橡胶油中PCA和PAHs含量的快速检测方法

用薄层色谱/氢火焰离子化检测器（TLC/FID）和气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）分别快速检测橡胶油的多环芳香族化合物（PCA）和多环芳烃（PAHs）含量。结果表明：TLC/FID与IP 346检测的橡胶油PCA含量接近,TLC/FID检测法的加标回收率为95%～105%;GC-MS与德国BIU公司检测的橡胶油PAHs含量接近,GC-MS检测法的加标回收率为97%～104%。2种检测方法操作简单、试剂用量小、准确度高、重复性好。     

PA6与PA66共混物或共聚物的定性定量分析

采用裂解气相色谱-质谱联用法和差示扫描量热法建立了聚酰胺(PA)6/PA 66共混物或共聚物的定性定量分析方法。选取己内酰胺和环戊酮分别作为PA 6和PA 66的特征裂解产物,建立了PA 6在共混物或共聚物中的质量分数比与己内酰胺的峰面积比的线性回归方程,再结合熔点判断是共混物还是共聚物。结果表明:通过已知试样进行验证,定量偏差≤2%,能正确判断试样为共混物还是共聚物,该方法方便快捷,灵敏度和准确性高,对PA的成分分析具有指导意义。     

超临界CO2萃取与水蒸气蒸馏提取姜油的GC-MS分析

采用超临界CO2萃取和水蒸气蒸馏法提取姜油,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术鉴定了两种提取方法所得姜油的化学成分并进行了分析比较。结果显示:超临界CO2流体萃取法的姜油得率约为水蒸气蒸馏法的3.8倍,提取时间短,温度低,特别是得到了含量较高为12.82％的主要有效成分之一6-姜酚,而在水蒸气蒸馏法得到的姜油中则未见。     

药对金银花-干草与其单味药挥发油组分的分析

分析药对金银花-干草与其单味药金银花和干草的挥发油成分。用气相色谱-质谱法分离检测药对金银花-干草及其单味药的挥发油成分,并采用交互移动窗口因子分析法(AMWFA)对其共有组分进行比较分析。分别定性了金银花、干草、药对金银花-干草挥发油成分89、52和78种,分别占总含量的90.55%,75.23%和80.57%。药对与金银花、甘草的共有组分分别为53和39种,三者的共有组分为27种。     

焦化粗苯与焦化轻油混合加氢精制的可行性分析

本文主要介绍了焦化粗苯加氢的工艺,根据焦化粗苯与焦化轻油的指标分析,提出了用焦化轻油和焦化粗苯按一定比例配合,进行加氢精制的可行性。按照工艺技术设计要求以及原料的行业标准,调整相关参数,产品质量能符合国家标准。这样可以解决粗苯原料不足带来的问题,对拓宽原料市场具有积极的意义。     

不同原油轻烃分析方法对比研究

本文分别对原油直接进样、原油油顶气、原油蒸馏切割和原油PTV(programmed temperature vaporizer)切割反吹四种轻烃分析技术进行了研究,讨论了不同前处理分析对原油轻烃指纹参数的影响并总结了各种分析技术在实际应用中的优缺点.     

Covariance‐oriented qualitative and quantitative calibration analysis for multistage batch processes

An improved stage‐specific multivariate calibration scheme is developed for multistage batch processes based on the covariance analysis unit. First, the process duration is automatically and properly divided into different stages, which reveals the changes of quality‐related process correlation characteristics. The concept of stage‐representative average process behaviour is then introduced, which is comprehensibly realized by averaging all covariance patterns within the same stage based on different weights. In this way, it stacks the cumulative effects of process variations on quality within each stage and meanwhile considers their time‐varying characteristics. Subsequently, covariance‐oriented OSC and variable selection are effectively combined, which can simplify the calibration model structure and enhance the causal relationship between predictors and quality by excluding the redundant latent factors and input variables. Finally, stage‐representative PLS regression models are developed focusing on the critical‐to‐quality stages for online quality prediction. It shows that a complete multistage calibration solution is readily achieved from an “overall” stage perspective by smartly making use of covariance. The illustration study to injection molding shows the effectiveness of the proposed method for improving process comprehension and quality prediction.     

