锂-空气电池的高性能空气电极的性能研究

锂-空气电池是比能量最高的二次电池,已成为当今化学电源领域的研究热点。在锂-空气电池的各个组件中,空气电极的设计和制备是进一步提高锂-空气电池性能的关键。以简单的合成方法制备了一种具有高催化活性的镍酸镧（LaNiO₃）催化剂,利用Super P作为催化剂载体制备了一种新型空气电极。实验结果表明,含有LaNiO₃催化剂的锂-空气电池具有良好的充放电性能,放电电压平台为2.59 V,放电容量达到1 109 mAh·g^-1。比较了2种碳材料（Super P和GNS）作为催化剂载体的空气电极对电池充放电性能的影响,发现多孔性的空气电极结构更有利于电池性能的提高。此外,还分析了控制电解液（1 mol·L^-1 LiTFSI/TEGDME）中水含量的必要性。由Super P、LaNiO₃及水含量小于1×10^-5的电解液（1 mol·L^-1 LiTFSI/TEGDME）组装成的锂-空气电池具有良好的循环性能,循环第五圈的容量保持率为96.21%,且不出现电压平台的明显变化。     

未来的电池之星——锂-空气电池

锂空气电池具有极高的理论比容量,应用在电动汽车中可以获得和汽油相当的续航能力,因而获得了人们广泛的关注。在最近十几年的研究中,人们对于锂空气电池的理解逐渐深入,制备得到的电池性能也得到了极大的提高。本文从锂空气电池的发展历史入手,介绍了其基本原理,以及最近几年在电解质、空气电极、催化剂等方面的最新研究成果。对目前的研究现状进行了简单的剖析,并对未来的应用前景进行了展望。     

镍网原位生长氧化镍构建复合锂负极用于锂空气电池

为了提高锂空气电池性能,有效缓解体积膨胀和负极粉化的现象,实验采用金属镍网原位生长氧化镍薄片并与金属锂复合构建复合锂负极Li@Ni-NiO,将其应用于锂空气电池。Li@Ni-NiO的版电池能够在180个循环内维持98%的库伦效率,基于Li@Ni-NiO的锂空气电池可以稳定循环120圈。复合负极有效地缓解了枝晶生长,改善了电场分布,最终达到均匀电镀的目的,为高性能锂空气电池的负极发展提供了一种新的思路。     

锂/空气电池非贵金属催化剂研究进展

锂/空气电池理论能量密度高、体积小、质量轻、价格低、无污染,是极具应用前景的二次电池。本文首先简要介绍了锂/空气电池的基本结构、原理和种类,随后重点讨论了近年来用于锂/空气电池的非贵金属催化剂的研究进展。这些催化剂主要包括过渡金属氧化物、过渡金属氮化物、碳材料以及过渡金属大环化合物等。最后认为,材料化学、纳米技术等学科的发展以及催化机理的阐明对发展高性能的锂/空气电池非贵金属催化剂起至关重要的作用。     

锂-二氧化碳电池阴极催化剂的研究进展

锂-二氧化碳电池通过捕获、转化二氧化碳为储能物质,既可以减少二氧化碳排放量又可以作为创新的储能装置,引起了研究者们的广泛关注。本文简单介绍了锂-二氧化碳电池的工作机理、发展历程和目前研究存在的难题,通过对研究工作的总结、电池性能的对比,将不同类型的催化剂进行了系统的分类和简单的概括,综述了催化剂的设计理念和研究现状,提出了催化剂目前存在的难题与挑战,并展望了催化剂未来的发展方向。本文主要针对锂-二氧化碳电池阴极催化剂的最新研究进展进行了详细的阐述,指出高效的阴极催化剂是促进锂-二氧化碳电池电化学反应动力学、降低充电平台和过电势的关键所在。     

掺杂碳材料在锂空气电池中的应用研究进展

锂空气电池具有理论能量密度高、成本低廉、环境友好等优点,受到学者们的广泛关注。本文首先介绍了锂空气电池的分类,并阐述了非水系锂空气电池的工作原理,回顾了传统碳材料和新型碳材料作为催化剂在锂空气电池中的应用,指出了纯碳材料的优势和不足,综述了杂元素（N、P、S等）的引入对碳材料催化性能的优化。重点讨论了N元素掺杂对氧还原反应的促进作用,强调了金属或金属氧化物的负载有利于氧析出反应,从而构建具有双功能的阴极催化剂。并简要介绍了具有金属-有机骨架等空间结构的新型材料在锂空气电池中的应用,就锂空气电池的发展前景进行了展望。     

锂金属电池发展及材料分析

随着人们对锂电池续航要求不断提高,开发新体系的锂电池成为研究的热点。锂金属电池凭借着较高的比能量,吸引着众多的关注。但是由于存在正极材料克容量和稳定性不足、固态电解质材料界面阻抗大以及锂金属负极膨胀等各方面的限制,导致目前锂金属电池距离大规模应用仍有一段距离。本文从常用的正极材料、锂金属负极材料以及固态电解质材料出发,论证分析了各个材料目前的技术进展,并评估了各个材料的发展前景。     

