Supramolecular magnetorheological polymer gels

Novel magnetorheological fluids—supramolecular magnetorheological polymer gels (SMRPGs)— were investigated. Supramolecular polymer deposited on the surface of iron particles was suspended in the carrier fluids. The supramolecular network was obtained by metal coordination between terpyridine monomers and zinc ion. These SMRPGs had such advantages as controllable off‐state viscosity, a reduced iron particle settling rate, and stability. The viscoelastic behavior of SMRPGs with small‐ and large‐amplitude oscillatory shear was investigated using the amplitude and frequency sweep mode. The effects of strain amplitude, frequency, and magnetic field strength on the viscoelastic moduli were measured. The linear viscoelastic (LVE) strain range was obtained by the oscillation and static stress strain methods. The maximum LVE value was equal to the preyield strain point, 0.3%. Microstructural variation of SMRPG is proposed as an explanation of the rheological changes in the oscillation tests. The results of this research indicate that off–state viscosity and particle settling can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of supramolecular polymer gel. Dynamic yield stress significantly increased with an external magnetic field up to ～23,500 Pa under a magnetic flux density of 500 mT. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2464–2479, 2006     

Development and characterization of hydrocarbon polyol polyurethane and silicone magnetorheological polymeric gels

Magnetorheological polymeric gels (MRPG) have been developed for use in semi‐active magnetorheological fluid (MRF) dampers and other magnetorheological (MR) devices. The novel MRPGs are prepared by suspending iron particles in polymeric gels. Off‐state (i.e, no applied magnetic field) viscosity and settling behavior can be controlled through the selection of polymeric gels. In this study, tunable rheological properties were investigated with a piston‐driven flow type rheometer with a shear rate varying from 20 s^?1 to 6,000 s^?1. Silicone MRPG (with 84.5 wt % iron particles) has controllable viscosity and a high shear yield stress over a wide range of shear rates. Silicone MRPG (79.5 wt % iron particles) has the lowest viscosity of those studied. Polyurethane MRPG has the lowest settling rate. The order of addition of magnetic particles and polymer during the polymerization process affects the MRPG final off‐state apparent viscosity (80% increase in apparent viscosity for silicone MRPG polymerized after adding iron particles). This indicates that polymer gels modify the surface properties of the magnetic particles, causing interaction among particles. The dynamic shear yield stress is higher for fluids with better dispersion stability. Polyurethane MRPG, which has the lowest settling rate, has a high dynamic yield stress (23 kPa at 350 mT). Both dynamic and static shear stress values of the MRPGs were found to be similar in magnitude (5–8 kPa at 120 mT for silicone MRPG with 84.5 wt % iron particles and polyurethane MRPG), indicating that MRPGs can provide consistent performance in devices. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1176–1182, 2004     

Recent progress on the magnetorheological plastomers

Different from the traditional magnetorheological (MR) fluids and elastomers, the magnetic particles in the plastic MR materials are not ‘deadly’ trapped in the polymer matrix; thus, the MR plastomers exhibit higher MR effects and lower sedimentation. The plastic MR materials have attracted increasing attention, and the relevant fundamental mechanisms and practical applications have been intensively studied due to their unique physical and mechanical properties. In this highlight, we have mainly reviewed the preparation and the rheological properties of the MR plastomers. The formation mechanism of the MR plastomers has also been briefly summarized.     

Rheological properties and stability of magnetorheological fluids using viscoelastic medium and nanoadditives

In order to improve the stability of magnetorheological (MR) fluids, viscoelastic medium having 2.2 Pa yield stress has been used as a continuous phase and nanosized CrO₂ particles are added too. The rheological properties as well as the dispersion stability of MR fluids have been studied by using a stress-controlled rheometer and sedimentation test. The steady-shear MR response was independent of the continuous and nano additives and the fieldinduced yield stress increased subquadratically with the flux density. Since the constant stress is generated within the limit of zero shear rate, the plateau in the flow curve corresponds to the Bingham yield stress. Under an external field, the yield stress varied as B^3/2. The yield stress has an approximately linear relation with the particle volume fraction.     

Polymer-coated magnetic carbonyl iron microparticles and their magnetorheological characteristics

We review core/shell structured magnetic carbonyl iron (CI)/polymer hybrid particles fabricated with various polymeric systems and their magnetorheological (MR) characteristics when dispersed in non-magnetic suspending medium. Their morphology and magnetization properties are compared with those from different fabrication methodologies. Rheological characteristics of the MR fluids, exhibiting improved dispersion stability compared to the pure CI based MR fluid, are presented along with their potential engineering applications.     

