The information content of high-frequency environmental monitoring data signals pollution events in the coastal ocean

There are an increasing number of coastal ocean observing systems that deploy new technology for environmental sensing and stream these data in near-real-time to end-users (e.g., scientists and coastal managers) via the worldwide web. The temporal resolution, spatial coverage, and accessibility of these data open up new opportunities for better understanding and managing the coastal ocean, but they also present enormous challenges relative to data processing and data interpretation, particularly in cases where these data are to inform rapid management decision making. Here we demonstrate that changes in surf zone water quality at a popular beach in southern California are signaled by changes in the Fisher Information and Shannon Entropy of high frequency (1/4 min(-1)) measurements of salinity and temperature in the surf zone. These results support the hypothesis that the information content of environmental signals, such as salinity and temperature, can be used to identify changes in the water quality of the coastal ocean. More generally, the approach described here-of using information theory indices calculated from monitoring data as real-time indicators of environmental change-is quite general, and may therefore be applicable to other situations where rapid management decisions are based on high-frequency measurements of environmental parameters.     

基于产业链信息的大米重金属污染溯源研究

重金属污染是大米质量安全的重要危害因素。通过建立溯源系统,关联产业链的质量安全信息能够及时发现隐患和危害的源头,进行质量安全的高效管控,对减少危害,降低损失,保障大米质量安全具有重要意义。大米生产过程的采样点、采样密度、信息反馈时间等对重金属污染溯源的响应时间、溯源精度、危害程度具有较大影响,稻谷原料、抛光、配米环节是大米的重金属污染的主要危害点和控制点。适宜的采样点、较高的采样密度、快速信息反馈有利于缩短溯源响应时间,提高溯源精度,减少危害程度,实现大米重金属的快速溯源,使溯源精度达到95%以上。     

Flow fingerprinting fecal pollution and suspended solids in stormwater runoff from an urban coastal watershed

Field studies were conducted to characterize the concentration vs streamflow relationships (or "flow fingerprints") of fecal pollution and suspended solids in stormwater runoff from the Santa Ana River watershed, the largest watershed in southern California. The concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria and F+ coliphages (viruses infecting E. coli) exhibit little-to-no dependence on streamflow rates, whereas the concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) exhibit a very strong (power-law) dependence on streamflow rates. The different flow fingerprints observed for fecal pollutants, on one hand, and TSS, on the other hand, reflect different sources and transport pathways for these stormwater constituents. The flow-independent nature of fecal indicator bacteria and F+ coliphages is consistent with the idea that these contaminants are ubiquitously present on the surface of the urban landscape and rapidly partition into the surface water as the landscape is wetted by rainfall. The flow-dependent nature of TSS, on the other hand, is usually ascribed to the shear-induced erosion of channel bed sediments and/or the expansion of drainage area contributing to runoff. The apparent ubiquity of fecal indicator bacteria and F+ coliphages, together with the very high storm-loading rates of fecal indicator bacteria and the low detection frequency of human adenovirus and human enterovirus, suggest that fecal pollution in stormwater runoff from the Santa Ana River watershed is primarily of nonhuman waste origin.     

Spatially detailed survey on pollution by multiple perfluorinated compounds in the Tokyo Bay basin of Japan

Pollution from 35 perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the water of the Tokyo Bay basin was examined. The water in the basin contained relatively high levels of perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) compared to the other PFCs, which were present at concentrations of 20.1 ng/L, 6.7 ng/L, and 5.8 ng/L, respectively. In contrast, the concentrations of their precursors and degradation products were an order of magnitude lower. Sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent in the area also contained high levels of PFNA compared with the river water samples (Mann-Whitney U-test, p<0.0002). From a spatial aspect, increases in PFC pollution levels correlated with increased urbanization in the study area suggested that there are nonpoint source contributors to the PFC pollution in this area. Branched isomers of the PFCs were also quantified. Samples that contained high concentrations of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA) showed lower proportions of its branched isomer. This indicates that the branched isomers are more prominent in the area with lower PFC pollution. This analysis was beneficial for estimating the individual contributions of different PFCA production processes. This survey provided new information on the sources, spatial distribution, and behavioral characteristics of PFC pollutants in this area.     

