodiesel production. The internal rate of return (IRR) sensitivity analyses on the WCO price and biodiesel price variation are performed. Acid was found to be the most cost-effective catalyst for the biodiesel production; whereas, lipase was the most expensive catalyst for biodiesel production. In the IRR sensitivity analyses, the acid catalyst can also acquire acceptable IRR despite the variation of the WCO and biodiesel prices.     

论生物质能源标准体系(Ⅰ)——生物柴油标准化研究进展

生物质能源是清洁可再生能源,本系列讲座以生物质能源主要产品为对象,以产品的物理形态为分类依据,在分析研究国际上主要产品标准化的基础上进行我国生物质能源标准体系的构建。本讲在对国内外生物柴油产业发展状况进行深入剖析的基础上,重点介绍了世界上主要生物柴油产品的标准化情况,并对产品的性能指标进行了对比。针对我国生物柴油产业现状,建议尽快建立符合我国国情的生物柴油产品标准体系。可通过采标的方式,加快我国生物柴油标准的制订。     

Soybean and Soybean/Beef-Tallow Biodiesel: A Comparative Study on Oxidative Degradation During Long-Term Storage

Vegetable oils are the primary raw materials used in biodiesel production; however, they usually present oxidative stabilities inferior to the EN 14214 specifications. An alternative to improve the oxidative quality of vegetable oil biodiesel is blending it with animal fat biodiesel. In this paper, we studied the oxidative degradation of soybean/beef-tallow biodiesel (SB) 70/30 and 50/50 (w/w) during long-term storage. Soybean biodiesel (SO) was used as a control sample. The biodiesel samples were stored for 350 days and analyzed periodically via oxidative stability, tocopherol content, peroxide value, polar compounds, and kinematic viscosity. The results showed that SB 70/30 and 50/50 biodiesel samples presented higher oxidative stabilities than SO biodiesel. Additionally, the blends met the limits proposed by EN 14214 for oxidative stability (8 h). During long-term storage, the SB biodiesel showed greater resistance to oxidative degradation, which was indicated by the lower formation of hydroperoxides and polar compounds. Similarly, the decline in the tocopherol content was slower in SB biodiesel. Blends of soybean and beef-tallow biodiesel at levels of 70/30 and 50/50 are, therefore, proper alternatives to improve the oxidative quality of this biofuel.