Mean time to lose lock for a coherent second-order PN-code trackingloop-the singular perturbation approach

The singular perturbation method is used to approximate the mean time to lose lock (MTLL) for a second-order coherent pseudonoise code tracking delay-lock loop (DLL). Approximate expressions for the MTLL are given. The influence of loop offset due to the Doppler rate is studied, and optimal loop parameters (natural frequency and damping factor) which maximize the MTLL are presented. Upper bounds to the maximum allowable Doppler rates for various operating conditions are given     

Mean time to lose lock for the “Langevin”-typedelay-locked loop

The classical result of Kramers (1940), originally related to chemical reaction rates, is applied in this letter to a second-order all-pole, coherent code tracking delay-locked loop (DLL). A very simple, explicit expression for the leading order term of the mean time to lose lock (MTLL) is presented. The dependence of the MTLL on the loop tension (offset) due to Doppler shift and code clock mismatch is given, and optimal loop parameters which minimize the MTLL are proposed     

Pseudonoise code tracking loop for a CDMA system with imperfect power control

In this paper, performance of a pseudonoise (PN) code tracking loop is analysed and simulated for a direct‐sequence/code‐division‐multiple‐access (DS/CDMA) system with imperfect power control in a multipath fading channel. A non‐coherent first‐order delay‐locked loop (DLL) is considered as a PN code tracking loop. Power control error is modelled as a log‐normally distributed random variable. The multipath fading channel is modelled as a two‐ray Rayleigh fading model that is typically applied to land mobile communication environments. The tracking performance of DLL is evaluated in terms of tracking jitter and mean‐time‐to‐lose‐lock (MTLL). From the simulation results, it is shown that for smaller discriminator offset, tracking jitter performance is improved while MTLL performance is degraded. It is shown that large power control error and heavy shadowing substantially degrade the PN tracking performance. Therefore, an accurate power control scheme is very essential to compensate for fading and shadowing for a DS/CDMA system. The extension of analysis to higher‐order loop models is very straightforward. The analysis in this paper can be applied to design the PN code tracking loop for a DS/CDMA system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Half-sine and triangular despreading chip waveforms for coherentdelay-locked tracking in DS/SS systems

The performance of a coherent delay-locked tracking scheme for direct-sequence/spread-spectrum systems using half-sine or triangular chip waveforms for early and late despreading sequences is analyzed. The effect of band-limiting on the received signals is considered. Mean time to lose lock (MTLL) and root mean square (rms) tracking error of the delay-locked loop (DLL) are compared with that of a conventional DLL which uses rectangular chip despreading waveforms. Linear and nonlinear (based on the renewal process approach) analyses are employed to evaluate the performance of the DLL. Results show that the use of either the half-sine or triangular chip waveform reduces the rms tracking error and increases the MTLL considerably when the early-late spacing is approximately between 0.7-1.3 chip times. The results apply in particular to the commonly used DLL using one chip early-late spacing. Computer simulation for band-limited signals confirms the analytical results. The use of these despreading chip waveforms also reduces tracking offset in multipath environments     

一种复合伪随机码跟踪环路设计及误差分析

该文针对当存在较大的载波相位跟踪误差时可能导致传统的复合码相干型跟踪环路失效的问题提出一种复合码非相干型跟踪环路。通过给出基于二进制偏移载波(BOC)调制的复合码的构造和相关特性分析,设计了具有非相干型鉴别器的跟踪环路,并分析了环路的跟踪误差。分析和仿真结果表明该环路解决了在存在较大载波相位误差时跟踪环路失效的问题,且具有良好的跟踪性能。     

The Generalized Delay-Locked Loop

The delay-locked loop (DLL) is a synchronization device that is widely used for PN-code tracking in spread spectrum systems. The error detector characteristic (S-curve) of the DLL has a major impact on the performance. Using more than two correlators will extend the tracking range of the S-curve. The Generalized DLL (GenDLL) theory provides a concept to analyze a large class of DLL configurations including the classical DLL. The focus of the performance criteria is on tracking jitter and the mean time to lose lock (MTLL). It is shown that the MTLL can be considerably improved by using extended S-curves. However, the tracking jitter is increased by additional correlators. The tradeoff between the two criteria is explained. With the GenDLL theory loop configurations can be designed having both low tracking jitter and high loop robustness against loss of lock.     

