立体传质塔板CTST喷射特性的研究

立体喷射型塔板的喷射状况对气液两相接触面积有重要影响。在直径570 mm的冷模实验塔内,采用高速摄像仪对CTST的喷射过程参数进行了实验研究,并且基于不稳定波动理论建立了液滴群平均粒径的计算模型。结果表明:喷射孔气速是影响喷射锥角的关键因素,随着喷射孔气速的增加喷射锥角逐渐增大,当喷射孔气速超过7.5 m?s-1时,喷射锥角趋于恒定,其数值稳定在55°左右。随着气速的增加喷射孔处液膜速度显著增大,而液体流量增加时液膜速度略有减小,越靠近喷射孔顶端液膜速度越大。喷射区域内液滴的分布密度接近于Rosin-Rammler分布,在喷射锥角为[20o,40o]区间内的液滴数量比较集中,随着气速和液体流量的增大,液滴分布密度逐渐趋于均匀。液滴群平均粒径随气速的增加而减小,随液量的增加略有增大。正常工作范围内,液滴群平均粒径为1.0~2.5 mm。     

液滴群速度场的激光粒子成像测速法

应用前向散射激光粒子成像测速法，测量了油滴群在水中的浮升速度。测试表明液滴群的浮升速度同单液滴有显著不同。应用片光束的侧向散射激光粒子成像测速法，测量了液滴群在流动液体中的速度分布，并观察到高浓度的速度扰动。     

陶瓷膜过滤细微颗粒悬浮体系的数学模拟

通过对陶瓷膜过滤悬浮液过程中单颗粒的受力分析,获得了可沉积颗粒临界粒径(xcrit)的计算公式.计算的xcrit值与实验测定的沉积层内的粒径分布一致:随颗粒粒径的增大, xcrit呈先增大后减小的趋势. 在讨论xcrit与颗粒粒径(dp)、膜孔径(dm)关系的基础上,将微滤过程按dp/dm的比值分为三种类型:dp/dm≤1, 颗粒迅速阻塞膜孔;1＜dp/dm≤10 ,颗粒在膜表面形成连续滤饼;dp/dm》10,颗粒对膜孔口覆盖,在膜表面形成不连续滤饼.并以此为基础建立了预测陶瓷膜过滤不同粒径和粒径分布的颗粒悬浮液渗透通量的数学模型.计算结果与实验结果的比较表明:本模型对文献模型的改进之处是适用范围从1＜dp/dm≤10扩展到0.48≤dp/dm≤120;在操作压力对渗透通量的影响计算中,假设滤饼层孔隙率不变的计算结果与实验结果一致,说明此体系的滤饼是不可压缩的;在错流速率对渗透通量的影响计算中,假定滤饼层孔隙率随错流速率成指数变化的计算结果比假定沉积层孔隙率随错流速率不变的计算结果好,说明错流速率的变化同时影响滤饼层内颗粒的粒径分布和其形成的滤饼层的结构.     

液液雾化特性与粒径分布规律

液液雾化过程是液液循环流化床的关键技术之一,在流化床常态实验装置上,采用快速摄像与图像处理相结合的方法,获得了实验流量范围内液滴形成过程的图像以及形成液滴的粒径信息,运用数学分布函数对液滴的粒径分布进行了研究。研究结果表明,各流量工况下,液滴的粒径分布与Rosin-Rammler分布符合得较好;在实验流量范围内,形成液滴的区域有单液滴形成区域、过渡区域和多液滴形成区域,且液滴中位径的总体趋势是减小的,当水的流量为50 ml·min-1时,形成液滴的粒径主要集中在0.7～1.0 mm之间;在单液滴形成区域和多液滴形成区域,液滴粒径的均匀性先减小后增大,中位径呈减小趋势,但在多液滴形成区域两者的变化幅度较小,在过渡区域,液滴粒径的均匀性与中位径基本不变。研究结果可为液液循环流化床基于设计粒径的要求合理选取运行流量提供可靠依据。     

