气固颗粒系统模拟的研究进展

综述了气固颗粒系统模拟方法的发展状况。首先,从宏观、中观及直接数值模拟角度对基于欧拉-欧拉架构下的双流体模型、拉格朗日-欧拉架构下的离散气泡模型以及欧拉-拉格朗日架构下的计算流体力学和离散单元法耦合模型(CFD-DEM)及直接数值模拟方法就模型基本原理、计算量、预测精度以及应用前景等方面进行对比和分析。接着,针对工程应用前景较强的双流体模型和CFD-DEM模型进行了详细阐述,着重强调了欧拉架构下的模型植入过程,颗粒相的动力学过程和微观行为描述、两相耦合作用及相间耦合模型描述。基于欧拉-拉格朗日架构下的多相耦合模型的普适性,模型的应用已经从研究尺度的模拟逐渐走向工程尺度的模拟,成为今后研究多相颗粒系统的热点。     

流态化过程模拟的研究进展

综述了欧拉-欧拉模型和欧拉-拉格朗日模型流态化过程的CFD数值模拟,并对流态化模型做了简单评价。同时介绍了青岛科技大学化学工程研究所对自由流化床、沉浸管流化床进行的数值模拟及应用实例。并且依据模拟结果对流化床内部结构进行了改进,增强了流化床内的传质及传热效果。     

水平窄矩形通道内液固两相的流动特性

液固两相输运研究主要集中于圆管,窄矩形通道内液固两相水平流动特性和固相扩散特性的研究鲜见报道。在12mm高的水平窄矩形通道内,采用实验研究和计算流体力学-离散单元法（CFD-DEM）数值模拟相结合的方法研究了玻璃珠-水液固两相流动,揭示了压力梯度特性、固相流动特性及其统计学特性、固相扩散特性变化规律。结果表明：在固相运动过程中,形成稀密两相共存的流动结构,密相在水平方向上被加速且向上运动;随着固相浓度增加,固相沿垂向的分布更加均匀,但固相速度非对称分布增强;固相垂向扩散强度随固相浓度增加而减弱。沿垂向将流道分为3个区域：近壁区、颗粒高频碰撞区和颗粒稀疏区。在近壁区,黏性底层-湍流层交界面与颗粒相互作用并将颗粒向流道中心挤压,导致沿流向的固相速度分量和固相体积分散波动较大;在颗粒高频碰撞区,在垂直方向上颗粒无序运动造成其垂向速度分量波动比近壁区和颗粒稀疏区的大;沿流向的固相速度分量和固相体积分数标准差值在整个颗粒高频碰撞区内保持在较小的变化范围,然后在颗粒稀疏区内迅速降低为零。     

FD模型应用于煤热解过程的数值模拟

为将煤热解FD模型引入对煤热解实际过程的数值计算与分析,提出了适用于煤热解实际过程的数值计算方法。分别对3种不同的煤在热管反应器中的热解过程进行了数值计算,并与实验结果以及已有的FG-DVC模型、CPD模型的数值计算结果进行了对比分析。并分析了热解温度、颗粒粒径对煤热解产物的影响。结果表明,与FG-DVC模型、CPD模型相比,FD模型的计算精度更高,能更好地用于数值计算煤热解的实际过程;随着热解温度的升高,气体产量先快速增大,当热解温度高于1373 K时,气体产量的变化很小;而随着热解温度的升高,焦油产量一直逐渐减小,且达到焦油产量最大值所需的时间也缩短;随着颗粒粒径的增大,气体与焦油的产量都逐渐减小,而达到焦油产量最大值所需的时间却延长。     

提升管内颗粒团聚行为的离散颗粒模拟

采用计算流体力学和离散单元方法对二维提升管气固流动过程进行了数值模拟。采用大涡模拟方法模拟气体湍流流动,采用离散单元方法模拟颗粒碰撞过程。基于网格内流体能量守衡,提出了动能加权平均法,实现Euler坐标与Lagrange坐标的耦合与分解。模拟计算得到的瞬态流型揭示了颗粒聚团的合并和破碎过程及颗粒的详细运动行为,定性地揭示了提升管内气体-颗粒两相流动过程。     