Migration compensation algorithm for maneuvering target in passive radar based on FRT-MLVD

During the long coherent integration time in passive radar,the motion parameters (such as high speed,acceleration and jerk motion,etc.) will bring about range migration (RM) and Doppler frequency migration (DFM),further deteriorate the integration performance.To realize the coherent integration of maneuvering targets with jerk motion,a method based on frequency reversing transform (FRT) and modified Lv’s distribution (MLVD) called FRT-MLVD was proposed to achieve the coherent integration and motion parameters estimation.More specifically,the FRT was firstly proposed to remove RM.Then the MLVD was employed to estimate the acceleration and jerk parameters.After compensating the DFM induced by the acceleration and jerk motion,the residual RM was corrected and the velocity and range was achieved via the KT operation.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively compensate the RM and DFM induced by the target motion parameters in passive radar,and for maneuvering targets with jerk motion,the proposed method achieves a better integration and detection performance over existing methods.     

基于内插与积分清除滤波的相干DLL性能分析

提出一种基于内插与积分清除滤波的相干延迟锁定环(CDLL),用于直接序列码分多址(DS-CDMA)系统的伪随机码跟踪,并对其进行了性能分析。通过将该CDLL定时调整过程等效为一带反射壁的齐次马尔可夫链,导出了AWGN与多用户环境下定时误调整概率、定时均方根抖动、失锁概率以及平均失锁时间(MTLL)的表达式,最后给出了数值仿真结果,分析并指出本文的分析结果同样适应于单径衰落环境。该锁定环在WCDMA基站系统和移动终端的开发中得到应用。     

高动态GPS接收机环路跟踪技术研究

为了解决加速度45g、加加速度10g/s的高动态环境下GPS信号的载波跟踪、码跟踪及其精度问题,提出了一种综合考虑动态和精度性能的载波环和码环优化设计方案,探讨了高动态情况下载波环和码环的结构设计及捕获转跟踪技术,分析了FLL/PLL/DLL环路的动态应力、暂态响应和鉴别器特性,总结了实用的控制策略和环路带宽。该方案经自主开发的软件接收机测试验证,可以在达到很高动态特性的同时满足一定的测距精度和定位精度要求。     

基于相邻互相关函数-参数化中心频率-调频率分布-Keystone变换的无源雷达机动目标相参积累方法

延长积累时间可以有效提高无源雷达的目标探测能力,但是对于高速机动目标,其速度、加速度、第二加速度等因素导致现有的检测算法在积累过程中发生距离徙动(RM)和多普勒频率徙动(DFM),使得目标检测性能恶化。该文针对无源雷达中变加速运动目标的长时间相参积累问题,提出一种基于相邻互相关函数(ACCF)-参数化中心频率-调频率分布(PCFCRD)-Keystone变换(KT)的相参积累算法(ACCF-PCFCRD-KT)。首先给出无源雷达中变加速运动目标的回波模型,分析了目标速度、加速度和第二加速度对相参积累的影响。针对目标第二加速度引起的多普勒频率弯曲,采用ACCF降低了距离和多普勒频率徙动的阶数,而后利用PCFCRD估计出目标加速度和第二加速度参数,在补偿了目标加速度和第二加速度引起的2次和3次徙动后,利用KT校正目标速度引起的线性徙动,并实现目标回波的积累。仿真结果表明,该算法可有效补偿无源雷达中目标运动导致的RM和DFM,对变加速机动目标的积累效果显著优于现有算法。     

Performance analysis of a decision-feedback coherent code tracking loop for pilot-symbol-aided DS/SS systems