Hierarchical Bayesian analysis of censored microbiological contamination data for use in risk assessment and mitigation

Microbiological contamination data often is censored because of the presence of non-detects or because measurement outcomes are known only to be smaller than, greater than, or between certain boundary values imposed by the laboratory procedures. Therefore, it is not straightforward to fit distributions that summarize contamination data for use in quantitative microbiological risk assessment, especially when variability and uncertainty are to be characterized separately. In this paper, distributions are fit using Bayesian analysis, and results are compared to results obtained with a methodology based on maximum likelihood estimation and the non-parametric bootstrap method. The Bayesian model is also extended hierarchically to estimate the effects of the individual elements of a covariate such as, for example, on a national level, the food processing company where the analyzed food samples were processed, or, on an international level, the geographical origin of contamination data. Including this extra information allows a risk assessor to differentiate between several scenario’s and increase the specificity of the estimate of risk of illness, or compare different scenario’s to each other. Furthermore, inference is made on the predictive importance of several different covariates while taking into account uncertainty, allowing to indicate which covariates are influential factors determining contamination.     

At-sea high-resolution trace element mapping: San Diego Bay and its plume in the adjacent coastal ocean

We conducted at-sea experiments using separation chemistry and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer to rapidly measure, in real time, trace element concentrations in the surface water of the San Diego Bay and the adjacent coastal ocean. The survey shows that surface water in the San Diego Bay is clearly enriched in Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and FDOM with respect to the coastal ocean. Trace element enrichment patterns were used to identify bay water as it enters the coastal ocean during tidal pumping. Quantifying the spatial distribution and temporal flux of pollutant trace elements are important steps in understanding coastal biogeochemical processes.     

Fluorescent whitening agents in Tokyo Bay and adjacent rivers: their application as anthropogenic molecular markers in coastal environments

Two kinds of stilbene-type fluorescent whitening agents (i.e., DSBP and DAS1), minor components of laundry detergents, were analyzed in surface waters of Tokyo Bay and adjacent rivers and in sewage effluents to examine their usefulness as molecular markers in the marine environment. Sensitive determination using HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) with fluorescence detection with postcolumn UV radiator was employed. DSBP and DAS1 were found in Tokyo rivers at concentrations of a few microg/L and approximately 1 microg/L, respectively. DSBP and DAS1 were widely distributed in Tokyo Bay waters at concentrations in the range of 0.019-0.264 microg/L and 0.021-0.127 microg/L, respectively. Comparison of these concentrations with those in sewage effluents (DSBP: 8 microg/L and DAS1: 2.5 microg/L on average) yielded sewage dilutions in Tokyo Bay on the order of 10(2). FWAs-salinity diagram in the Tamagawa Estuary showed fairly conservative behaviors of the FWAs with approximately 20% and approximately 10% removal of DSBP and DAS1, respectively. This is thought to be caused by photodegradation. The persistent nature of FWAs and their widespread distribution in coastal environments demonstrates the utility of FWAs in tracing the behavior of water from rivers and sewage outfalls. The DSBP/DAS1 ratio showed a decreasing trend from sewage effluents, to rivers, to Tokyo Bay, indicating selective photodegradation of DSBP. The DSBP/DAS1 ratio is proposed as an index of the degree of photodegradation and residence time and freshness of water mass in coastal environments.     

Air-water exchange and dry deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at a coastal site in Izmir Bay, Turkey

