A contribution to the study of some greek marbles

The use of marble in Architecture began on the 7th century B.C. and continued to be used without stop untill today. Greece and especially the East Macedonia region is an extremely privileged area on marble deposits both in quantities and qualities and colours. In the present work the main physical and engineering properties of some varieties of greek marbles are given and a comparison with the international standards is made. The experimental material (marbles) was from East Macedonia, Argolida-Arcadia and Magnessia, three of the biggest marble deposit areas in Greece. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the marbles examined satisfy all the international standard codes and thus they can be used as building stones and decoration materials.     

Investigation of meso-failure behaviors of Jinping marble using SEM with bending loading system

In this study, the meso-failure mechanism and fracture surface of Jinping marble were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope(SEM) with bending loading system and laser-scanner equipment. The Yantang and Baishan marbles specimens from Jinping II hydropower station were used. Test results show that the fracture toughness and mechanical behaviors of Yantang marble were basically higher than those of Baishan marble. This is mainly due to the fact that Baishan marble contains a large percentage of dolomite and minor mica. Crack propagation path and fracture morphology indicated that the direction of tensile stress has a significant effect on the mechanical behaviors and fracture toughness of Baishan marble. For Yantang and Baishan marbles, a large number of microcracks around the main crack tip were observed when the direction of tensile stress was parallel to the bedding plane.Conversely, few microcracks occurred when the direction of tensile stress was perpendicular to the bedding plane. The presence of a large number of microcracks at the main crack tip decreased the global fracture toughness of marble. The results of three-point bending tests showed that the average bearing capacity of intact marble is 3.4 times the notched marble, but the ductility property of the defective marble after peak load is better than that of the intact marble. Hence, large deformation may be generated before failure of intact marbles at Jinping II hydropower station. The fractal dimension of fracture surface was also calculated by the cube covering method. Observational result showed that the largest fractal dimension of Yantang marble is captured when the direction of tensile stress is parallel to the bedding plane. However, the fractal dimension of fracture surface of Yantang and Baishan marbles with tensile stress vertical to the bedding plane is relatively small. The fractal dimension can also be used to characterize the roughness of fracture surface of rock materials.     

Evaluation of marble waste dust in the mixture of asphaltic concrete

In the study the use of marble dust collected during the shaping process of marble blocks has been investigated in the asphalt mixtures as filler material. The samples having marble dust and limestone dust filler were prepared and optimum binder content was then determined by Marshall test procedure. Dynamic plastic deformation tests were carried out by using the indirect tensile test apparatus. Optimum filler content was then determined considering the filler/bitumen ratio and filler ratio. Test results showed that plastic deformation of marble waste is between the upper and the lower limits of grounded marbles. The study showed that marble wastes, which are in the dust form could be used as filler material in asphalt mixtures where they are available and the cost of transportation is lower than ordinary filler materials.     

高温下大理岩受压破坏的细观结构分析

探究高温对岩石的作用机制,对于解决高温岩石工程问题具有重要意义。利用日本日立公司制造S–3000 N扫描电子显微镜对在20 ℃,200 ℃,400 ℃,600 ℃,800 ℃高温作用下以及经历400 ℃,600 ℃和800 ℃高温作用冷却后受单轴压缩破坏的徐州大理岩进行表面元素分布测定、表面形貌观察和超微结构分析,以期在细观层次上对大理岩的受压变形、强度及破坏特性等做出机制性的解释。研究结果表明：常温下徐州大理岩的颗粒较为粗大,为典型解理开裂且部分颗粒内及颗粒间存在裂纹,温度升高至800 ℃时,岩样端口表面碎裂明显、颗粒变小且形态较为规整、部分区域内存在细长裂纹;高温下和高温后受压破坏的大理岩细观结构差异较大;800 ℃之前大理岩总体的质量百分比没有明显变化,温度达到800 ℃时大理岩各元素的质量百分比发生较大的变化,Ca元素的质量百分比急剧下降而Si元素的质量百分比迅速上升,说明其结构可能发生由晶态向非晶态的相转变,致使大理岩的力学指标骤降。     

Microscopic and macroscopic characterization of the porosity of marble as a function of temperature and impregnation

Various methods were used in order to study how temperature cycling initiates changes in the porosity of fresh and impregnated marbles. The results indicated that intergranular decohesion was more pronounced in calcitic marble than dolomitic marble. The impregnation agents had a mitigating effect on the intergranular decohesion. Use of fluorescence microscopy, among the other methods, appears to give inexpensive and reliable information about the internal structure of marble. A better understanding of the effect that temperature has on the porosity of marble could be used as a guide for selection of suitable stone material for exterior use as well as an indication for appropriate conditioning of the samples before physical property testing.     

