MxOy/USY双功能催化剂对神东煤的快速热解产物的调控

以USY分子筛为载体,采用等体积浸渍法分别制备了NiO、Fe₂O₃、Co₃O₄、MoO₃负载量均为9%的M_xO_y/USY双功能催化剂,并借助ICP、XRD、BET、TEM、NH₃-TPD、TG等分析手段对催化剂进行表征。使用自建的粉-粒流化床对神东煤进行快速催化热解实验,结果表明：①M_xO_y/USY使气体产物收率提高,液体产物收率降低,催化剂的积炭量增加,对半焦的产率基本没有影响;②M_xO_y/USY使CH₄、CO的收率均不同程度地提高,但H₂、C₂的收率皆有所降低;焦油中脂肪烃、单环芳烃、酚类化合物、含氧化合物的含量大幅增加,萘类化合物、联（多）苯的含量显著减少;③M_xO_y/USY的调控作用存在差异性。其中,Fe₂O₃/USY、Co₃O₄/USY的产物调控作用相似,但Fe₂O₃/USY的气体选择性更高,气体总收率提高23%;NiO/USY使C₃收率提高79%,CO₂收率降低91%,使焦油中脂肪烃、酚类、含氧化合物的含量分别增加1555%、739%、412%,萘类化合物的含量减少46%;MoO₃/USY使稠环芳烃的含量增加8%。     

Pt/USY催化剂上四氢萘选择性开环反应

通过USY分子筛载体上负载Pt制备Pt/USY催化剂，考察Pt/USY催化剂对四氢萘选择性开环反应的影响。结果表明，USY分子筛载体负载Pt后，四氢萘转化率提高，且明显改善开环的选择性。通过工艺条件的研究，得知在空速为2 h^-1、氢油体积比为750∶1、反应压力为4 MPa和反应温度为280℃时，Pt_0.4/USY催化剂性能最好，四氢萘转化率大于99%,C₁₀产物收率大于94%,开环选择性高于38%。     

Fe酸性沸石催化剂对2-异丙基萘择形歧化反应的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备不同含量Fe₂O₃改性的MP-01催化剂，研究其催化2-异丙基萘歧化反应的性能。结果表明，2-异丙基萘择形歧化的最佳条件为反应温度210 ℃，采用质量分数2%Fe₂O₃改性后的MP-01催化剂，反应2 h，2-异丙基萘转化率为41.2%，目的产物2,6-二异丙基萘选择性为41.2%，二异丙基萘选择性为33.5%，选择性高于未负载Fe₂O₃的MP-01催化剂。Fe₂O₃的改性使催化剂表面酸性减少，抑制了非择形催化反应的发生，提高了2,6-二异丙基萘和二异丙基萘选择性。推荐2,6-二异丙基萘制备工艺路线，包括反应和分离两部分，反应主要包含烷基化、烷基转移和2-异丙基萘歧化3个反应。     

Ce浸渍方式对CoMo/CeAl2O3催化剂反应性能影响

针对具有较高脱硫活性的CoMo/CeAl₂O₃催化剂,考察了Ce的不同浸渍方式对催化剂表面金属性质及催化活性的影响。结果表明,Ce采用不同浸渍方式（CoMo共浸渍）制备催化剂的加氢脱硫活性大小顺序为：先浸渍Ce后浸渍CoMo催化剂（CoMoCe/Al₂O₃）＞先浸渍CoMo后浸渍Ce催化剂（CeCoMo/Al₂O₃）＞Ce与载体混粘后浸渍CoMo催化剂（CoMo/CeAl₂O₃）。对于CoMoCe/Al₂O₃催化剂,先浸渍Ce减弱了二次浸渍CoMo时载体与Mo物种间的相互作用力,有利于Mo物种硫化,提高了硫化度,生成了较多的CoMoS活性相,增加了脱硫率;用实验室自组装固定床微型反应装置对CoMoCe/Al₂O₃催化剂进行了活性评价,以广西石化分公司（广西石化）重馏分油（≥65℃）为原料油时,产物硫含量可以降至8.6μg/g,RON损失1.3个单位。     

Co3O4改性USY分子筛吸附和催化氧化甲苯特性研究

利用水热法合成Co₃O₄/USY复合材料,研究其对有机污染物甲苯的吸附和催化氧化特性,同时结合微波对Co₃O₄的精准加热特性,考察不同负载量Co₃O₄/USY在微波作用下的升温特性及催化甲苯氧化降解特性。结果表明,通过水热反应,Co₃O₄在USY表面形成多孔蜂窝状结构;负载Co₃O₄后的USY保持较高的吸附容量,Co₃O₄/USY-1.5m室温下的吸附容量为85 mg/g;Co₃O₄/USY在干、湿两种状态下均在325℃表现出优良的催化氧化特性、CO₂选择性和稳定性;Co₃O₄/USY能够与微波高效耦合,快速升温启动其催化作用,控制反应温度为250℃,发现微波诱导甲苯催化氧化过程的CO₂选择性优于常规催化,表明所制备Co₃O₄/USY复合材料具备吸附甲苯并进行微波快速再生协同有机污染物高效催化氧化降解的可行性。     