载体液滴经微细管成形过程动力学特性的实验与模拟

利用微细管成形及后续交联和致孔过程,可以制备尺寸可控的载体微珠或晶珠。该过程中,微滴的成形是控制粒径的关键步骤,其成形过程动力学特性的研究具有重要意义。以海藻酸钠载体液滴为对象,通过高速摄影方法,用不同内径(1.1,1.6,1.9,2.2 mm)的微细管,对微滴成形过程中的形貌特征和界面演变动力学进行了实验研究,考察了微细管内径对液滴成形、滴落下落速度、液滴直径分布、颈缩线长度等的影响规律;进而,用VOF(volume of fluid)法中PLIC(piecewise linear interface calculation)的几何重构方法追踪非牛顿流体液滴形成过程的气液交界面,对相应液滴成形过程进行了模拟。结果表明,海藻酸钠溶液滴落下落速度、平均直径及颈缩线长度随着微细管内径的增加而增大;对于浓度2%的海藻酸钠溶液,以内径2.2 mm的微细管为例,当管内流速为30 mm·s~(-1),实验所得液滴脱落时最大颈缩线长度约为9.24 mm,滴落脱落时的速度约为6.09 mm·s~(-1),液滴直径约为5.8 mm;较内径1.1 mm的微细管所得液滴的参数值分别高119.04%、129.81%、39.13%;相应模拟所得液滴颈缩线长度、脱落时的速度及直径与实验结果的最大相对误差分别为8.7%、2.1%、8.6%,与实验结果基本一致,说明该方法适于微细管内非牛顿流体如海藻酸钠溶液成滴过程的模拟。     

十字交叉微通道内微液滴生成过程的数值模拟

采用VOF模型对十字交叉微通道内微液滴的生成进行三维数值模拟,获得了拉伸挤压、滴状剪切、单分散射流等单分散微液滴的生成机制以及紊乱射流、节状形变流、管状流和滑移流等两相流型,模拟与实验结果相吻合验证了模拟的有效性。液液两相流型主要受两相流速、两相界面张力以及连续相黏度的影响,发现随着连续相的流量增大,微液滴的生成尺寸减小,生成频率增大;而离散相流量的影响则相反。两相表面张力与连续相黏度分别在低连续相Ca数和高连续相Ca数条件下分别起主导作用。在低连续相Ca数(U_d<0.03 m·s^-1)的拉伸挤压和滴状剪切流流型下,微液滴生成尺寸随着表面张力系数的减小而减小,在射流条件下反而增大,微液滴的生成频率变化则相反。在高连续相Ca数(U_d>0.03 m·s^-1)下,微液滴的生成尺寸随着连续相黏度的增大而减小,微液滴的生成频率变化则相反。另外,壁面接触角在拉伸挤压流型下对微液滴生成无太大影响,但在滴状剪切和单分散射流流型下,接触角减小会导致微液滴无法稳定生成。     

旋风分离器内颗粒质量浓度分布数值模拟

采用颗粒随机轨道模型和单元内颗粒源法,对旋风分离器内不同粒径颗粒质量浓度分布进行了数值模拟。结果表明,粒径较小的颗粒(dp≤4μm)大部分在旋风分离器分离空间锥段进行分离,而较大颗粒(dp>4μm)大部分在环形空间与分离空间筒段即被分离。随着颗粒粒径增加,分离器外壁的颗粒质量浓度逐渐呈螺旋灰带分布,内旋流夹带减小,环形空间顶板下方出现顶灰环。升气管入口0.25D(筒体直径)附近的短路流对小颗粒的影响较大。在分离空间下部排尘口附近0.5D有明显的颗粒返混,返混量随着颗粒粒径增大而减少。     

单分散聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯磁性微球制备及性能

在油酸包裹的疏水性Fe3O4磁流体存在下,以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为聚合单体、二乙烯苯(DVB)为交联剂、过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)为引发剂、聚乙烯醇(PVA)为分散剂,采用振动分散聚合法制备了单分散的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)磁性高分子微球。振动分散聚合法分为2步:首先,通过在喷嘴处施加适当振动将油相射流分散成单分散液滴;单分散油相液滴上浮进入反应器后,在反应器中发生散式流态化并聚合生成单分散聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)磁性微球。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光粒度分析仪检测了磁性微球的形貌和粒径分布,振动样品磁强计(VSM)检测了磁性微球的磁性能、红外光谱分析仪(FT-IR),研究了在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒的结构。结果表明:PMMA磁性微球的比饱和磁化强度为24.40 A·m2/kg,并表现出超顺磁性,微球的平均直径为350μm,粒径分布达到单分散的要求。     

