源于红豆的羰基还原酶在(R)-苯基乙二醇制备中的应用

采取研磨、离心分离、多层过滤和丙酮沉析等步骤,从红豆中提取具有不对称还原芳香酮能力的羰基还原酶(CR),经快速分离纯化获得了纯化倍数为5.8倍的红豆源CRrb酶液,考察了其酶学特性,与微生物源CR的酶学特性进行比较,将CRrb与甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)耦合构建CRrb/FDH双酶体系连续催化b-羟基苯乙酮制备(R)-苯基乙二醇. 结果表明,源于红豆的CRrb最适反应pH值为6.0,最适反应温度为45℃,在40~60℃范围内耐热性好于一般微生物源CR. CRrb的米氏常数Km=5.68 mmol/L,最大反应速率Vmax=20.21 μmol/(min×mL),对底物的亲和力和催化效率比微生物源CR好. 底物较佳耐受浓度为60 mmol/L,较微生物源的CR高. CRrb/FDH酶活比为1:1.5时耦合体系反应效率最佳,批次反应转化1 mol辅酶可获得产物的量由266 mol提高到365 mol.     

固定化沙雷氏菌脂肪酶拆分(R,S)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯

利用海藻酸钙-戊二醛交联法对本实验室筛选到的一株能选择性拆分(R,S)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯〔(R,S)-HPBE〕的沙雷氏菌脂肪酶进行固定化,并对固定化脂肪酶的酶活和拆分条件进行了研究。结果表明,最适反应温度为50℃,pH=7.0,底物浓度40 mmol/L,ρ(酶液)=200 g/L,在该条件下,反应10 h后,(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯〔(R)-HPBE〕产率达93.4%,光学纯度(e.e.)为96.2%。连续反应12批次,固定化脂肪酶仍可使(R)-HPBE产率维持在80%以上。     

两相体系中固定化黏红酵母CCZU-G5催化合成 (R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯

通过筛选得到一株高立体选择性还原2-氧代-4-苯基丁酸乙酯（OPBE）合成(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯[(R)-HPBE]的菌株并鉴定为黏红酵母。研究了在异辛烷/水两相体系中固定化黏红酵母CCZU-G5不对称还原OPBE合成(R)-HPBE的反应条件。结果表明最适的反应条件为：在异辛烷比例为10%条件下,底物浓度为100 mmol/L,催化剂用量为0.45 g/mL,辅底物为40 g/L的葡萄糖。在建立的反应体系中反应16 h,(R)-HPBE产率最高,达83.5%,e.e.值99%以上。固定化酵母经7次重复使用后,产率和e.e.值分别维持在70%和99%以上。     

静电纺丝制备苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物纳米纤维及其固定化β-D-半乳糖苷酶

采用静电纺丝技术制备苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物纳米纤维,最佳电纺条件为:聚合物浓度0.35g/mL、针尖到接收板距离25cm、电纺液流量250μL/h、电压21kV.该条件下获得了直径约300nm且分布均一的纳米纤维.利用该纳米纤维固定β-D-半乳糖苷酶,固定化反应的最适pH值为4.0,此时酶负载量为(15.1±0.5)mg/g.固定化酶催化2-硝基苯酚-β-D-半乳吡喃糖苷水解反应的米氏常数K_m=2.7mmol/L,略大于游离酶的K_m值(2.2mmol/L);最大反应速率V_(max)为97.2μmol/(min·mg),为游离酶的47.8%.固定化酶在37℃下重复操作21次后活性损失仅为15%.在连续搅拌式反应器中将固定化酶用于催化乳糖的水解反应,连续使用17d仍能稳定运行.     

磁性聚合物微球固定化青霉素G酰化酶用于催化合成头孢克洛

利用反相悬浮技术制备出平均孔径和比表面积分别为13.0 nm和123.6 m~2/g的磁性聚合物微球,其具有超顺磁性,饱和磁化强度为6.04 emu/g。磁性微球固定化青霉素G酰化酶在乙二醇-磷酸盐缓冲溶液共溶剂体系中催化7-氨基-3-氯-3-头孢烯-4-酸(7-ACCA)与D-苯甘氨酸甲酯(D-PGM)合成头孢克洛,20℃反应2 h时,头孢克洛产率为33.0%,合成与水解比(S/H)为0.13;而在相同反应条件下使用游离青霉素G酰化酶,产率和合成与水解比分别为17.0%和0.08。同时考察了酶用量、反应温度以及溶剂对磁性固定化酶催化合成头孢克洛性能的影响规律。     

磁性纳米粒子的制备及脂肪酶的固定化

建立了以纳米级磁性粒子为载体固定化脂肪酶的方法,优化了脂肪酶的固定化条件,考察了固定化酶的性质. 制备的磁性载体平均粒径20 nm,具有超顺磁性,分散和再分散效果好. 固定化酶的最适吸附时间为60 min,酶用量:载体量为1:1,固定化酶的酶活达到718 U/g. 结果表明,经纳米磁性粒子固定化后,脂肪酶得到活化,固定化酶比活为游离酶的1.8倍. 同时,固定化脂肪酶的pH稳定性显著提高.     