锌空气电池关键问题与发展趋势

电化学可充的锌-空气电池具有能量密度高、水系电解液安全和成本低等特点,是电能高效转换和储存的重要技术方向,无论作为动力电池用于纯电动汽车等移动交通工具,还是用于新能源发电过程储能,都具有广阔发展前景。但正极存在电极结构设计和催化剂开发问题,负极存在抑制枝晶、控制析氢和提高锌循环性能等挑战,严重阻碍了锌空气电池的商业化进程。本文详细分析了锌-空气电池的关键科学问题,尤其是关于空气电极的催化剂、电极结构、锌枝晶等问题,结合电池性能进行详尽讨论。归纳现有研究后认为:开发新型电催化剂和空气电极,发展循环寿命长、成本低的锌负极制造技术与工艺,是锌空气电池所面临的亟需解决问题和未来的发展趋势。     

基于CoFe2O4@C锂空气电池正极催化剂的研究

锂空气电池因其具有超高的能量密度从而引起了研究者们的广泛关注,但其研究处于初级阶段。其中找到合适的锂空气电池正极催化剂是目前研究的主要方向之一。通过溶胶-凝胶联合原位水热合成法成功实现了适用于锂空气电池正极的催化剂铁酸钴@科琴黑（CFO@KB）复合材料的制备。通过调整铁酸钴与科琴黑的质量比（1∶1、3∶1、5∶1、7∶1）,得到不同性能的CFO@KB复合物,并利用XRD表征其结构,发现本研究合成的铁酸钴为尖晶石型,且CFO@KB复合物仍然呈现其特征峰。当容量限制在180 mA·h/g（以电极材料计）、铁酸钴与科琴黑质量比为1∶1时,其复合物在锂空气电池中呈现出最好的限容循环稳定性和较高的放电截止电压。其充电电压和放电电压之间的电压差为0.2 V,小于现有相关文献中报道的值。     

组合类和固态电解质锂空气电池的研究进展

简要介绍新型电解质提高循环性能的原因,综述了近年来两类电解质在锂空气电池中的的研究现状,同时着重分析循环过程机理,指出制约性能的关键因素并提出解决方案,展望发展方向。     

锂离子电池锡基负极材料的研究进展

锡基负极材料与碳负极材料相比,具有容量密度高,安全性好等优点,成为动力锂离子电池用新型负极材料研究的热点之一。本文综述了近年来国内外针对锡基材料首次不可逆容量高、循环性能差等问题所进行的改性研究,分别从材料的制备方法、组成结构及电化学性能等方面进行比较分析,并对锡基负极材料的进一步研究、发展应用予以展望。     

Anode materials for lithium ion batteries from mild oxidation of natural graphite

Mild oxidation of a natural graphite in an ammonium peroxydisulfate solution yields promising anode materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, thermogravimmetry, differential thermal analysis, high resolution electron microscopy and surface area measurements provided results suggesting that oxidation eliminates some reactive structural defects in this graphite. In addition, the surface of natural graphite is recoated with a dense layer of oxides forming an effective passivating film to prevent the decomposition of electrolyte and the movement of graphene molecules along its a-axis. Consequently, its thermostability and the EPR signal increase. In addition, the numbers of nanosized pores and channels increases, which provide more inlets and outlets for lithium intercalation and deintercalation and more sites for lithium storage. As a result, the reversible lithium capacity and the coulombic efficiency in the first cycle increase significantly and the cycling behaviour improves markedly. The reproducibility of product properties can be well controlled, and this method is promising for industry.     

Carbon nanobeads as an anode material on high rate capability lithium ion batteries

Carbon nanobeads (CNBs) were prepared by reacting cyclohexachlorobenzene with dispersed sodium metal at 200 °C for 4 h. The CNBs prepared in this manner formed uniform nanobeads, with sizes ranging from 100 to 300 nm. Heating resulted in a reduction in the size of the CNBs, and improvements in their degree of crystallinity. The nanosized carbon materials considerably increased the surface area of the powder, reducing the distance of the intercalation/deintercalation pathway, substantially improving the charge capacity of the lithium ion battery at a high charging rate. The charge capacity of CNBs was found to be 238 mAh g⁻¹, while that of commercial MCMB reached only 36 mAh g⁻¹, when the charging rate was 1C (372 mAh g⁻¹). As the charging rate was further increased to 2C (744 mAh g⁻¹) and 3C (1116 mAh g⁻¹), the charge capacities of CNBs dropped to 173 and 111 mAh g⁻¹, respectively. The cyclic performance of the CNBs was measured and found to be significantly improved in comparison to other carbonaceous materials, for up to 100 cycles. Although cyclic performance did result in a gradual reduction in capacity, the CNBs still greatly exceeded the capacity of MCMB. These results clearly demonstrate the potential role of CNBs as anodes for high capacity Li ion batteries for use in the automobile industry.     