喷雾干燥条件对VAE聚合物粉体粒径影响

研究了在二流体喷雾干燥器中醋酸乙烯-乙烯(VAE)聚合物乳液(含保护胶体)的液滴大小、粉体粒径大小及这两者之间的关系。考察了压缩空气与料液的质量流量比、进风温度、进风流量和乳液黏度对粉体粒径的影响。分别用激光多普勒动态分析仪、激光粒径分析仪和扫描电镜对VAE聚合物乳液滴径、粉体的粒径和颗粒形貌进行了表征。研究表明:当进风温度为120~145℃、进风流量为220~302.5 m3 h 1时,喷雾干燥得到的粉体,其粒径与进风温度和进风流量几乎无关;当压缩空气与料液的质量流量比为1~16时,粉体粒径随雾化比的增大而减小,并且与滴径成线性关系;当VAE聚合物乳液的黏度为2~140 mPa s,其他操作条件不变时,滴径与粉体粒径之间也满足这种线性关系。     

采用高压静电雾化法制备W/O乳化液的实验研究

采用静电雾化方法进行了W/O玉米油乳化液制备的实验研究,在雾化流量2.8~15 mL/min、电极施加电压5.2~11 kV的条件下,用Winner99颗粒图像测试仪测试了所制乳化液的离散相滴径,分析了施加电压及雾化流量对平均滴径及滴径分布的影响. 结果表明,静电雾化法可制备离散相滴径比搅拌法更均匀的乳化液,离散液滴平均滴径约为28 mm且绝大多数液滴直径为20~40 mm,其稳定性明显优于搅拌法所制乳化液. 乳化液离散相滴径与施加电压及雾化流量密切相关,电压增大、雾化电流增大,乳化液离散相滴径急剧减小,滴径分布变窄. 流量增大,单位时间内液滴携带及输运的电量增大,故雾化电流增大;但液滴荷积比随流量增大而减小,故滴径变大,滴径分布变宽. 高电压、低流量有助于获得稳定性更好的乳化液.     

Parametric study of droplet size in an axisymmetric flow-focusing capillary device

A conventional technique for microfluidic droplet generation is Co-axial Flow Focusing(CFF) in which a contraction zone is placed downstream of the dispersed phase nozzle. In this contraction zone, the dispersed-phase(dphase) fluid is pinched off by continuous-phase(c-phase) fluid to generate micro-droplets. Studying the influence of multiple parameters such as the fluids velocities and viscosities, the interfacial tension, and nozzle and orifice diameters on the droplet size is of great importance for the design and application of CFF devices. Thus,development of more complete numerical models is required. In this paper, we show our model is compatible with experimental data and then numerically investigate the effects of aforementioned parameters on the droplet generation in a CFF microfluidic device. Simulation results showed that the c–phase flow rate, viscosity and the interfacial tension had great impacts on the droplet size. The effect of the nozzle diameter on the generated droplet size was small compared to that of the orifice in a CFF device. Using the simulation results, a correlation was also developed and suggested which predicts the droplet size with less than 15% error in a wide range of the introduced dimensionless parameters.     

“一步法”微流控制备大直径复合乳粒中几何尺寸调控规律研究

复合乳粒几何尺寸的精密调控对于实现特定规格参数要求的聚合物空心微球的可控制备具有重要意义。基于“一步法”微流控装置,通过大量的实验获得了以油相与内水相流量比R和连续相毛细管数Ca为变量的复合乳粒构建操作区域图,并在能稳定形成复合乳粒区域范围内探讨了Ca、R以及管道尺寸对大直径复合乳粒几何尺寸的影响规律。实验结果表明：随着连续相毛细管数增大,复合乳粒几何尺寸(内径、外径和壁厚)均减小;随着油相与内水相流量比增大,复合乳粒内径减小,壁厚增大,而外径则呈现先减小后增大的趋势。此外,复合乳粒几何尺寸随管道直径增大而增大,且存在极限尺寸。实验结果可为单分散大直径复合乳粒的定量可控制备提供实验设计依据。     

The experimental observation and modelling of microdroplet formation within a plastic microcapillary array

This paper reports an experimental study of the formation of a two-phase liquid mixture in a circular capillary tube of 0.74 mm diameter. Organic liquid, the continuous phase, flowed through the capillary. Aqueous liquid, the dispersed phase, was injected through a hypodermic entering the side of the capillary and a stream of aqueous droplets was formed in the flowing organic liquid. The observed droplet diameters depended strongly on the ratio of the flow-rates between the dispersed and continuous phases: droplet diameters ranged between 480 and 64 μm. A simple model gave good predictions, matching the data and showing how the droplet diameter is dependant on the flow rates of the two phases. The flow geometry was similar to the T-junction configuration used for emulsion formation in microfluidic devices and was fabricated from an extruded plastic capillary array termed a microcapillary film (MCF).     