固-液-液三相水力旋流器内部固相颗粒受力分析研究

在进料浓度较低时,固相颗粒之间距离较大,相互之间的作用以及影响极微,颗粒的分离可以通过对其施加一个外力,将其往器壁方向推,这样就完成了固-液-液三相的分离。这个外即惯性离心力的大小很容易得到,但颗粒所受流体介质阻力则很难得到。文章文通过研究对对旋流器内部固相颗粒进行了受力分析并从理论上对细颗粒易受参数影响的原因进行了阐述。     

FD模型应用于煤热解过程的数值模拟

为将煤热解FD模型引入对煤热解实际过程的数值计算与分析,提出了适用于煤热解实际过程的数值计算方法。分别对3种不同的煤在热管反应器中的热解过程进行了数值计算,并与实验结果以及已有的FG-DVC模型、CPD模型的数值计算结果进行了对比分析。并分析了热解温度、颗粒粒径对煤热解产物的影响。结果表明,与FG-DVC模型、CPD模型相比,FD模型的计算精度更高,能更好地用于数值计算煤热解的实际过程;随着热解温度的升高,气体产量先快速增大,当热解温度高于1373 K时,气体产量的变化很小;而随着热解温度的升高,焦油产量一直逐渐减小,且达到焦油产量最大值所需的时间也缩短;随着颗粒粒径的增大,气体与焦油的产量都逐渐减小,而达到焦油产量最大值所需的时间却延长。     

固液分离旋流器壁面磨损的数值模拟

基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法, 应用Fluent软件中雷诺应力模型和离散相模型, 对重分散相颗粒分离旋流器壁面的磨损情况进行了模拟研究。结果表明, 旋流分离器壁面的磨损以局部磨损为主;在入口环形区域, 颗粒对壁面的主要磨损为冲击磨损;在圆筒体和圆锥体区域, 颗粒对壁面的主要磨损为磨削磨损;磨损最严重的部位在旋流分离器的底流口。入口环形空间磨损最严重的位置在圆周方向上100°~110°;圆柱筒体壁面的磨损成螺旋向下的带状分布;越接近锥体末端, 圆锥体壁面的磨损越严重, 在底流口处达到磨损峰值。旋流分离器内部颗粒浓度高的部位磨损严重;同时入口速度增加, 旋流分离器壁面各个部位的磨损率也会相应增大。这些结果为旋流分离器的设计及应用提供了一定的指导。     

高湿黏性颗粒在聚四氟乙烯微孔膜滤料表面沉积特性的数值模拟

基于聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微孔膜滤料扫描电镜(SEM)图像,建立PTFE微孔膜滤料微观结构模型,采用计算流体力学和离散单元法(CFD?DEM)耦合的方法对黏性颗粒在微孔膜滤料表面沉积特性进行模拟,引入液桥力模型,忽略范德华力的作用,统计计算域内颗粒的受力情况,分析了不同表面能条件下3~6 ?m粒径颗粒在微孔膜滤料表面的沉积特性,将模拟结果与黏附效率的经验公式进行对比。结果表明,黏附效率与经验值、颗粒受力与液桥力模型的相对误差均在6%以内,CFD?DEM耦合计算方法可用于模拟不同环境湿度条件下的颗粒沉积;过滤风速、粒径与黏性是影响沉积形态的重要因素,提高过滤风速及增大颗粒粒径与黏性,颗粒更易在滤料表面形成稳定的树突结构,黏附效率及含尘压降增加。环境相对湿度影响两物体间液桥体积,接触力影响颗粒沉积,当增加表面能与液桥体积时,接触力及液桥力均相应增加,根据受力平衡原理,环境相对湿度对颗粒沉积影响很大。     

Triboelectric charging of monodisperse particles in fluidized beds

To investigate the interplay between particle charging and hydrodynamics in fluidized beds, models for triboelectric charging and electrostatic forces were built into a computational fluid dynamics‐discrete element method model. Charge transfer was governed by the difference in effective work function between contacting materials as well as the electric field at the point of contact. Monodisperse particles were fluidized with an effective work function difference between the particles and the conducting walls. For smaller work function differences, hydrodynamics were not changed significantly as compared with an uncharged case. In these simulations, the average charge saturated at a value much lower than the value anticipated based on the work function difference, and a unimodal distribution of charges was observed. For larger work function differences, particles stuck to walls and bed height oscillations due to slugging were less pronounced. For these cases, a bimodal distribution of charges emerged due to effects from strong electric fields. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1872–1891, 2017     