静电纺丝制备苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物纳米纤维及其固定化b-D-半乳糖苷酶

采用静电纺丝技术制备苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物纳米纤维,最佳电纺条件为：聚合物浓度0.35 g/mL、针尖到接收板距离25 cm、电纺液流量250 mL/h、电压21 kV. 该条件下获得了直径约300 nm且分布均一的纳米纤维. 利用该纳米纤维固定b-D-半乳糖苷酶,固定化反应的最适pH值为4.0,此时酶负载量为(15.1±0.5) mg/g. 固定化酶催化2-硝基苯酚-b-D-半乳吡喃糖苷水解反应的米氏常数Km=2.7 mmol/L,略大于游离酶的Km值(2.2 mmol/L);最大反应速率Vmax为97.2 mmol/(min×mg),为游离酶的47.8%. 固定化酶在37℃下重复操作21次后活性损失仅为15%. 在连续搅拌式反应器中将固定化酶用于催化乳糖的水解反应,连续使用17 d仍能稳定运行.     

凹凸棒土固定脂肪酶及其在催化菜籽油转酯反应中的应用

采用吸附法对来源于,Staphylococcus aureus JH的脂肪酶进行了固定化.以凹凸棒土作为载体系统研究了固定化条件对固定化效率及固定化酶转酯活力的影响.结果表明最适加酶量、缓冲液pH和吸附时间分别为0.35 g/g、8.0和3 h,在上述优化条件下固定化酶的转酯活力为465.5 U/g,而所用的游离酶只有较低转酯活性.利用该固定化酶催化菜籽油转酯反应生产生物柴油时,叔丁醇为适宜的反应介质,其最适添加昔为0.8 mL/g;适宜的酶鼍、加水晕和反应温度分别为40.0 U/g、油质量的的1.2%和40℃.按甲醇/油摩尔为3.5的比例在优化反应条件下,反应12 h后甲酯产率达96.0%;固定化脂肪酶具有较好的操作稳定性,反应160批次时,相对酶活力为78.4%.     

米曲霉菌体的固定化及其稳定性

在液相培养基中将米曲霉菌体培养成直径为 1～ 2mm的菌球 ,以甲醛为交联剂、明胶为活性保护剂对其进行固定化研究 .在正交实验L₁₆(4⁵)的基础上 ,利用人工神经网络得到了较优的固定化条件 :菌体与固定液的用量比 (固液比 ) 1∶8,固定液中含明胶 5 g·L^-1、甲醛 5 g·L^-1,固定化时间为 1.5h .在此条件下制备的固定化米曲霉菌体比酶活为 15 0 0U ,比酶活保留率 83% .对固定化米曲霉菌体稳定性进行深入研究表明 ,其最适反应温度和 pH值分别为 6 3℃和 8.0 ,与游离菌体相比最适反应条件范围变宽 .在固定床反应器中用其连续拆分N -乙酰 -DL -丙氨酸 ,半衰期为 77天 ,具有较高的操作稳定性     

树脂原位吸附促进高浓度底物不对称氧化还原合成（S）-苯基乙二醇

以近平滑假丝酵母(Candida parapsilosis)全细胞为催化剂,考察了添加吸附树脂对不对称氧化还原外消旋苯基乙二醇制备-(S)-苯基乙二醇(S-PED)的影响.通过树脂吸附性能考察,筛选出一种对底物有较快吸附速率和较大吸附量的树脂NKAⅡ,在反应体系中加入一定量NKAⅡ树脂,可以显著降低底物和产物对反应过程的抑制,提高反应的初始底物浓度.结合树脂对底物的吸附量和菌体反应的最适底物浓度,建立了树脂添加量随底物浓度变化的关系式,通过此公式添加树脂将溶液中底物产物总浓度控制在最适水平,从而实现高初始浓度底物,快速度反应.在40g/L初始底物浓度转化体系中加入0.74g树脂,平衡2h后,反应108h,产物S-PED的ee值和产率分别为98.1%和88.5%,产物浓度达到35.4 g/L.     