Synthesis and magnetorheological characteristics of ribbon‐like,polypyrrole‐coated carbonyl iron suspensions under oscillatory shear

One of the crucial problems of classical magnetorheological (MR) fluids is their high rate of sedimentation. This disadvantage may be substantially eliminated using core‐shell particles. The aim of this study is to prepare spherical carbonyl iron (CI) particles coated with conducing polymer polypyrrole (PPy) with ribbon‐like morphology. Scanning electron microscopy proved the formation of the ribbon‐like layer onto CI particles while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the chemical structure of PPy. The magnetic properties observed via vibrating sample magnetometer showed decreased magnetization saturation of core‐shell‐structured particles due to the existence of non‐magnetic surface layer. MR measurements performed under oscillatory shear flow as a function of the applied magnetic flux density, temperature, and particle concentration showed that core‐shell particle‐based MR suspension exhibits sufficient MR performance for practical applications. Moreover, the suspension stability is promoted significantly when core‐shell particles are used as a dispersed phase. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

热磁耦合作用下磁流变脂剪切稳定性及其机理

磁流变器件内部介质均面临热磁耦合、频繁剪切等复杂工况,剪切稳定性是磁流变介质实现持久服役的重要指标。本文以实验室制备的磁流变脂为研究对象,基于流变学、磁学性能分析结果探究了热磁耦合作用下磁流变脂剪切稳定性变化规律及其机理。研究结果表明,温度和磁场强度发生变化时,磁流变脂流变性能也发生了较为显著的变化。触变性分析与连续剪切结果显示热磁耦合作用下磁流变脂总体保持着较好的剪切稳定性,基载液润滑脂皂纤维结构和磁链的交互作用将会对磁流变脂剪切稳定性产生影响。在较低温度、较弱磁场强度下,皂纤维结构是磁流变脂流变学性能影响的主导因素,剪切稳定性良好;在较高温度、较强磁场强度下,皂纤维缠结程度降低而磁链强度增强,磁链结构在磁流变脂流变学性能影响中占主导因素,剪切稳定性良好;在从皂纤维影响占主导变化为磁链影响占主导过程中,皂纤维剪切破坏时磁性颗粒被释放出来,因磁场的影响,磁性颗粒无法及时分散至皂纤维内部,最终致使磁流变脂剪切稳定性变弱。     

Influence of polyurethane properties on mechanical performances of magnetorheological elastomers

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are mainly composed of magnetizable particles and elastic polymer. The polymer matrix plays an important role in mechanical performances of MREs. In this study, the polyurethane (PU), which is synthesized by using toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and poly (propylene glycol) (PPG‐220), is selected as a matrix because it has better degradation stability than natural rubber and higher mechanical stability than silicone rubber. Four different MRE samples were fabricated by adjusting the reaction molar ratio of TDI to PPG to change the property of PU matrix. Structural characterization of the PU matrix was described by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The microstructures of samples were observed by using an environmental scanning electron microscope. The mechanical performances of samples, including shear modulus, magnetorheological effect (MR) effect, loss factor, and glass transition temperature (T_g), were characterized with dynamic mechanical analyzer. The results show that the shear modulus, the relative magnetic residual shear modulus and glass transition temperatures of samples increase with the increment of toluene diisocyanate, while the relative MR effects and loss factors decrease steadily. The experimental results indicate that optimal molar ratio (TDI : PPG) is 3 : 1. The field‐induced shear modulus of sample with molar ratio 3 : 1 is 4.9 MPa, and the relative MR effect is 121% under an external magnetic field of 800 mT at room temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Compressible magnetorheological fluids

A novel compressible magnetorheological fluid (CMRF) has been synthesized with additives that provide compressibility to the fluid. This CMRF has been designed to provide an elastic component to a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) that can be used as a springless damper. CMRF provides controllable compressibility to the MRF. The controllability of the fluid is achieved by the use of magnetic particles and an external magnetic field, and the fluid is made compressible by the addition of suspended compressible polymer particles. The compressibility of the fluid has been characterized with force–displacement measurements. This CMRF has controllable off‐state viscosity and high shear yield stress. The incorporation of polymeric particles into the MRF also decreases the settling of iron particles and improves the redispersion of the fluid. To make the fluid more redispersible, the surface of the iron particles is coated with a high‐temperature fluorinated polymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

油田用磁流变弹性体室内研究

磁流变弹性体（MRE）是将磁性粒子分散在高聚物基体中,固化后形成的复合材料.相较于磁流变液,具有不易沉降、性能稳定、控制可逆、响应迅速等优点,MRE作为新兴的智能材料,在石油钻采领域有广泛的应用前景.制备了以天然橡胶（NR）为基体,不同磁性粒子含量的各向同性和各向异性MRE,分析了样品的磁流变性能、物理机械性能和耐油性能.结果表明,随着磁性粒子含量的上升,样品的磁流变性能、交联密度、热稳定和耐油性能都明显提升,但力学性能所下降.在500 mT外加磁感应强度下,50％的各向异MRE相对磁流变效应为26.87％,绝对磁流变效应为0.61 MPa.     