制备条件对NiMo/γ-Al2O3催化剂上萘加氢生成四氢萘的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备加氢催化剂NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃,在悬浮床上考察不同的制备条件下NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃对萘加氢生成四氢萘的影响。结果表明,催化剂的制备条件对加氢活性有显著的影响,NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的最佳制备条件为共浸渍法负载金属组分Ni和Mo,在500 ℃的温度下焙烧4 h。此条件下制备的催化剂上四氢萘的选择性高达95.2%。     

Fe2O3-Co3O4异质结的熔盐法制备及其析氢性能

氧化物在电催化析氢反应中具有广阔的应用前景。以Na F和KNO₃的混合盐为反应介质，以Co Cl₃和Fe Cl₃为原料，通过熔盐法于350℃煅烧2 h便可制得Fe₂O₃-Co₃O₄异质结构，并将其用于绿色制氢。借助X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱分析样品的微观形貌、物相结构和电子结构信息，验证了Fe₂O₃和Co₃O₄之间存在有效耦合。Fe₂O₃可使催化剂表面粗糙，大幅增加活性比表面积。此外，Fe₂O₃和Co₃O₄之间存在电子相互作用，Fe₂O₃向Co₃O₄提供电子，降低Co原子的价态，大大提升了Fe     

基于机器学习的钴基费托催化剂性能探究

本研究使用机器学习方法对钴基费托合成催化剂相关文献数据进行分析,研究催化剂结构及反应条件对费托反应活性的影响。收集了近年钴基费托合成催化剂相关文献,对催化剂组成及其物理性质、制备条件、评价条件进行统计。基于机器学习方法,采用不同回归模型对数据进行分析。结果表明随机森林算法对数据的拟合程度最高,R²值达到0.984。特征重要性分析表明,催化剂中Co₃O₄颗粒直径对反应选择性影响最高。部分依赖图表明较小的Co₃O₄粒径有利于C₂～C₄的选择性,反之则有利于C₅₊产物的选择性。本研究为进一步理解钴基费托合成催化剂的结构与性能关系提供了理论依据。     

双金属催化剂还原性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备CuO-CoO和CuO-Fe₂O₃催化剂。采用程序升温还原(TPR)技术测定纯CuO、Co₃O₄、Fe₂O₃和CuO-CoO、CuO-Fe₂O₃催化剂的还原动力学参数。结果表明，添加CuO能促进Co₃O₄和Fe₂O₃的还原，两种催化剂的还原温度向低温方向偏移，还原活化能明显降低。并且，Cu的存在还改变了氧化铁的还原历程。     

金属氧化物对油页岩热解产物收率及组成分布的影响

通过固定床反应器,对4种金属氧化物（Al₂O₃、MgO、CaO、Fe₂O₃）对油页岩热解所得油、气产率及成分的影响进行了研究。结果显示,碱性CaO对油、水、气、焦产率分布影响较为突出,可提高页岩油与半焦产率,并降低热解气产率;而酸性较强的Al₂O₃可同时提高页岩油、热解气和热解水的产率,有利于促进挥发分的析出;比较而言,MgO和Fe₂O₃的作用相对较弱。4种金属氧化物均可提高热解气中H₂、CH₄和C₂的产率;CaO作用下CO₂含量降低,而其他金属氧化物对CO₂的产生有不同程度的促进作用;Fe₂O₃可促进H₂产生;Al₂O₃作用下CH₄含量有所增加。4种金属氧化物均可促进页岩油中芳香烃的产生,并且CaO和MgO两种碱土金属氧化物作用下,短链（C₆~C₁₂）烷烃和烯烃含量均增加,而掺混Al₂O₃时页岩油中仅短链（C₆~C₁₂）烷烃含量增加。对此机理进行推测认为,碱性CaO和MgO首先与以脂肪酸形式存在的有机质进行酸碱反应,得到脱羧活性更高的羧酸盐,后者脱羧所得中间产物具有生成烷烃或烯烃两条可能路径,同时得到碳酸盐;而在具有Lewis酸特征的Al₂O₃作用下,脱羧产物为CO₂,并同时得到饱和烃产物。     

Hydrodeoxygenation of aliphatic esters on sulphided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 and CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst: The effect of water

Water formed during hydrotreating of oxygen-containing feeds has been found to affect the performance of sulphided catalysts in different ways. The effect of water on the activity of sulphided NiMo/γ-Al₂O₃ and CoMo/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of aliphatic esters was investigated in a tubular reactor by varying the amount of water in the feed. In additional experiments, H₂S was added to the feed, alone and simultaneously with water.