Hydrodynamic separation of particles using pinched‐flow fractionation

Rigid particles transported through a pinched‐flow fractionation (PFF) device are simulated using boundary‐integral methods (BIM). The PFF device separates particles by size using a bifurcated microfluidic channel. The critical flow ratio of the two input channels required to achieve complete separation of large and small particles decreases with increasing diameter of the larger particles relative to the pinch height, and is nearly independent of the smaller particle size. A narrow pinch with a square exit was shown to have the lowest critical flow ratio and was selected as the model device to be fabricated. Experiments conducted using this device confirm that the larger particles exit further from the top wall than do the smaller particles, due to steric exclusion, and the final exit positions are within a few percent of the simulation results. It is shown that BIM is a valuable tool in the design of microfluidic devices. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3444–3457, 2013     

Preparation of monodisperse PEG hydrogel microparticles using a microfluidic flow-focusing device

A microfluidic assisted preparation method of nearly monosized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microparticles has been described. Three types of microfluidic flow-focusing devices with different geometries were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Microdroplets of PEG hydrogel were successfully prepared in the microfluidic flow-focusing devices by adjusting the flow rates of the continuous phase, namely, mineral oil, and the dispersed phase, viz., hydrogel solution. Then, the microdroplets of PEG hydrogel were cured by UV irradiation. Various experimental conditions pertaining to the geometry of the microfluidic flow-focusing device, flow rates of the dispersed and continuous phases, and concentration of PEG hydrogel solution were investigated and optimized to fabricate monosized PEG hydrogel microparticles. The prepared PEG microparticles were nearly monosized in the range of 40 μm to 200 μm in diameter according to the above experimental conditions. Then, PEG hydrogel particles laden with microbeads of 6 μm diameter were fabricated using the microfluidic flow-focusing devices with the optimized conditions.     

一步法制备生物相容油核微胶囊及其可控释放

一步法可控制备生物相容油核微胶囊对工业制备微胶囊及其应用具有重要意义。通过设计微流控器件,成功实现一步法制备尺寸均一可控的生物相容油核微胶囊。利用玻璃毛细管管套管的方法制备了微流控器件。通过外相水凝胶相剪切内相油相得到油核液滴,同时油核液滴和外相水凝胶相在重力作用下脱离管口,形成油核微胶囊,再通过交联水凝胶壳层得到稳定的结构。系统研究了微流控器件结构、内相流速、外相流速等参数对油核微胶囊油核数量、微胶囊直径、壁厚等性质的影响规律。生物相容油核微胶囊作为活性物质的理想载体,可以实现pH改变触发的快速释放和壁厚调节的缓慢释放,为其实际应用奠定了基础。     

Simulations of microfluidic droplet formation using the two-phase level set method

Microdroplet formation is an emerging area of research due to its wide-ranging applications within microfluidic based lab-on-a-chip devices. Our goal is to understand the dynamics of droplet formation in a microfluidic T-junction in order to optimize the operation of the microfluidic device. Understanding of this process forms the basis of many potential applications: synthesis of new materials, formulation of products in pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries. The two-phase level set method, which is ideally suited for tracking the interfaces between two immiscible fluids, has been used to perform numerical simulations of droplet formation in a T-junction. Numerical predictions compare well with experimental observations. The influence of parameters such as flow rate ratio, capillary number, viscosity ratio and the interfacial tension between the two immiscible fluids is known to affect the physical processes of droplet generation. In this study the effects of surface wettability, which can be controlled by altering the contact angle, are investigated systematically. As competitive wetting between liquids in a two-phase flow can give rise to erratic flow patterns, it is often desirable to minimize this phenomenon as it can lead to a disruption of the regular production of uniform droplets. The numerical simulations predicted that wettability effects on droplet length are more prominent when the viscosity ratio λ (the quotient of the viscosity of the dispersed phase with the viscosity of the continuous phase) is O(1), compared to the situation when λ is O(0.1). The droplet size becomes independent of contact angle in the superhydrophobic regime for all capillary numbers. At a given value of interfacial tension, the droplet length is greater when λ is O(1) compared to the case when λ is O(0.1). The increase in droplet length with interfacial tension, σ, is a function of with the coefficients of the regression curves depending on the viscosity ratio.     