Study on the properties of magnetorheological gel based on polyurethane

Magnetorheological gels (MRGs) known as a new kind of magnetorheological material are composite gels containing magnetic particles suspended in polymer gels. In this study, a category of MR polymer gels based on polyurethane (PU) were prepared. The microstructures of these MRGs were observed with a digital microscope. Their rheological properties under both steady shear and oscillation testing were characterized by using a MR rheometer. The viscosity of the PU MRG decreased with the increment of NCO/OH ratio and increased with the increment of the weight concentration of carbonyl iron particles, molecular mass of poly propylene glycol, and applied magnetic field. The storage modulus increased gradually with the increment of applied magnetic field and weight concentration of carbonyl iron particles. The PU MRG exhibits high static shear yield stress (60.8 kPa, at 573 mT) and dynamic shear yield stress (83.9 kPa, at 573 mT) and wide variation range (static shear yield stress: 6–62 kPa, dynamic shear yield stress: 15–85 kPa). These advantages indicate that PU MRG is able to satisfy wide applications. In addition, both static and dynamic shear yield stresses of the MRG samples increase with the increment of molar mass of polypropylene glycol. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

油酸、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯修饰可磁化颗粒的磁流变液的流变行为

主要研究了拥有相同极性基团不同长度的非极性基团的表面活性剂对磁流变液流变行为的影响。分别以油酸、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯修饰后的羰基铁粉为可磁化颗粒,硅油为载液,经过超声分散制备磁流变液。黏度测试表明,低速剪切时,颗粒表面表面活性剂层的空间位阻作用（熵斥力）起主导作用,黏度降低;高速剪切时,表面活性剂层又会增大颗粒的内摩擦,使黏度增加。通过流变模型的定量分析也印证了上述结论。磁流变测试表明,油酸为表面活性剂的磁流变液对磁场有更强烈的响应,形成更强的链束结构,屈服应力增大,而聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的作用相反。两种表面活性剂都明显改善磁流变液的沉降稳定性能,降低了沉降速率与最终沉降量。本研究为磁流变液表面活性剂的选用提供了参考。     

Improving the magnetorheological properties of polyurethane magnetorheological elastomer through plasticization

The highly filled anisotropic polyurethane (PU) magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) were prepared through an in‐situ one‐step polycondensation process under a magnetic field. The carbonyl iron formed chain‐like structure, which was fixed in the PU matrix. The plasticizer diisooctyl phthalate (DOP) was incorporated into PU to soften the matrix and improve the MR effect. The influence of DOP on the microstructure and properties of PU MREs were investigated. The incorporation of DOP reduced the viscosity of the prepolymer and made the carbonyl iron align more easily in the PU matrix. The aligned chain‐like structure of carbonyl iron in PU greatly enhanced the thermal conductivity and the compressive properties of PU MREs. The incorporation of DOP reduced the modulus of PU MREs and the glass transition temperature of the soft segments of PU. But highly filled carbonyl iron and DOP led to a decrease in the thermal stability to some extent. The MR test showed that DOP plasticization significantly enhanced both absolute and relative MR effect simultaneously. With 70 wt% carbonyl iron and 15 wt% DOP (the weight ratio of Fe: PU: DOP is 70 : 15: 15), the absolute and relative MR effects of anisotropic PU MREs were ～ 1.16 MPa and ～ 386.7%, ～ 3.5 and ～ 58 times of the PU MRE without the plasticizer at the same iron content. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Carbonyl iron particles dispersed in a polymer solution and their rheological characteristics under applied magnetic field

In order to examine dispersion properties of magnetorheological (MR) fluids, characteristics of its medium oil such as their rheological property and density are being focused in this study. Carbonyl iron (CI) based MR fluid with an aqueous polymeric solution using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a medium was prepared. MR characteristics as a function of applied magnetic field strength was investigated using a rotational rheometer with MR devices attached, demonstrating that the characteristics of the CI–PEO based MR fluids were affected by a medium viscosity in a steady shear flow.     