In this paper, the performance of a decision-feedback coherent code tracking loop for pilot-symbol-aided (PSA) direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems, considering the effect of both symbol and channel estimation errors, is analyzed. An analytical closed-form expression on the steady-state jitter variance in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) environments using the linear analysis model is first derived. Then, the upper and lower bounds of the jitter variance in fading environments are obtained based on the analysis of the loop bandwidth variation according to the input signal level. Finally, a second-order coherent tracking loop is designed, and its performance in both AWGN and fading environments is evaluated, along with verification by computer simulations. It is demonstrated that analytical results are very close to the simulation results in AWGN environments and that the jitter variance in fading environments is located between analytical upper and lower bounds with its position depending on the fading rate.     

中频数字化直接序列扩频接收机的实现

给出了统一信道直接序列扩频通信系统的中频数字化接收机的实现方案。采用该方案所实现的直接序列扩频通信系统的载波与伪随机码的捕获分别采用了FFT辅助捕获技术,载波的跟踪采用了数字CPAFC环路牵引,数字COST-AS环路精确跟踪技术,伪码跟踪采用的是数字DLL环路实现。系统中I通道采用可编程GOLD扩频,Q通道采用截断m序列直扩,并置截断m序列与GOLD码具有相同速率、倍周期的关系,以简化系统伪码的同步电路设计。最后,讨论了该系统应用于扩频测距时,测量数据的"置中值"处理方法。     

A digital chip timing recovery loop for band-limiteddirect-sequence spread-spectrum signals

Migration towards a full-digital implementation of modems is currently one of the main trends in transmission systems design. The authors describe a noncoherent all-digital delay lock loop (DDLL) suited for chip timing synchronization in band-limited direct sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems, and they thoroughly analyze its performance. The key features of this novel scheme are represented by its low-complexity processing section together with its good tracking capability. Analytical expressions for the DDLL S-curve and steady-state timing jitter are derived and confirmed by a time-domain computer simulation. Furthermore, the Mean Time to Lose Lock (MTLL) of the loop is evaluated and some numerical results are reported. The proposed chip timing synchronization scheme reveals also an improved tracking performance when compared to the traditional analog DLL for rectangular chip DS/SS signals     

Jitter performance of a baseband sampled code tracking loop

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the steady-state tracking performance of a digital baseband noncoherent code tracking loop in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The delay-locked loop (DLL) structure is evaluated. Particular areas of concern are the effect of carrier frequency uncertainty, branch filter bandwidth and loop filter bandwidth. For a fixed data rate, code chip rate and signal-to-noise ratio there is an optimum length for the digital branch filters which minimizes the tracking jitter     

Analysis of Combined Effects of Multipath and CW Interference on Coherent Delay Lock Loop

Multipath and continuous wave (CW) interference can cause severe performance degradation of global navigation satellite system receivers. Therefore, effects of multipath or CW interference have been analyzed separately in many papers. However, when multipath and interference exist at the same time, it hasn’t been discussed whether their effects on code tracking performance are independent, and the combined effects of multipath and CW interference haven’t been analyzed. This paper analyzes the combined effects of multipath and CW interference on the code tracking performance of coherent delay lock loop (DLL). An analytical expression of code tracking error envelope is suggested for coherent DLL and can be used to assess combined effects of multipath and CW interference. This analytical expression shows that multipath may change the slope of discrimination function, which causes the problem that effects of multipath and CW interference aren’t independent. Therefore, multipath effects on the slope of discrimination function are discussed in this paper. It is shown that smaller correlator spacing can decrease the multipath effect on the slope of discrimination function. However, when the finite bandwidth is taken into account, the smaller correlator spacing can’t suppress the multipath effect on the slope of discrimination function effectively. The combined effects of multipath and CW interference depend on many factors. The GPS C/A signal is taken as an example of the application of the derived expression to discuss how these factors affect the code tracking performance, and simulation validation shows the availability of theoretical results.     