Performance of a magnesium–lithium alloy as an anode for magnesium batteries

In this work, we describe an evaluation of an Mg–Li alloy (Li: 13 wt %) for possible use in magnesium primary reserve batteries. Higher OCP for the Mg–Li alloy have been observed in 2 M MgCl₂ and MgBr₂ electrolyte. The corrosion rate of the Mg–Li alloy is found to be in the order: MgCl₂ < Mg(COOCH₃)₂ < MgSO₄ < MgBr₂ < Mg(ClO₄)₂. Mg–Li alloys exhibit higher (81%) anodic efficiencies even when the current density is increased to 8.6 mA cm ^–2. It has been observed that Mg–Li/MgCl₂/CuO cells offer higher operating voltage and capacity than those with the conventionally used Mg–Al alloy.     

锂离子电池材料钛酸锂钠的研究进展

Na₂Li₂Ti₆O₁₄电池具有较低的电位平台（1.3 V）以及经济成本低的特点,对便携式电子设备、能源汽车、生态环境等领域具有重大意义。由于钛酸锂钠电池固有离子电导率低的特点,因此提高钛酸锂钠电池锂离子扩散系数是目前研究中的主流方向,为此综述了钛酸锂钠的结构特点以及合成方法对钛酸锂钠材料粒径、形貌及电池电化学性能的影响;对比了不同掺杂离子和表面包覆改性对钛酸锂钠电池的放电比容量、循环性能及离子扩散系数的影响。掺入适量元素铌具有更高的锂离子扩散系数;包覆碳纳米管有更大的容量保持率,更有助于进一步提高钛酸锂钠电池电化学性能。     

Ultrathin N‐doped carbon‐coated TiO2 coaxial nanofibers as anodes for lithium ion batteries

The structural optimization of TiO₂ materials has a significance for improving the electrochemical performance since TiO₂ suffers from poor electronic conductivity. For this purpose, ultrathin N‐doped carbon‐coated TiO₂ coaxial nanofibers have been designed and synthesized by a facile electrospinning approach. Microstructure analysis indicates that the TiO₂ nanofibers can be coated by the ultrathin carbon layers. Electrochemical tests reveal that the rate performance and cycling ability of TiO₂@C nanofibers have been enhanced obviously. The TiO₂@C6 nanofibers carbonized at 600°C exhibit superior features with a specific discharge capacity of 284 mAh g^?1 at a current density of 100 mA g^?1 after 100 cycles. Besides improved rate performance of 117 mAh g^?1 at a high current density of 2000 mA g^?1 and excellent cycling stability with only about 0.008% capacity loss per cycle were also obtained in the sample TiO₂@C6 after 500 cycles at the current density of 1000 mA g^?1. Such remarkable performance may be ascribed to the unique one‐dimensional nanofibers as flexible carbon matrix.     

废旧锂离子电池制备锂离子筛及其应用研究进展

锂离子电池报废量爆发式增长,预计到2023年,废旧锂离子电池回收利用将是一个超过300亿元产值的新兴市场,其中,锂资源占可回收金属价值的一半。为探索锂资源高效回收技术,基于现阶段研究热点,讨论了以废旧锰酸锂电池正极材料、废旧三元锂电池正极材料、废旧锰系锂离子电池负极材料为原料制备锂离子筛的方法;探讨了废旧锂离子电池中各类杂质成分对锂离子筛性能的影响;阐述了锰系锂离子筛技术在废旧锂离子电池的锂回收、盐湖卤水提锂和化工制药废水提锂等领域的应用。通过分析得出,锂离子筛的应用能够增加锂盐回收率与回收纯度,降低技术成本,应用前景广阔。     

Synthesis and electrochemical behaviour of tin oxide for use as anode in lithium rechargeable batteries

SnO₂ was synthesized by precipitation from an aqueous solution of SnCl₄ and NH₄OH, followed by a heat treatment. The product was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR spectroscopy, DSC and TG. The XRD patterns suggest the formation of phase-pure cassiterite form of SnO₂. SEM imaging indicates that the particles obtained are of sub-micron size with good morphology and size control (around ∼300 nm). Electrodes were fabricated by a slurry-coating procedure and the electrochemical performances of these electrodes were evaluated using galvanostatic cycling tests. The results suggest that the heat treated SnO₂ samples deliver higher capacities when cycled between 1.0 and 0.1 V vs. Li⁺/Li and showed coulombic efficiencies of more than 98% in the tenth cycle.     

Lithium phosphorus oxynitride thin films for rechargeable lithium batteries: Applications from thin-film batteries as micro batteries to surface modification for large-scale batteries

This article reviews the technological trends in lithium-phosphorous-oxynitride (LiPON)-film-based thin-film batteries. LiPON films have been actively used in thin-film batteries containing lithium anodes because of their excellent contact stability with lithium and the advantages offered for thin-film formation. In addition, studies that have focused on the use of LiPON films as protective layers to prevent surface deterioration of electrode materials are explored. Various studies have been conducted using LiPON films to improve the performance degradation of rechargeable lithium batteries due to a side reaction between the electrode material and the electrolyte. Finally, the technical tasks required for enhancing the utilization of LiPON films in the field of thin-film batteries or electrode surface modification are summarized.