The effect of using different polymer and cement based materials in pore filling applications on technical parameters of travertine stone

The usage of marbles as a natural building and facing stone shows a gradually rising trend in civil sector all over the world. Due to natural motion, structure of marbles consists of many cracks and holes during formation of rocks. Cracks and holes in the marbles generally increase the wastage ratio and operating costs during production of marbles. Normally, the color consistency, brightness of the colors, hardness, strength, non-porous smooth surface as a hygienic structure are desired properties in the usage of flooring and facing stones.In this study, application of some pore filling methods in travertine and their effects on technical parameters of the rock structure were experimentally investigated. Although travertine has high porosity and is composed of different sizes of pores in its structure, it has a wide usage area in the construction and facing stone industry. Its processing is very easy and is much cheaper than the other marble types. Two different applications were mainly used for the pore filling process. These methods are polyester filling technique and cement filling technique. The use of cement filling method is widely applied in travertine production. The effects of these methods on the rock structure were analyzed and the most suitable filling technique was determined based on the technical data of rock parameters.In this study, in addition to the effective use of cement as a filler material in a travertine stone, different ratios of polymer admixtures as a Stuff (ST) and Poliacrilamid (PA) were used to evaluate the collapse of the filling material through the pores with optimum setting time. These materials were used as a replacement of the cement and calcite with the ratios of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%. Test samples were prepared in the form of 40 cm × 40 cm × 1.2 cm tiles and different ratios of the mixture of cement, calcite and polymer materials were applied on the rock surface. These samples were analyzed in terms of water absorption, point load index and unit volume weight measurements by using appropriate standards, TS 699 and ISRM. According to test results, it was tried to compare the filled and unfilled material properties and to obtain optimum ST–PA and cement usage ratio with respect to improving polishing quality, physical and technical parameters of rock.     

人造大理石研究进展

本文对人造大理石的研究进展进行了综述,且详细介绍了四类人造大理石的制备技术,并提出了当前研究需要解决的问题。     

孔洞形状对大理岩渐进破坏力学特性影响研究

为研究孔洞形状对岩石破坏特性的影响,对含不同形状孔洞大理岩进行单轴压缩实验,利用高速摄像仪记录孔洞周边裂纹的萌生、扩展和贯通直至试样破坏的过程,分析孔洞形状对大理岩力学特性、破坏模式、裂纹扩展特性的影响规律,以及试样所储存的能量与岩石变形破坏的关系。研究发现,孔洞形状对大理岩的力学特性有明显影响,且不同边界类型的孔洞有不同的裂纹扩展特性。另外,试样的宏观破坏是由远场裂纹迅速扩展的结果,而初始裂纹对材料破坏没起到关键作用。从能量的角度提出一个可判别岩石脆性破坏的能量跌落系数,还发现岩块弹射烈度与单位体积吸收能量的大小有关。通过FLAC^3D对不同孔洞形状大理岩进行数值模拟,得到不同孔洞形状大理岩的应力分布和应力集中系数特征,其应力分布特征较好地反映了室内试验的破坏特征。     

香港元朗地区大理石的力学性质

本文讨论香港元朗地区大理石的力学性质，一般的说，颗粒小致密的黑色大理石超声波速度高、抗压强度大且具有脆性特征。其Ｐ波和Ｓ波的速度分别为６．２２～６．５０ｋｍ／ｓ和３．２５～３．６４ｋｍ／ｓ，其单轴抗压强度为８８～１６６ＭＰａ。而颗粒较粗的白色或灰色大理石超声波速度变化很大，单轴抗压强度小且具有塑性特征。其Ｐ波和Ｓ波速度分别为３．３５～６．４５ｋｍ／ｓ和２．２４～３．１６ｋｍ／ｓ，其抗压强度为５２～６３ＭＰａ。Ｐ波速度和抗压强度与微裂隙密度和微裂隙长度成反比。大理石的内部微观结构，如裂隙、颗粒大小是影响其力学性质的主要因素。     