A differentially coherent delay-locked loop for spread-spectrumtracking receivers

A novel differentially coherent delay-locked loop (DCDLL) for accurate code tracking is proposed for direct sequence spread-spectrum systems. Due to the use of the differential decoder and exactly one correlator, the proposed scheme avoids the problems of gain imbalance. The tracking error variance is derived by linear analysis. When the proposed DCDLL scheme is applied in ranging with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the performance of the proposed DCDLL scheme is about 1.4 dB better than that of one-correlator tau-dither loop (TDL), and near that of the noncoherent DLL     

Application of Adaptive Filtering to Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Code Acquisition

A novel hybrid scheme utilizing an adaptive FIR filter is proposed for acquisition of DS-SS signals. Timing information on the delay offset between the incoming DS-SS signal and the locally generated replica of the spreading code is extracted from the tap-weight vector of the acquisition adaptive filter. Expressions for the mean acquisition time, detection, and false alarm probabilities for a coherent, chip synchronous DS-SS system in AWGN are derived. The improvement in acquisition performance over serial search techniques is twice the length of the adaptive filter. This is similar to that gained by other hybrid schemes that search the same number of cells at a time. However, a significant reduction in hardware complexity is obtained. The proposed system is also compared to a system utilizing a partial matched filter structure. Moreover, the same hardware could be used for code tracking and, hence, eliminating the need for a separate tracking loop.     

北斗B1C频点正交复用二进制偏移载波信号闸波设计方法

第3代北斗卫星导航系统中B1C频点信号将使用正交复用二进制偏移载波调制方式。为了增强北斗卫星导航接收机码跟踪环路的抗多径性能并且解决码跟踪中的模糊跟踪问题,该文针对正交复用二进制偏移载波调制信号QMBOC(6, 1, 4/33)提出一种双闸波码跟踪环路结构。根据理想的目标鉴相函数和二进制偏移载波调制信号自相关函数的特点分别设计出针对BOC(1, 1)和BOC(6, 1)信号的闸波,并在本地码跟踪环路中使用这两种不同的闸波分别与输入信号相关,最后将所得的两个相关函数进行加权合并以用于鉴相过程。计算机仿真结果表明所提方法不仅能够有效消除QMBOC(6, 1, 4/33)信号的模糊跟踪可能性,且能够大幅增强接收机的抗多径性能,其对应多径误差包络面积相比于现有的方法能够减少约33%。     

Performance Analysis of a Complex Multicode Tracking Loop in Bandlimited Rayleigh Fading Channels

This paper presents the root-mean-squared tracking error performance analysis of a class of coherent digital delay-locked loops for multicode direct sequence spread spectrum signals in bandlimited correlated Rayleigh fading channels. In the transmit side, multiple independent PSK-modulated data streams in the in-phase and qudrature phase branches are spread by short mutually orthogonal codes before being further complex spread by a long complex PN code. We assume that the system employs a pilot code channel to assist the receiver’s synchronization and channel estimation. The proposed code tracking loop incorporates the pilot-aided channel estimator and derives the timing error from all short-code-spread subchannels. Our analysis takes into account the effects of imperfect channel estimate, correlated frequency selective Rayleigh fading and band-limiting. Numerical results are presented to quantify the impact of the resulting multipath interference within the same code channel and amongst different code channels.     

光电跟踪转台伺服控制策略研究

针对高性能光电跟踪转台负载重、摩擦大、跟踪精度要求高等特点,提出了基于复合控制的伺服控制策略,速度环路设计了带有扰动观测器的线性二次最优反馈控制器,并在前向通道增加了零相位误差跟踪控制器(ZPETC),提高速度环的跟踪性能,位置环采用非线性PID反馈控制方式降低超调,提高稳态精度;将低速率的位置给定信息分别进行插值细分和滤波,通过高增益微分器和卡尔曼预测滤波,对转台速度和加速度进行预测和估计,进行前馈实现复合控制,实践证明,这种策略可以有效提高大加速度下的跟踪精度。