Selective hydrogenation of citral to unsaturated alcohol [geraniol (trans) + nerol (cis)] was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) using an MCM‐41 supported plantinum catalyst (∼1 wt% Pt). A remarkable rate of isomerization of the unsaturated alcohol [nerol (cis) to geraniol (trans)] during the hydrogenation of citral was achieved simply by tuning the density of CO2. Optimum reaction conditions were developed to obtain only geraniol (trans) with a selectivity of 98.8% and citral conversion of 99.8%. A significant change in the cis:trans ratio of the product (1:82.3) from the substrate (1:1.3) was observed depending on the various reaction parameters like carbon dioxide and hydrogen pressure, reactant concentration, reaction time and, particularly, the total selectivity for unsaturated alcohol [geraniol (trans) +nerol (cis)]. It has been observed that the presence of hydrogen is necessary for isomerization. Our results were explained in terms of a density‐dependent, two‐step model. The kinetic behaviour shows that the rate of isomerization was higher in scCO2 compared to other organic solvents and the pure form of geraniol (trans) was obtained exclusively. A probable reaction pathway was proposed in order to explain the isomerization during hydrogenation of citral in scCO2 medium. 相似文献
cis‐1,4‐Polyisoprene, a significant industrial elastomer, is electrospun into different nanostrucutures. Cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene electrospun fibers are prepared from cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene solutions in dichloromethane or chloroform and characterized by environmental scanning electron microscope and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. ESEM observation reveals that the cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene fibers show a bamboo‐like morphology with a nearly constant node distance, a diameter of 20–60 µm and a length of about 300 µm. In addition, within the individual nodes parallel grooves are clearly seen, which is very promising for their use in microprinting in the field of microelectronics. Smooth cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene fibers with a diameter of 5–8 µm can be obtained via electrospinning its chloroform solutions. In contrast to most polymers, the jet of cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene does not split during the electrospinning processes, which facilitates the collection of highly aligned fibers by using a rotating mandrel as a ground target.
A new and efficient catalytic asymmetric synthesis of the potent cannabinoid receptor agonist (−)‐CP‐55940 has been developed by using ruthenium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of racemic α‐aryl ketones via dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) as a key step. With RuCl2‐SDPs/diamine [SDPs=7,7′‐bis(diarylphophino)‐1,1′‐spirobiindane] catalysts the asymmetric hydrogenation of racemic α‐arylcyclohexanones via DKR provided the corresponding cis‐β‐arylcyclohexanols in high yields with up to 99.3% ee and >99:1 cis‐selectivities. Both ethylene ketal group at the cyclohexane ring and ortho‐methoxy group at the phenyl ring of the substrates 6 have little effect on the selectivity and reactivity of the hydrogenations. Based on this highly efficient asymmetric ketone hydrogenation, (−)‐CP‐55940 was synthesized in 13 steps (the longest linear steps) in 14.6% overall yield starting from commercially available 3‐methoxybenzaldehyde and 1,4‐cyclohexenedione monoethylene acetal. 相似文献
Methylcis-9,cis-12-octadecadienoate (methyl linoleate;c9,c12), itst10,t12 andt10,c12 isomers and methylcis-9-octadecenoate (methyl oleate;c9) were hydrogenated with rhodium complexes, the active species of which consisted of [RhL2]+ and [RhL2H2]+ with ligands L=P(C2H5)2C6H5 (catalyst A) P(i-C4H9)3 (catalyst B) and P(CH3)3 (catalyst C). Using these catalysts the influence of steric effects on the reaction mechanism of hydrogenation of dienes
was studied. The reactions were carried out in 2-propanol at atmospheric hydrogen pressure and ambient temperature. During
hydrogenation ofc9 on catalysts A and B, geometrical isomerization mainly occurred, whereas on catalyst C some positional isomerization also
took place.C9,c12 was almost exclusively hydrogenated via conjugated intermediates on catalyst A. On catalyst C, one of the double bonds
was hydrogenated directly, in most cases. In the absence of hydrogen, catalysts A and B conjugatedc9,c12 very fast. The conjugation activity of catalyst C was much lower. Catalyst C showed a high 1,5-shift activity for the conjugatedcis, trans andtrans, cis intermediates during hydrogenation, in contrast to catalysts A and B, which showed a poor activity in this respect.T10,t12 was hydrogenated almost exclusively via 1,4-addition of hydrogen to thecisoid conformation, whereas only a slight preference was found in this mechanism over 1,2-addition for the hydrogenation oft10,c12. On the sterically unhindered catalysts A and C thetrans double bond int10,c12 was preferentially hydrogenated whereas on catalyst B, with its bulky ligands, thecis double bond was reduced faster than thetrans double bond. 相似文献
Reversible catalytic hydrogenation‐dehydrogenation reactions of ortho‐terphenyl (o‐terphenyl) as one of the most promising materials for hydrogen storage were investigated. The conversion of o‐terphenyl is 100 % and the selectivity to perhydro‐o‐terphenyl reaches 99 % in the first cycle of hydrogenation on a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The dehydrogenation process in a flow reactor is accompanied by the formation of isomerization products of o‐terphenyl, in particular, exhaustively and partially hydrogenated compounds formed from meta‐terphenyl (m‐terphenyl) and triphenylene. These substrates are subject to hydrogenation independently during the second hydrogenation cycle, which reduces the selectivity of recyclization of o‐terphenyl. Dodecahydrotriphenylene demonstrates a higher reactivity during the second cycle of dehydrogenation compared to perhydro‐o‐terphenyl. The amount of generated hydrogen is consistent with the kinetic data. 相似文献
Palm oil was hydrogenated in a single‐phase mixture with propane and hydrogen. This was done in a small (0.5 ml), continuous fixed‐bed reactor, using a 1% Pd/C catalyst. Temperature (65—135 °C), H2/TG ratio (4—50 mol/mol) and residence time (0.2—2.0 s) were varied systematically to assess the iodine value (IV) as a function of these three variables. The substrate concentration was 1 wt‐%. The IV was dependent mainly on temperature and residence time. At 120 °C and a residence time of 2.0 s, full hydrogenation was achieved. The trends observed indicate that this is possible even at lower temperatures, if the residence time is increased further. Unexpectedly, the hydrogen concentration (i.e. the H2/TG ratio) was of minor importance, which can be a sign of either H2‐saturation of the catalyst or a phase‐split of the reaction mixture with resulting mass transport limitations for the hydrogen. Unfortunately, the catalyst showed strong signs of deactivation very early in the experiments, possibly due to impurities in the feedstock and/or to coke formation. 相似文献