一种基于GSI弱化的应变软化模型

Mohr-Coulomb和Hoek-Brown破坏模型是目前运用最广泛的两种岩体破坏模型。为了能够直观地描述围岩高应力条件下的脆性破坏,众多学者提出基于这两种破坏模型的岩体参数取值方法,主要包括基于Mohr-Coulomb模型的CWFS模型以及基于Hoek-Brown模型的DISL模型和BDP模型。上述模型在表征岩石的脆性破坏方面均有一定的适应性,但是由于存在高围压条件下的硬化现象以及参数取值物理意义不明确等问题,其在实际工程中的应用受到一定限制。在上述模型的基础之上进一步研究Hoek-Brown破坏模型的参数取值规律,在分析地质强度指标GSI值在岩石压缩变形过程中的变化规律的基础上,通过构建地质强度指标GSI值与围压以及塑性应变的函数关系式,建立一种新的基于GSI弱化的应变软化模型——GSI弱化应变软化模型;然后通过锦屏二级水电站白山组大理岩以及Tennessee大理岩三轴压缩试验数值模拟对该模型进行验证。分析表明：该应变软化模型能够较好地模拟大理岩的三轴力学特性。最后运用该模型评价锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞开挖松弛范围,可为岩体开挖支护提供一定参考。     

深埋隧洞大理岩卸载路径真三轴强度参数研究

 为研究深埋隧洞围岩卸载路径破坏特性,在现场深埋试验平洞内进行大理岩原位高压真三轴卸载试验,获得大尺度(50 cm×50 cm×100 cm)、高应力( =11.2 MPa)、真三轴( ＞ ＞ )、卸 破坏状态下,能反映深埋隧洞围岩实际应力状态和隧洞开挖应力路径的大理岩全过程应力–应变曲线和三轴强度。在高压卸载路径大理岩原位真三轴试验基础上,引入H-B经验强度准则研究大理岩卸载路径真三轴强度参数。研究成果表明：(1) 对于大理岩卸载真三轴原位试验,按H-B经验强度准则评估卸载路径真三轴强度偏低情况较多,评估经验参数s = 0.003 951 7,mb = 3.414,而由试验成果反算s = 0.095 53,mb = 12.208。(2) 在H-B经验强度准则基础上,按M-C强度准则,评估大理岩卸载真三轴试验强度参数：tan? = 1.39,c = 6.61 MPa,评估未扰动大理岩卸载真三轴强度参数：tan? = 1.60,c = 6.73 MPa,前者可代表卸荷损伤岩体。     

中尺寸岩样真三轴试验系统研制与应用

 目前国内外岩石真三轴试样尺寸倾向于两极,且尺寸跨度大、应力大小不同,不便于研究岩体三轴强度的尺寸效应和高应力环境复杂应力路径岩石的变形与强度特征,为了解决这个问题,研制LWZ–10000型中尺寸岩石真三轴试验系统,详细介绍该系统的设计思路、结构特点、技术指标及功能,该系统具有以下特点：(1) 自动伺服控制与变形破坏全过程数据采集,且精度高、性能稳定;(2) 试样尺寸介于室内和现场三轴试样尺寸之间,且尺寸可变;(3) 侧向和轴向载荷高,且三向独立控制;(4) 可同步进行超声波和声发射跟踪测试。采用该系统对锦屏大理岩进行大量的不同应力路径真三轴试验,对加载和卸载路径真三轴试验的应力–应变全过程曲线及与波速对应关系进行分析,结合大理岩不同尺寸卸载路径的真三轴试验成果,初步研究大理岩卸载路径下强度参数的尺寸效应。该系统的成功研制为研究多向复杂应力路径下不同尺寸深部岩体的变形及强度参数提供了新手段。     

论室内设计中的色彩艺术设计

色彩直接诉诸人的情感体验,它是一种情感语言,它所表达的是一种人类内在生命中某些极为复杂的感受。梵高说:"没有不好的颜色,只有不好的搭配。"而在最能体现人敏感,多情的特性并与人的生活息息相关的室内设计中,色彩几乎可被称作是其"灵魂"。文章从色彩的基本分类及色彩的心理感觉作深入分析,了解色彩是如何对室内设计效果产生影响的。     