Chaotic mixing and droplet dispersion characteristics of liquid - liquid with elastic combined impeller

Traditional mixing and clarification tanks generally use rigid stirring blades to achieve liquid-liquid two-phase mixed extraction, which generally suffers from low efficiency and high energy consumption. A kind of elastic combined impeller was used in the mixing clarifier in this work to enhance the liquid-liquid biphase mixing behavior. Lyapunov exponent (LLE) and multiscale entropy (MSE) were used to characterize the chaotic state of the system, the particle size distribution and D₃₂ were used to characterize the dispersion effect. The influence of impeller type (elastic combined impeller, rigid-flexible combined impeller and rigid impeller), spring length, wire diameter and outer diameter on mixing effect was studied. The results indicated that compared with the rigid impeller and the rigid-flexible combined impeller, the elastic combined impeller strengthens the energy dissipation mode of the flow field through the deformation and energy storage of the spring, improves the dispersion effect of the dispersed phase, and was conducive to the chaotic mixing of the liquid-liquid biphase. When stirring speed N = 200 r/min, the spring wire diameter was 0.6 mm, the relative length of the spring was 1.2, and the external diameter of the spring was 7 mm, the LLE value and the amplitude of MSE were the largest and the MSE values fluctuate most strongly. At the same time, there was a log-linear relationship between the D₃₂ of dispersed phase and the stirring speed in each stirring system, and the droplet size of dispersed phase in the elastic combined impeller system was smaller and more.     

弹性搅拌桨强化液-液两相混沌混合及液滴分散特性的研究

传统的混合澄清槽一般采用刚性搅拌桨来实现液-液两相的混合萃取,普遍存在效率低、能耗高等问题。将一种弹性搅拌桨应用在混合澄清槽中,以强化液-液两相混沌混合及分散特性。以最大Lyapunov指数（LLE）和多尺度熵（MSE）表征体系混沌状态,以分散相液滴粒径分布、Sauter平均粒径（D₃₂）等表征分散效果,分别研究了桨叶类型（弹性搅拌桨、刚柔组合桨及刚性桨）、弹簧长度、线径、外径等因素对混沌混合效果和分散特性的影响。结果表明,相比较刚性搅拌桨和刚柔组合搅拌桨,弹性搅拌桨通过弹簧的形变和储能作用,强化了搅拌能量的传递方式,提高了分散相的分散效果,有利于液液两相的混沌混合,在搅拌转速N=200 r/min、弹簧线径为0.6 mm、弹簧相对长度为1.2、弹簧外径为7 mm时,弹性搅拌桨体系的LLE和MSE更大,且MSE值波动最强;同时,各搅拌体系内分散相平均粒径D₃₂与转速呈对数线性关系,弹性搅拌桨体系内分散相液滴尺寸更小且数量更多。     

Microfluidic room temperature ionic liquid droplet generation depending on the hydrophobicity and interfacial tension

We have characterized micro-droplet generation using water immiscible hexafluorophosphate ([PF₆])- and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Tf₂N])-based room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). The interfacial tension between total 7 RTILs and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was measured using a tensiometer for the first time. PBS is one of the most commonly used buffer solutions in cell-related researches. The measured interfacial tension ranges from 8.51 to 11.62 and from 9.56 to 13.19 for [Tf₂N]- and [PF₆]-based RTILs, respectively. The RTILs micro-droplets were generated in a microfluidic device. The micro-droplet size and generation frequency were determined based on continuous monitoring of light transmittance at the interface in microchannel. The size of RTIL micro-droplets was inversely proportional to the increase of PBS solution flow rate and RTILs hydrophobicity, while droplet generation frequency was proportional to those changes. The measured size of RTILs droplets ranged from 0.6 to 10.5 nl, and from 1.0 to 17.1 nl for [Tf₂N]- and [PF₆]-based RTILs, respectively. The measured frequency of generated RTILs droplets ranged from 2.3 to 37.2 droplet/min, and from 2.7 to 17.1 droplet/min for [Tf₂N]- and [PF₆]-based RTILs, respectively. The capillary numbers were calculated depending on the RTILs, and ranged from 0.51×10^-3 to 1.06×10^-3 and from 5.00×10^-3 to 8.65×10^-3, for [Tf₂N]- and [PF₆]-based RTILs, respectively. The interfacial tension between RTILs and PBS will contribute to developing bioprocesses using immiscible RTILs. Also, the RTILs micro-droplets will enable the high-throughput monitoring of various biological and chemical reactions using RTILs as new reaction media.