Surface coated iron particles via atom transfer radical polymerization for thermal–oxidatively stable high viscosity magnetorheological fluid

A surface grafting technique for poly(2‐fluorostyrene) onto iron particles via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is described. Grafted poly(2‐fluorostyrene)–iron particles were synthesized by immobilizing 2‐4(‐chlorosulfonylphenyl)‐ethyltrichlorosilane to the iron particles through the covalent bond of a silanol group, followed by the polymerization of 2‐fluorostyrene monomer. The grafted polymer–iron particles display a higher thermal transition temperature compared to bulk polymer because the covalent bond between the polymer backbone and the surface of the iron particles restricts the molecular mobility. The molecular weight of the synthesized poly(2‐fluorostyrene) has been measured and it has a narrow molecular weight distribution (M_w/M_n < 1.1). From thermogravimetric analysis, the thermal stability of poly(2‐fluorostyrene) is superior to polystyrene. Also, the high viscosity magnetorheological fluid (HVMRF) prepared from surface coated iron particles has excellent thermo–oxidative stability, having nearly constant viscosity. These materials exhibit a large increase in shear yield stress for the off‐ and on‐state as compared to a benchmark high viscosity magnetorheological fluid (HVMRF) and ‐coated iron particle HVMRF. In addition, this type of fluid eliminates iron particle settling which is a common problem found in traditional magnetorheological fluids (MRFs). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐coated carbonyl iron particles and their magnetorheological characteristics

Magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) are types of suspensions that contain magnetic particles and a carrier fluid, and are considered as semi‐active smart materials. By tuning the strength of an external magnetic field, like other traditional MRFs, a carbonyl iron (CI)–poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particle‐based MRF can change reversibly from a fluid‐like state to a solid‐like state within milliseconds. In the research reported, CI particles were encapsulated with PMMA via emulsion polymerization. After the polymerization, the fabricated CI–PMMA composite particles were dispersed in a suspension medium to prepare MRF. The synthesized CI–PMMA composite particle‐based MRF showed a shear stress of 60 kPa at the magnetic field strength of 0.6 T, and a greatly enhanced anti‐sedimentation stability. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mass transfer intensification between fluidizing gas and Geldart-B nonmagnetizable particles in magnetized fluidized bed

This work aimed to intensify the mass transfer between fluidizing gas and Geldart-B nonmagnetizable particles by simultaneously introducing magnetizable particles and applying the magnetic field. The mere addition of magnetizable particles hardly affected the interphase mass transfer. Moreover, such mass transfer was not improved by the subsequent application of the magnetic field under the magnetization-LAST operation mode. However, the mass transfer was significantly enhanced by the magnetic field in the magnetic stabilization and transition flow regimes under the magnetization-FIRST operation mode. Apparently, the mass transfer intensification depended not only on the magnetic field intensify (H) but also on the operation mode. The gas–solid contact performance in the magnetic stabilization flow regime was always comparable to that in fixed beds. Hence, further increases in H could not raise the magnitude of intensification but only increase the operating range and stability of the magnetic stabilization, which was in metastable equilibrium.     

各向同性与各向异性天然橡胶磁流变弹性体的导热性能及磁流变性能（英文）

采用羰基铁粉粒子填充天然橡胶磁流变弹性体(MRE),研究了各向同性与各向异性MRE的磁流变性能及导热性能。结果表明,各向异性MRE的热扩散系数和导热系数比各向同性MRE分别提高了30. 1%和41. 9%。同时,随着应变的增大,MRE的相对磁流变效应呈下降趋势,而在相同应变下,各向异性MRE的储能模量以及相对磁流变效应均高于各向同性MRE。     

Iron-Sepiolite High-Performance Magnetorheological Polishing Fluid with Reduced Sedimentation

A sedimentation-stable magnetorheological (MR) polishing slurry on the basis of ferrofluid, iron particles, Al₂O_3, and clay nanofiller in the form of sepiolite intended for MR polishing has been designed, prepared, and its polishing efficiency verified. Added clay substantially improved sedimentation stability of the slurry, decreasing its sedimentation rate to a quarter of its original value (1.8 to 0.45 mg s⁻¹) while otherwise maintaining its good abrasive properties. The magnetisation curve measurement proved that designed slurry is soft magnetic material with no hysteresis, and its further suitability for MR polishing was confirmed by its magnetorheology namely in the quadratically increased yield stress due to the effect of applied magnetic field (0 to 600 kA m⁻¹). The efficiency of the MR polishing process was tested on the flat samples of injection-moulded polyamide and verified by surface roughness/3D texture measurement. The resulting new composition of the MR polishing slurry exhibits a long-term stable system with a wide application window in the MR polishing process.     

Carbonyl iron suspension with halloysite additive and its magnetorheology

The magnetorheological (MR) characteristics of a micron-sized soft magnetic carbonyl iron-based MR fluid were examined using halloysite nanoclay mineral, as an additive. The flow curves measured from a rotational rheometer revealed non-Newtonian Bingham fluid behavior under an applied magnetic field. The sedimentation of the MR fluid with and without the halloysite additive was also measured using a Turbiscan. It was found that the added rod-like hollow nanotubular-structured halloysite improved the sedimentation problem despite the decrease in MR behavior, as determined from the significant decrease in sedimentation rate.