Under the same conditions, the NiMo catalyst exhibited a higher activity than the CoMo catalyst. The ester conversions decreased with increase in the amount of added water. When H₂S and water were added simultaneously, the conversion increased to the same level as without water addition on the NiMo catalyst and reached a higher value on the CoMo catalyst. The conversions were highest, however, when only H₂S was added. Unfortunately, the conversions decreased with time under all conditions. On both catalysts, the total yield of the C₇ and C₆ hydrocarbons decreased with the amount of added water, while the concentrations of the oxygen-containing intermediates increased. The presence of H₂S improved the total hydrocarbon yield and shifted the main products towards the C₆ hydrocarbons. Thus, the addition of H₂S effectively compensated the inhibition by water.     

Influence of metal oxides on the catalytic behavior of Au/Al2O3 for the selective reduction of NOx by hydrocarbons

The reduction of NO by propene in the presence of excess oxygen over mechanical mixtures of Au/Al₂O₃ with a bulk oxide has been investigated. The oxides studied were: Co₃O₄, Mn₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, CuO, Fe₂O₃, NiO, CeO₂, SnO₂, ZnO and V₂O₅. Under lean C₃H₆-SCR conditions, these oxides (with the exception of SnO₂) convert selectively NO to NO₂. When mechanically mixed with Au/Al₂O₃, the Mn₂O₃ and Co₃O₄ oxides and, to a much greater extent, CeO₂ act synergistically with this catalyst greatly enhancing its SCR performance. It was found that their synergistic action is not straightforwardly related to their activity for NO oxidation to NO₂. The exhibited catalytic synergy may be due to the operation of either remote control or a bifunctional mechanism. In the later case, the key intermediate must be a short-lived compound and not the NO₂ molecule in gas-phase.     

Catalytic reduction of SO2 over supported transition-metal oxide catalysts with C2H4 as a reducing agent

This work investigates performances of supported transition-metal oxide catalysts for the catalytic reduction of SO₂ with C₂H₄ as a reducing agent. Experimental results indicate that the active species, the support, the feed ratio of C₂H₄/SO₂, and pretreatment are all important factors affecting catalyst activity. Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ was found to be the most active catalyst among six γ-Al₂O₃-supported metal oxide catalysts tested. With Fe₂O₃ as the active species, of the supports tested, CeO₂ is the most suitable one. Using this Fe₂O₃/CeO₂ catalyst, we found that the optimal Fe content is 10 wt.%, the optimal feed ratio of C₂H₄/SO₂ is 1:1, and the catalyst presulfidized by H₂+H₂S exhibits a higher performance than those pretreated with H₂ or He. Although the feed concentrations of C₂H₄:SO₂ being 3000:3000 ppm provide a higher conversion of SO₂, the sulfur yield decreases drastically at temperatures above 300 °C. With higher feed concentrations, maximum yield appears at higher temperatures. The C₂H₄ temperature-programmed desorption (C₂H₄-TPD) and SO₂-TPD desorption patterns illustrate that Fe₂O₃/CeO₂ can adsorb and desorb C₂H₄ and SO₂ more easily than can Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃. Moreover, the SO₂-TPD patterns further show that Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ is more seriously inhibited by SO₂. These findings may properly explain why Fe₂O₃/CeO₂ has a higher activity for the reduction of SO₂.     

Mechano-catalytic overall water splitting on some mixed oxides

Simple transition metal oxides such as NiO, Co₃O₄, Fe₃O₄ and Cu₂O were found to catalytically decompose water into H₂ and O₂ by mechanical energy. The reaction is regarded as “mechano-catalytic” overall water splitting” and is a quite novel catalytic reaction. In this paper, some general aspects on the mechano-catalytic overall water splitting are reviewed on simple oxides. In addition, recent results on the mechano-catalytic activity of a groups of mixed oxides, wolramite-type oxides with a formula of ABO₄ (A=Fe, Co, Ni and Cu, etc., B=W, Mo), are shown. AWO₄ (A=Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) decomposed water into H₂ and O₂ under the supply of mechanical energy, indicating that mechano-catalytic overall water splitting proceeded on wolframite-type compounds containing 3d-transition metals. AMoO₄ (A=Fe, Co, Ni) also decomposed water into H₂ and O₂ under supply of mechanical energy. The reaction properties on wolframite-type oxides are discussed.     