醇脱氢酶在聚乙烯膜表面的固定化研究

以聚丙烯酸（PAA）改性的聚乙烯（PE）膜为载体,研究了醇脱氢酶（ADH）的两种固定化路线,并以甲醛为底物考察了固定化酶的催化性能。路线1用聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）进一步改性,使用戊二醛（GA）固定化ADH。最优固定化pH为6.0,温度为5～15℃,酶浓度为1.0 mg/ml,GA浓度为0.01%(质量);固定化酶的最适反应pH为6.5,温度为15～30℃,反应速率最高为9.6 μmol/(L·min);重复利用10次后可保持47.3%的活性。路线2以PAA-PE为载体,用1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-2-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐（EDC）和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺（NHS）为活化剂,固定化ADH。EDC和NHS最优摩尔比为1∶0.5,固定化时间为24 h;固定化酶的最适反应pH为6.5,温度为20～37℃,反应速率为15.58 μmol/(L·min);重复利用10次后可保持53.8%的活性。     

Immobilization of alcohol dehydrogenase on the surface of polyethylene membrane

Using polyacrylic acid (PAA) modified polyethylene (PE) membrane as a carrier, two immobilization routes of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were studied, and the catalytic performance of immobilized enzyme was investigated using formaldehyde as a substrate. In the first route, PAA-PE membrane was further modified by polyethyleneimine (PEI) and then ADH was covalently linked by glutaraldehyde (GA) to the surface of PEI/PAA-PE. The results show that the optimal immobilization pH was 6.0, immobilization temperature was 5—15℃, ADH and GA concentrations were 1.0mg/ml and 0.01%(mass). For immobilized enzyme, the optimal reaction pH was 6.5, temperature was 15—30℃, and the highest reaction rate was 9.6 μmol/(L·min), the remaining activity was 47.3% after 10 use cycles. In the second route, ADH was immobilized on PAA-PE membrane with 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-2-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as activators. The results show that the optimal molar ratio of EDC and NHS was 1∶0.5, and the immobilization time was 24 h. For immobilized enzyme, the optimal reaction pH was 6.5, temperature was 20—37℃, and the highest reaction rate was 15.58 μmol/(L·min), 53.8% activity was remained after 10 cycles.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Penicillium</Emphasis> sp. ZD-Z1 chitosanase immobilized on DEAE cellulose by cross-linking reaction

Chitosanase obtained fromPenicillium sp.ZD-Z1 was immobilized on DEAE cellulose with glutaraldehyde by cross-linking reaction. The optimal conditions of immobilization were as follows: 0.1 g DEAE cellulose was treated with 5 ml 5% glutaraldehyde solution; then 2.3 mg chitosanase was immobilized on the carrier. The optimal temperature and pH was 60 °C and 4.0, and the K _m value was 18.87 g/L. Under optimal conditions, the activity of immobilized enzyme is 1.5 U/g, and the recovery of enzyme activity is 81.3%. After immobilization, the optimal temperature and K _m value increased (from 50 °C to 60 °C, from 2.49 g/L to 18.87 g/L), whereas the optimal pH was reduced (from 5.0 to 4.0). The enzyme activity loss was less than 20% after 10 times batch reaction; the immobilized enzyme showed good operation stability.     

CALB脂肪酶的固定化及其拆分2-辛醇的研究

以AB-8、HZ-841、HZ-802三种大孔树脂做载体,采用物理吸附法,制备出固定化南极假丝酵母脂肪酶(CALB),并用其进行了拆分2-辛醇的研究。其中AB-8树脂做载体拆分效果最佳,其蛋白吸附量为37.94 mg/g树脂,吸附率94.86%,转酯化酶活3 000 U/g固定化酶,对映体选择性E=104。单因素优化实验得到的最佳拆分条件为:温度40℃,加酶量2.67 g/L,底物醇浓度3.76 mol/L。在该条件下,产物转化率可达50%,e.ep为97.8%。固定化pH在5.0~9.0内对拆分效果无显著影响。     

Effect of substrate (ZnO) morphology on enzyme immobilization and its catalytic activity

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals with different morphologies were synthesized and used as substrates for enzyme immobilization. The effects of morphology of ZnO nanocrystals on enzyme immobilization and their catalytic activities were investigated. The ZnO nanocrystals were prepared through a hydrothermal procedure using tetramethylammonium hydroxide as a mineralizing agent. The control on the morphology of ZnO nanocrystals was achieved by varying the ratio of CH₃OH to H₂O, which were used as solvents in the hydrothermal reaction system. The surface of as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles was functionalized with amino groups using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate, and the amino groups on the surface were identified and calculated by FT-IR and the Kaiser assay. Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized on as-modified ZnO nanostructures with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. The results showed that three-dimensional nanomultipod is more appropriate for the immobilization of enzyme used further in catalytic reaction.     