基于声发射定位的自然裂隙动态演化过程研究

 利用MTS815岩石力学试验机和PCI-II声发射三维定位实时监测系统对取自锦屏II级水电站交通辅助洞的含自然裂隙大理岩岩样进行单轴压缩条件下的声发射(AE)测试,并结合AE振铃数实现对不同空间分布类型自然裂隙时空演化过程的精确定位和追踪。试验结果表明：含自然裂隙大理岩岩样受压破坏过程中的局部渐进特征显著,AE累计数曲线的上升与试验的加载过程和岩样内部的应力调整关系密切;单一型和平行型自然裂隙空间分布形式相对简单,在压应力水平较低时AE大事件(振铃数＞20)随着压应力的渐增沿自然裂隙面展布,当压应力接近峰值强度时,AE大事件在裂隙面末端部位大量集聚,并朝着最终的实际破裂方向扩展;含交叉型自然裂隙岩样体内的AE大事件在初始压密阶段分布相对均匀,但随着压应力的持续增加,裂隙面附近的AE数量逐渐增加,并向裂隙面的交叉部位集聚;混合型自然裂隙结构最复杂,但仍不难根据AE大事件的空间分布确定岩样内部的软弱部位及相应的应力场变化规律。以上试验和分析结果对于深入研究岩体破裂失稳机制具有一定的意义,也可为现场微震监测提供指导。     

论建筑环境色彩的配色与协调

建筑环境色彩配色的协调 ,通常有类似协调和对比协调 .即在色彩调配时 ,既要考虑色与色之间的共性 ,又要考虑色与色之间的对比 ,这样才能取得整个建筑的配色和谐 .建筑各部分色彩的类似也不能过强 ,过强时易形成单调、呆板的效果 ,要以一类色作支配色 ,另一类色做宾位点缀色 .为了获得协调 ,就要在统一中寻求变化 ,以及在变化中获得统一 .     

Application de la télédétection au repérage et à la surveillance des décharges

This study concerns the region of Lyon (France) and was realized with panchromatic and infrared color prints. Landfills can be localized thanks to specific colors even swamped. With successive slides their evolution has been followed. Plants showed anomalies produced by polluted leachates. Those anomalies were observed on prints and controlled in situ. However, high underground permeability decreases the effect of leachates for plants in the surroundings of pervious sites.     

Non-destructive investigation of microporosity in marbles by means of small angle neutron scattering

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements have been carried out on different marble and limestone samples, of relevance to cultural heritage safeguard, to investigate the micropore distribution in the size range between 10 and 1000 Å. Different varieties of marbles have been studied using a CaCO₃ single crystal, pore-free, as a reference. A series of red scaglia limestone samples has also been tested obtaining for this material, very reproducible results. Namely identical SANS cross-sections are found for specimens issued from a modern quarry and for samples issued from a historical building. Furthermore, the micropore volume distribution functions obtained by Fourier transformation of the SANS data are in accordance with porosimetry results for pore sizes larger than approximately 500 Å. The results of SANS measurements carried out to try and distinguish close and open microporosity are also reported.     

浅谈色彩在家具设计中的运用

介绍了家具的色彩来源：材料原色、家具表面的油漆色、贴表装饰色、织物的颜色、局部配件的颜色等,具体阐述了家具色彩的设计应遵循功能、整体性、施工工艺、消费者心理需求等原则,指出家具色彩能使家具更具个性,提升其产品附加值。     

光色环境中的生活品质

指出入和环境的有机结合，才使得色彩有了实质性意义，研究了科学文明与色彩的关系，探讨了光与色彩的多面性，分析了灯光导致的色彩倾向偏移，得出了光色环境不仅是一个社会物质体，更是一个精神文化体的结论。     

苏州园林的色彩

造园者非常重视运用色彩美化景物，刻意创作“以色传神、以色抒情”的作品。苏州园林怡心悦目的色彩引人入胜。苏州园林建筑物常以淡雅宁静的灰色和白色为其基本色调。苏州园林不用大红大绿蓝紫等颜色，更少施彩绘，色彩以淡雅为其独特风格。