Performance of spent sulfide catalysts in hydrodesulfurization of straight run and nitrogen-removed gas oils

After the test run of several months two kinds of commercial catalysts (NiMo/Al₂O₃ and CoMo/Al₂O₃) were examined in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of straight run (SRGO) and nitrogen-removed gas oils, at 340 °C under 50 kg/cm² H₂. Hydrogen renewal between stages was attempted to show additional inhibition effects of the by-products such as H₂S and NH₃. Spent NiMo/Al₂O₃ and CoMo/Al₂O₃ catalysts showed contrasting activities in HDS and susceptibility to nitrogen species, according to their catalytic natures, compared to those of their virgin ones. HDS over spent NiMo/Al₂O₃ was significantly improved by removal of nitrogen species, while that over spent CoMo/Al₂O₃ was much improved by H₂ refreshment. The activity for refractory sulfur species such as 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene was reduced more severely than that for the reactive sulfur species such as benzothiophenes over spent catalysts. The effects of both two-stage hydrodesulfurization and nitrogen-removal were markedly reduced over the spent NiMo when compared with those over virgin NiMo one. The acidity of the catalysts was correlated with the inhibition susceptibility by nitrogen species as well as H₂S and NH₃. Spent catalysts apparently lost their activity due to the carbon deposition, which covered the active sites more preferentially. The spent NiMo catalyst carried more deposited carbon with larger C/H ratio and nitrogen content. Higher acidity was found to be present on the NiMo catalyst, but this was greatly decreased by the carbon deposition. Additionally, the reactivity of nitrogen species in HDS was briefly discussed in relation to the acidity of the catalyst and its deactivation by carbon deposition.     

Fe2O3对甘氨酸热解特性及氮转化的影响

选用污泥中典型氨基酸-甘氨酸（Gly）为研究对象,利用差式热值分析-质谱联用技术（DSC-MS）和固定床实验研究了Fe₂O₃对甘氨酸热解特性、NO _x 前驱物生成规律以及氮转化特性的影响。结果表明：热解特性实验中,由于Fe₂O₃将Gly的第一热失重阶段一分为二,导致其热解过程由2个阶段增至3个;Fe₂O₃使Gly热解起始温度及气体析出温度降低50℃,并通过促进半焦的二次裂解反应使Gly失重率增加23%。与Fe₂O₃对Gly热解过程的影响一致,Fe₂O₃将含N气体析出过程同样分成3个独立的阶段。固定床实验中,在Fe₂O₃/N=0.5时,Fe₂O₃最大程度地抑制了NO _x 前驱物（NH₃和HCN）析出,使其减少30%。由于Fe₂O₃促进肽脱水缩合、环化和芳香化反应,使得更多P-N、N-5和N-6固定在半焦中,半焦氮残留率增加5%。     

电化学法制备石墨烯/镍钴氧化物复合薄膜电极及其性能

用电化学法控电位制备石墨烯/Co₂O₃-NiO薄膜电极,通过XRD、Raman、SEM、TEM等仪器对所制备的薄膜进行表征。复合材料中Ni和Co主要以NiO和Co₂O₃的形式负载于石墨烯的表面,直径在50~200 nm之间。循环伏安测试结果表明,石墨烯/Co₂O₃-NiO复合材料性能较纯石墨烯材料明显提升。恒电流充放电测试表明,石墨烯/Co₂O₃-NiO复合材料具有高比电容,在2 A/g的电流密度下,复合材料的比电容最高达到503 F/g,循环500次后比电容保持率为91%。     

Total oxidation of propene and propane over gold–copper oxide on alumina catalysts: Comparison with Pt/Al2O3

Oxidation of propene and propane to CO₂ and H₂O has been studied over Au/Al₂O₃ and two different Au/CuO/Al₂O₃ (4 wt.% Au and 7.4 wt.% Au) catalysts and compared with the catalytic behaviour of Au/Co₃O₄/Al₂O₃ (4.1 wt.% Au) and Pt/Al₂O₃ (4.8 wt.% Pt) catalysts. The various characterization techniques employed (XRD, HRTEM, TPR and DR-UV–vis) revealed the presence of metallic gold, along with a highly dispersed CuO (6 wt.% CuO), or more crystalline CuO phase (12 wt.% CuO).

A higher CuO loading does not significantly influence the catalytic performance of the catalyst in propene oxidation, the gold loading appears to be more important. Moreover, it was found that 7.4Au/CuO/Al₂O₃ is almost as active as Pt/Al₂O₃, whereas Au/Co₃O₄/Al₂O₃ performs less than any of the CuO-containing gold-based catalysts.

The light-off temperature for C₃H₈ oxidation is significantly higher than for C₃H₆. For this reaction the particle size effect appears to prevail over the effect of gold loading. The most active catalysts are 4Au/CuO/Al₂O₃ (gold particles less than 3 nm) and 4Au/Co₃O₄/Al₂O₃ (gold particles less than 5 nm).