核壳结构磁性树枝状纤维形有机硅固定化脂肪酶制备及其应用

为了提升脂肪酶的稳定性并构建新型固定化酶催化体系,利用改进的Winsor Ⅲ微乳液双连续相体系合成了超顺磁性Fe₃O₄内核和树枝状纤维形氧化硅外壳的核壳结构磁性有机硅纳米粒子（MMOSNs）,用于固定化南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B（CALB）。优化条件后CALB负载量为177.49 mg/g,比水解活性为27390 U/g。磁性有机硅通过与CLAB分子之间疏水相互作用及表面孔道结构,可有效激活CALB的界面活性并保护活性构象免受破坏,比游离酶和磁性无机硅固定化酶表现出更好的活性和稳定性。除此之外,将CALB@MMOSNs用于催化乙酰丙酸与十二醇的酯化反应最高转化率为85.05%,重复使用9次后仍保留68.94%转化率,而商业化N435只保留29.83%。证明疏水性磁性核壳结构有机硅是固定化CALB的良好载体,可有效扩展脂肪酶的工业应用。     

Improvement of lactulose synthesis through optimization of reaction conditions with immobilized β-galactosidase

Kluyveromyces lactis β-galactosidase was immobilized on silica gels using a covalent bonding method. To improve lactulose synthesis using immobilized β-galactosidase, the optimal reaction conditions, such as lactose and fructose concentrations, pH and ionic strength of the buffer, loading amount of the enzyme and temperature, were determined. Lactulose synthesis using the immobilized β-galactosidase was markedly improved after optimization of the reaction conditions. When the lactulose synthesis was carried out at 47 °C using 40% (w/v) lactose, 20% (w/v) fructose and immobilized β-galactosidase of 12 U/ml in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5, the lactulose concentration and specific productivity were 15.80 g/l and 1.32 mg/U·h, respectively. In addition, when the immobilized β-galactosidase was reused for lactulose synthesis, its catalytic activity retained 60.5% after 10 reuses.     

Enhancement of Alkaline Protease Activity and Stability via Covalent Immobilization onto Hollow Core-Mesoporous Shell Silica Nanospheres

The stability and reusability of soluble enzymes are of major concerns, which limit their industrial applications. Herein, alkaline protease from Bacillus sp. NPST-AK15 was immobilized onto hollow core-mesoporous shell silica (HCMSS) nanospheres. Subsequently, the properties of immobilized proteases were evaluated. Non-, ethane- and amino-functionalized HCMSS nanospheres were synthesized and characterized. NPST-AK15 was immobilized onto the synthesized nano-supports by physical and covalent immobilization approaches. However, protease immobilization by covalent attachment onto the activated HCMSS–NH₂ nanospheres showed highest immobilization yield (75.6%) and loading capacity (88.1 μg protein/mg carrier) and was applied in the further studies. In comparison to free enzyme, the covalently immobilized protease exhibited a slight shift in the optimal pH from 10.5 to 11.0, respectively. The optimum temperature for catalytic activity of both free and immobilized enzyme was seen at 60 °C. However, while the free enzyme was completely inactivated when treated at 60 °C for 1 h the immobilized enzyme still retained 63.6% of its initial activity. The immobilized protease showed higher V_max, k_cat and k_cat/K_m, than soluble enzyme by 1.6-, 1.6- and 2.4-fold, respectively. In addition, the immobilized protease affinity to the substrate increased by about 1.5-fold. Furthermore, the enzyme stability in various organic solvents was significantly enhanced upon immobilization. Interestingly, the immobilized enzyme exhibited much higher stability in several commercial detergents including OMO, Tide, Ariel, Bonux and Xra by up to 5.2-fold. Finally, the immobilized protease maintained significant catalytic efficiency for twelve consecutive reaction cycles. These results suggest the effectiveness of the developed nanobiocatalyst as a candidate for detergent formulation and peptide synthesis in non-aqueous media.     

Ag/P(St-MMA)纳米复合高分子微球固定化青霉素酰化酶的研究

通过溶剂热法和无皂乳液聚合相结合,制备了P(St-MMA)高分子纳米微球.并以吸附沉积的方式在其表面沉积了Ag金属纳米粒子,最后将青霉素酰化酶共价连接在微球表面.初步研究了微球直径、银的质量分数等因素对固定化酶活力的影响.结果显示随着微球直径减小,固定化酶的偶联率和活力逐渐增加;银纳米粒子最多将固定化酶的偶联率和活力分别提高了42%和72%,固定化酶的最大表观活力(以干重记)达到了1 869 u/g,明显高于其它高分子载体固定化青霉素酰化酶的活力;实验证明银纳米粒子在青霉素水解过程中没有催化活力,但能大大提高青霉素酰化酶的催化活力.