The air-water exchange of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), an emerging class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), was investigated using paired air-water samples (n = 15) collected in July and December, 2005 from Guzelyali Port in Izmir Bay, Turkey. Total dissolved-phase water concentrations of PBDEs (sigma7PBDEs) were 212 +/- 65 and 87 +/- 57 pg L(-1) (average +/- SD) in summer and winter, respectively. BDE-209 was the most abundant congener in all samples, followed by BDE-99 and -47. Average ambient gas-phase sigma7PBDE concentrations were between 189 +/- 61 (summer) and 76 +/- 65 pg m(-3) (winter). Net air-water exchange fluxes ranged from -0.9 +/- 1.0 (BDE-28) (volatilization) to 11.1 +/- 5.4 (BDE-209) ng m(-2) day(-1) (deposition). The BDE-28 fluxes were mainly volatilization while the other congeners were deposited. Gas- and dissolved-phase concentrations were significantly correlated (P = 0.33-0.55, p < 0.05, except for BDE-209, r = 0.05, p > 0.05) indicating thatthe atmosphere controls the surface water PBDE levels in this coastal environment. Estimated particulate dry deposition fluxes ranged between 2.7 +/- 1.9 (BDE-154) and 116 +/- 84 ng m(-2) day(-1) (BDE-209) indicating that dry deposition is also a significant input to surface waters in the study area.     

基于MATLAB的六连杆打纬机构优化设计及仿真

Research Center of Electrical Automation;Zhejiang Normal University;Jinhua;Zhejiang 321004;China     

全国及重点地区印染行业污染源排放数据对比

印染行业污染源排放情况存在多套统计数据。通过对比排污许可、总量控制、环境统计等各口径印染行业排放数据,分析印染行业污染源统计过程中存在的口径不对应、企业不匹配等问题。结果表明:目前印染行业的污染物排放数据尚不足以支撑环境管理工作,依然存在排污许可证缺乏水量管控、排污许可证排放量数据管理难以满足其他污染源政策管理需求、多套数据不统一影响"十四五"总量控制基数确定等问题,并指出已发证企业的证后管理及大规模数据校核迫在眉睫。     

基于空间插值的土壤重金属污染评估分析系统设计与实现

目的利用湘潭县土壤重金属污染情况调查资料,开展空间数据分析方法研究与软件架构方案研究,实现特定区域内土壤重金属空间分布与污染现状的评估与分析。方法以空间插值技术为核心,并综合地理信息技术、关系数据库技术、Web技术以及重金属污染评估等研究方法对重金属污染检测和评估。结果建立了湘潭县土壤重金属污染评估与分析系统,并提出了总体架构设计与数据库设计方案。系统实现了地理影像数据、各监测专题数据及各等级污染评价标准数据的统一管理,支持对土壤中重金属浓度的多维度查询与可视化,并且以空间插值技术为核心实现了重金属污染数据的空间统计分析与污染分布特征识别等多项功能。结论通过搭建软件系统进行土壤重金属污染评估,有利于土壤环境质量调查、监控以及土壤污染风险评估工作的展开简化和推广,对进一步划定禁产区、实施土壤污染修复与治理、保障居民生活生产安全具有重要意义。     

基于数据收集的LEACH协议的研究与仿真

针对LEACH低功耗自适应分簇路由协议的不足之处,提出一种基于虚轮数强制成簇的改进方法:当节点产生的随机数全部不理想时,启动一个只负责选簇的虚轮数强制帮助本轮成簇.经OP-NET仿真平台测试,改进后的路由协议提高了网络的性能.     

印染行业各口径数据污染源源强核算分析

通过比对总量减排、环境影响评价、排污许可、环境统计中污染源源强的核算差异,对统一源强核算方法和推进各口径数据衔接提出建议,使排污许可证制度真正成为固定污染源环境管理的核心制度。     

基于遗传算法的纸浆螺旋输送机优化设计

以部件质量最小和传动效率最大为双优化目标，建立了螺旋输送机优化模型，并利用遗传算法进行优化求解，使优化求解方便快捷，效率提高。     

基于MATLAB的膨化机结构工艺参数的最优化设计

分析了单螺杆挤压膨化机结构和工艺参数对其性能的影响，在此基础上建立了膨化机结构、工艺参数优化设计的数学模型。利用MATLAB提供的最优化函数，获得了一定条件下机器的最佳结构和工艺参数。     

Overview on mitigation of acrylamide in starchy fried and baked foods

Acrylamide in fried and baked foods has the potential to cause toxic effects in animals and humans. A major challenge lies in developing an effective strategy for acrylamide mitigation in foods without altering its basic properties. Food scientists around the world have developed various methods to mitigate the presence of acrylamide in fried food products. Mitigation techniques using additives such as salts, amino acids, cations and organic acids along with blanching of foods have reduced the concentration of acrylamide. The use of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols also reduces acrylamide concentration in fried food products. Other mitigation techniques such as asparaginase pre‐treatment and low‐temperature air frying with chitosan have been effective in mitigating the concentration of acrylamide. The combined pre‐treatment process along with the use of additives is the latest trend in acrylamide mitigation. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于专利信息技术分析的我国玉米蛋白研发趋势研究