Aspen plus灵敏度分析工具在解决原油混炼比问题中的应用

本文利用Aspen plus软件,建立了某燃料型炼油厂常减压蒸馏装置流程的模型,基于此模型提出了通过运用灵敏度分析工具寻找提高装置拔出率和增加常一线,常二线产量的混炼比的原油混炼比的优化方案。     

Effect of wax inhibitors on pour point and rheological properties of Iranian waxy crude oil

A variety of techniques have been employed in order to reduce problems caused by the crystallization of paraffin during the production and/or transportation of waxy crude oil. Flow improvers are used extensively to increase the mobility of crude oil. In this study, the influence of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), as flow improver, with different ranges of molecular weight on the viscosity and pour point of five Iranian waxy crude oils was evaluated. Five types of Iranian waxy crude oil were selected based on their similar wax (> 10%) but different asphaltene contents. Also, the effect of asphaltene content on the performance of this flow improver was studied. The rheological behavior of these crude oils, with middle range API gravity, in the absence/presence of flow improver was studied. The rheological data cover the temperature range of 5 to 40 °C. The results indicated that the performance of flow improver was dependent on the molecular weight and the asphaltene content. For crude oil with low asphaltene, higher molecular weight flow improvers are the best additive and lower molecular weight flow improvers showed good efficiency for crude oil with high asphaltene content. Addition of small quantities of asphaltene solvents such as xylene (1 wt.%), alone or in combination with flow improver, can improve viscosity of crude oil with high asphaltene content.     

常减压装置原油换热器管板密封槽腐蚀分析

针对某公司加工高酸值、重质原油的常减压装置的原油与渣油换热器管板密封槽腐蚀情况进行分析,提出在原油换热过程中存在的一种类似于塔顶系统的低温露点腐蚀的这一新论断。并针对此提出相应的防护措施。     

劣质原油高效转化且增产低碳烯烃的择型分子筛研究进展

现有催化裂化多产低碳烯烃技术优先以石蜡基蜡油或常压渣油为原料油,原油重质化和高硫化限制了该技术的深入发展与推广应用。择型分子筛由于硅铝比及孔结构较为突出,具有适合重质油裂解的反应性能,得到广泛应用。为了更好的提高低碳烯烃的产率及选择性,对择型分子筛进行改性,通过调整分子筛的基础性质,使之成为优良的活性中心。重点介绍多种择型分子筛包括ZSM-5、β、SAPO-34、MCM-22等,并对其现有改性方法主要是以酸、碱改性及金属、非金属改性为主进行综述,并从其改性后的性能包括孔道结构优化、水热稳定性保留及裂化能力增强等方面阐述分子筛改性研究进展。     

炼油企业常减压蒸馏系统碳素流动分析及CO2减排

炼油企业常减压蒸馏系统不仅是重要的石油加工环节,也是CO₂排放的主要工序之一。基于元素流分析方法,分析了炼油企业“三塔两炉”的常减压蒸馏系统的碳素流动过程,以某炼油企业生产数据为例,分析了影响该系统CO₂排放的主要影响因素,并运用数学规划方法分析了燃料消耗量、过量空气系数、燃料碳氢比和燃烧效率4个因素对常压蒸馏子系统和减压蒸馏子系统的CO₂排放影响。结果表明：常压蒸馏子系统是常减压蒸馏系统中主要的CO₂排放子系统,约占系统总CO₂排放量的62.84%;燃料消耗量和燃料碳氢比是影响常减压蒸馏系统碳排放的主要因素,常压炉和减压炉的碳排放量随着加热炉燃料消耗量的增加和输入燃料碳氢比的增大而增大。     

Modifications of carbon for polymer composites and nanocomposites

The various forms of carbon used in composite preparation include mainly carbon-black, carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, graphite and fullerenes. This review presents a detailed literature survey on the various modifications of the carbon nanostructures for nanocomposite preparation focusing upon the works published in the last decade. The modifications of each form of carbon are considered, with a compilation of structure-property relationships of carbon-based polymer nanocomposites. Modifications in both bulk and surface modifications have been reviewed, with comparison of their mechanical, thermal, electrical and barrier properties. A synopsis of the applications of these advanced materials is presented, pointing out gaps to motivate potential research in this field.