基于DEM模拟的气固鼓泡床内流场间歇性及颗粒相干结构的分析

采用计算流体力学和离散元方法（CFD-DEM）对气固鼓泡床流动行为进行模拟研究,并基于模拟结果分析鼓泡床内气泡和颗粒微观运动特性。对颗粒速度的脉动能谱进行分析,发现鼓泡床流场中存在间歇性。通过对比鼓泡床不同轴、径向位置的颗粒脉动速度的平坦因子,发现鼓泡床内不同位置的流场间歇性不同,随着床层高度的增加,流场的间歇性减弱;在径向上,过渡区的流场间歇性明显大于边壁区和中心区。进一步采用连续小波分析方法揭示了相干结构（颗粒涡团）的分布以及演化过程,并分析了不同尺度下相干结构（颗粒涡团）的分布与鼓泡床内颗粒与气泡运动的关系。     

A hybrid approach to computing electrostatic forces in fluidized beds of charged particles

In particulate flow devices particles acquire electric charge through triboelectric charging, and resulting electrostatic forces can alter hydrodynamics. To capture this effect, the electrostatic force acting on individual particles in the device should be computed accurately. Electrostatic force is calculated using a hybrid approach consisting of: (1) long‐range contributions from an Eulerian electric field solved using the Poisson equation (2) short‐range contributions calculated using a truncated pairwise sum and (3) a correction to avoid double counting. Euler‐Lagrange simulation of flows incorporating this hybrid approach reveals that bed height oscillations in small fluidized beds of particles with monopolar charge decreases with increasing charge level, which is related to lateral segregation of particles. A ring‐like layer of particles, reported in experimental studies, forms at modestly high charge levels. Beds with equal amounts of positively and negatively charged particles are fluidized in a manner similar to uncharged particles. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2282–2295, 2016     

水力旋流器内非牛顿流体多相流场的数值模拟

利用一种非牛顿流体黏度修正模型描述水力旋流器内高浓度矿浆的非牛顿流动特性,并结合雷诺应力模型(RSM)、混合多相流模型(Mixture)以及拉格朗日颗粒追踪模型(LPT)建立了一种适用于模拟水力旋流器内非牛顿流体多相流场的数学模型。模拟结果与报道的实验值的相对误差均在10%以内,表明了该模型的可靠性。结果表明,非牛顿流体黏度的空间分布与矿浆密度的空间分布类似。沿零轴速包络面(LZVV)的轮廓存在一个高密度环,其原因为某粒径范围内的颗粒受到的径向合力为零,颗粒群沿LZVV做高速旋转运动。分散相的空间分布取决于不同粒径的颗粒受力。对于不同粒径的单位质量颗粒,向外离心力的数值大约为向内压力梯度力的两倍左右,使得大颗粒进入下行流并在底流口收集。随着颗粒粒径的减小,总体向内且具有波动性的流体曳力呈指数增长。向内的流体曳力将部分颗粒推向轴心,经上行流逃逸,同时也增强了颗粒运动的随机性。当颗粒粒径小于一定值后,流体曳力远远大于离心力和压力梯度力,颗粒运动的随机性非常强,宏观表现为均匀分布。     

Micromechanic modeling and analysis of the flow regimes in horizontal pneumatic conveying

Pneumatic conveying is an important technology for industries to transport bulk materials from one location to another. Different flow regimes have been observed in such transportation processes, but the underlying fundamentals are not clear. This article presents a three‐dimensional (3‐D) numerical study of horizontal pneumatic conveying by a combined approach of discrete element model for particles and computational fluid dynamics for gas. This particle scale, micromechanic approach is verified by comparing the calculated and measured results in terms of particle flow pattern and gas pressure drop. It is shown that flow regimes usually encountered in horizontal pneumatic conveying, including slug flow, stratified flow, dispersed flow and transition flow between slug flow and stratified flow, and the corresponding phase diagram can be reproduced. The forces governing the behavior of particles, such as the particle–particle, particle‐fluid and particle‐wall forces, are then analyzed in detail. It is shown that the roles of these forces vary with flow regimes. A general phase diagram in terms of these forces is proposed to describe the flow regimes in horizontal pneumatic conveying. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