为了解国内外玉米蛋白专利申请的情况,把握玉米蛋白产品的研发趋势,为我国玉米蛋白产品的研究与市场发展提供决策参考和技术依据,对国内玉米蛋白技术专利进行了检索分析。结果表明:(1)从2007开始,玉米蛋白专利技术取得了较大的技术突破和跨越式发展;(2)在玉米蛋白专利技术中,主要分为玉米蛋白做为饲料的加工利用技术、以玉米蛋白原料生产功能性多肽的专利技术和玉米蛋白新型材料及其制备方法等几个方面。     

基于非线性BP算法的中密度纤维板（MDF）调施胶系统辨识

利用三层前馈神经网络作为被辨识对象的模型,对中密度纤维板(MDF)调施胶控制系统进行建模与仿真,并给出基于非线性BP算法的调施胶系统辨识计算步骤,实现了对中密度纤维板调施胶非线性动态系统的辨识.实验结果表明,文中建立的中密度纤维板调施胶系统模型是有效的,将其系统模型嵌入调施胶控制系统中可使系统响应时间变快并获得较好的控制效果.     

Multivariate data analysis of sea waters and mussels in relation to pollution sources of trace elements

Summary The total concentration of Cu, Zn and Pb in surface sea waters from the Bay of Muggia (Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea) was determined by anodic stripping voltammetry. The association of these trace elements in relation to the known sources of pollution was discussed. The content of eight trace elements (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb) in the soft part of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck) is also considered. The wild molluscs were sampled in the harbour of Trieste, in the proximity of an important city sewer. Principal component analysis was used to analyse the correlation matrix obtained from an 8 × 43 data matrix after a logarithmic transformation of the concentration variables. Eight variables were reduced to four principal components, which explained 80% of the total variance. The orthogonally rotated factor matrix shows that Co, Ni, Cd, and Pb are associated with the first principal component, Cu and Zn to the second, Hg to the third and Mn to the fourth principal component. The results of this multi-variate data analysis are compared with those already obtained from two sampling sites in the Bay of Muggia and the origin of some trace metals in the soft part of mussels from the Gulf of Trieste is discussed.

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Mehrdimensionale Analyse der Daten von Seewasser und Muscheln in Beziehung zu Verunreinigungen mit Spurenelementen

Zusammenfassung Der Gesamtgehalt von Cu, Zn, Pb in den oberen Schichten des Seewassers aus der Bucht von Muggia (Golf von Triest) wurde nach einer puls-inversvoltammetrischen Methode untersucht. Es wurden die Beziehungen dieser Spurenelemente zu den bekannten Verunreinigungsursachen diskutiert. Weiterhin wurde der Gehalt von Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb im Fleisch von Miesmuscheln (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck) untersucht. Die Mollusken stammen aus der Umgebung des Hafens von Triest, in der Nähe eines wichtigen Abwasserkanals. Die Korrelationsmatrix geht aus der 8 × 43-Datenmatrix nach einer logarithmischen Transformation der Konzentrationsvariablen hervor, dies basiert auf der Analyse der Hauptkomponenten. 8 Variable wurden auf 4 Hauptkomponenten, die 80% der totalen Varianz erklären, reduziert. Die orthogonal-rotierte Faktorenmatrix zeigt, daß Co, Ni, Cd und Pb an die erste Hauptkomponente, Cu und Zn an die zweite, Hg an die dritte und Mn an die vierte Hauptkomponente gebunden sind. Die Ergebnisse dieser Forschung werden mit denen vorhergehender mehrdimensionaler Analysen aus zwei Gegenden in der Bucht von Muggia verglichen. Die Herkunft der Spurenelemente im Muschelfleisch aus dem Golf von Triest werden diskutiert.