沉浸管式流化床的颗粒尺度模拟

为模拟具有复杂几何结构的气固流动系统,文中将计算流体力学和离散单元法与边界元方法结合起来,对沉浸管式流化床内颗粒及气泡的运动行为进行了数值模拟。模拟计算得到的瞬态流型图揭示了气泡绕流沉浸管束时出现的合并和破碎状态及颗粒群的详细运动行为,发现床内气固二相的流动受到沉浸管束存在的显著影响。当颗粒及气相的流动受到沉浸管的阻碍而绕管流动过程中气泡会发生变形,变得扭曲狭长且易被撕碎。同时颗粒与管道壁面碰撞会造成气固二相复杂的动态运动形式,床内的管道大部分时间会被气穴包围,将严重阻碍管道与颗粒之间的传热。     

二维导流管喷动床离散颗粒动力学模拟

采用离散单元法(DEM)-计算流体力学(CFD)双向耦合数值方法对二维导流管喷动床进行了模拟,颗粒的运动通过DEM模型描述,而气体的运动用Navier-Stokes方程进行求解,气体和固体颗粒之间的相互作用通过曳力形式传递。文中将DEM和边界元方法(BEM)结合起来解决颗粒在具有复杂边界设备内的运动。通过采用BEM+DEM-CFD相结合的方法进行模拟计算,得到了喷动床的最小喷动速度,研究了不同表观气速下床内的流型,得到了二维导流管喷动床的床层压降与表观气速的关系,统计分析了喷射区、环隙区内颗粒的运动速度和相应的空隙率,全面地描述了二维导流管喷动床内的气固流动特征。     

Particle-scale simulation of fluidized bed with immersed tubes

In order to simulate gas-solids flows with complex geometry, the boundary element method was incorporated into the implementation of a combined model of computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method. The resulting method was employed to simulate hydrodynamics in a fluidized bed with immersed tubes. The transient simulation results showed particle and bubble dynamics. The bubble coalescence and break-up behavior when passing the immersed tubes was successfully predicted. The gassolid flow pattern in the fluidized bed is changed greatly because of the immersed tubes. As particles and gas are come in contact with the immersed tubes, the gas bubbles will be deformed. The collisions between particles and tubes will make the tubes surrounded by air pockets most of the time and this is unfavorable for the heat transfer between particles and tubes. __________ Translated from Chemical Engineering, 2007, 35(11): 21–24 [译自:化学工程]     

提升管内气固流动特性的离散元模拟

采用离散单元法模型对二维提升管内气固流动特性进行了数值模拟。利用标准k-ε模型模拟气相的湍流流动,考虑了颗粒间的van der Waals力和滚动摩擦的作用。通过对颗粒和气体流动行为的分析,得到了颗粒浓度、速度、温度及气体速度等的分布,研究了表观气速和颗粒循环速率对颗粒流动的影响。结果显示:颗粒在提升管内呈现边壁浓、中心稀的环核流动及上稀下浓的流动结构;气固两相都存在一定程度的返混现象;增加表观气速,使颗粒浓度降低、速度增大,颗粒分布更均匀;增加颗粒循环速率,使颗粒浓度增大,而颗粒速度对颗粒循环速率的变化不敏感,颗粒分布的不均匀性更强。模拟结果与文献中实验定性吻合。     

Numerical simulation of two-dimensional spouted bed with draft plates by discrete element method

A discrete element method (DEM)-computational fluid dynamics (CFD) two-way coupling method was employed to simulate the hydrodynamics in a two-dimensional spouted bed with draft plates. The motion of particles was modeled by the DEM and the gas flow was modeled by the Navier-Stokes equation. The interactions between gas and particles were considered using a twoway coupling method. The motion of particles in the spouted bed with complex geometry was solved by combining DEM and boundary element method (BEM). The minimal spouted velocity was obtained by the BEMDEM-CFD simulation and the variation of the flow pattern in the bed with different superficial gas velocity was studied. The relationship between the pressure drop of the spouted bed and the superficial gas velocity was achieved from the simulations. The radial profile of the averaged vertical velocities of particles and the profile of the averaged void fraction in the spout and the annulus were statistically analyzed. The flow characteristics of the gas-solid system in the two-dimensional spouted bed were clearly described by the simulation results. __________ Translated from Chemical Engineering (China), 2007, 35(6): 24–28 [译自: 化学工程]