温度对一种含Re单晶高温合金拉伸行为和变形机制的影响(英文)

研究了一种含Re单晶高温合金在20～1100℃的拉伸性能。结果表明:在室温至600℃时合金屈服强度随温度的升高轻微增大,从600至760℃时合金屈服强度明显降低到一个极小值,到800℃时急剧增至最大值。从室温至800℃时伸长率和面缩率缓慢降低;在800℃以上时,屈服强度急速下降。在600℃以下时,γ′被反相畴界切割而在其中留下伸长的超晶格层错;在760℃时,γ′被a/3-112-位错切割,这是由于层错能降低而导致强度降低;当高于800℃时,位错以绕越机制通过γ′。     

Phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of as-cast Ni-based superalloy during heat treatment

The phase precipitation behavior and tensile properties of an as-cast Ni-based alloy, IN617B alloy, after solution heat treatment and long-term aging treatment were investigated. Ti(C,N), M₆C and M₂₃C₆ are the primary precipitates in as-cast microstructure. After solution heat treatment, most of carbides dissolve into the matrix except a few fine Ti(C,N) within grains. During long-term aging at 700 °C, the phase precipitation behaviors of the alloy are characterized as follows: (1) M₂₃C₆ carbides at grain boundaries (GBs) transform from film-like shape to cellular shape and gradually coarsen due to the decrease of the surface energy and element aggregation to GBs; (2) M₂₃C₆ carbides within grains have a bar-like morphology with a preferential growth direction [110] and have a cube-on-cube coherent orientation relationship with the matrix γ; (3) γ′ particles inhibit the coarsening of M₂₃C₆ within grains by constraining the diffusion of formation elements. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the alloy obviously increases, but the ductility significantly decreases after the aging for 5000 h. The alloy has a relatively stable microstructure which guarantees the excellent tensile properties during long-term aging.     

Al含量对高钨铸造高温合金显微组织和高温拉伸性能的影响

对Al含量分别为4.5%、5.5%、6.5%和7% (质量分数,%)4炉高W铸造镍基高温模具合金的显微组织和1100 ℃的高温抗拉强度进行了对比研究,结果表明：4.5%和7%的合金由于主要强化相次生γ′ 含量不足50%(体积分数),且高Al量合金的共晶γ′ 和析出的α(W,Mo)相是1100 ℃下高温强度不高的主要原因。5.5%和6.5%的合金次生γ′ 含量为56%~57%,共晶γ′ 含量为6%~12%,其1100 ℃高温拉伸强度达到同类合金最高水平,为488~518 MPa。目前该合金已用于制造1050~1080 ℃工作的大型等温锻造模具,其Al含量的成分范围为5.5%~6.5%(质量分数)。     

变形温度对GWZ1031K镁合金高温拉伸变形行为的影响

通过高温拉伸试验,研究了GWZ1031K镁合金在250～400℃、变形速率为0.2 mm/min条件下的高温变形行为.使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)等方法对微观组织和拉伸断口进行观察.结果表明,在不同温度下,GWZ1031K镁合金的高温拉伸应力-应变曲线均出现峰值,峰值应力随变形温度的升高而减小,而塑...     

一种镍基粉末高温合金的静态再结晶行为

用EBSD和SEM等技术手段研究了热变形后的某种新型镍基粉末高温合金在不同温度下的静态再结晶行为。结果表明,镍基高温合金的静态再结晶开始温度在900℃以上,合金的显微硬度显著下降;而在组织中存在的γ’相和碳化物颗粒抑制再结晶晶粒的长大,在1100℃再结晶退火后合金的平均晶粒尺寸在约5μm。     

Effect of cooling rate on microstructure and tensile properties of powder metallurgy Ni-based superalloy

The effects of size distribution, morphology and volume fraction of γ′ phase and grain size on tensile properties of powder processed Ni-based superalloy were investigated by using two different quenching methods. Oil quenching and air cooling were adopted with cooling rate of 183 °C/s and 4–15 °C/s, respectively. The experimental results show that the average size of the secondary γ′ after oil quenching is 24.5 nm compared with 49.8 nm under air cooling, and corresponding volume fractions of γ′ are 29% and 34%, respectively. Meanwhile, the average grain size remains nearly equivalent from both oil-quenching and air-cooling specimens. The tensile strength at room temperature is higher for the oil-quenched specimen than the equivalent from the air-cooled specimen, but the difference approaches each other as the temperature increases to 650 °C. The fractography clearly demonstrates that transgranular fracture governs the failure process at ambient temperature, in contrast to the intergranular fracture at 650 °C or even higher temperature. These two mechanical responses indicate the strengthening effects of γ′ precipitates and grain boundary for polycrystalline Ni-based superalloys at different temperatures.     

Effect of Zr on solidification and microstructure of a Ni-based superalloy with high Al and Ti contents

The total content of Al and Ti in advanced Ni-based wrought superalloys is up to 7.5wt.%,which makes it easier to form harmful nonequilibrium eutectic(γ+γ′)andηphase.It has been reported that the addition of certain amount of Zr can modify precipitation of the nonequilibrium phases obviously,but the mechanism is still controversial.The effect of Zr ranging from<0.0006wt.%to 0.150wt.%on solidification behavior,segregation and microstructure of a Ni-based superalloy with high Al and Ti contents was investigated,eliminating the interferences of C and B.Results show that increase in Zr content significantly promotes the formation of eutectic(γ+γ′),ηand Zr-rich phase in the interdendritic region.Besides the Zr-rich phase,Zr dissolves slightly in the eutecticγ′and obviously in theηphase.An interesting phenomenon is discovered that the Zr addition significantly increases the area fraction of liquid pools and enlarges the forming range ofγdendrites,which suggests that Zr markedly retards the solidification.Zr affects the eutectic(γ+γ′)andηformation mainly due to the retard of solidification and dissolution of Zr in them.The retard of solidification obviously increases the residual liquid fraction and undercooling.Zr can serve as a forming element for the eutectic(γ+γ′)andηphase,and the obvious dissolution of Zr inηphase significantly decreases the critical concentration of Ti for its precipitation.     

温度对AZ80镁合金高温拉伸变形行为的影响

通过高温拉伸试验,研究了AZ80镁合金在300~450 ℃、变形速率1 mm/min条件下的高温变形行为。结果表明,在不同温度条件下,AZ80镁合金的高温拉伸应力-应变曲线均出现峰值,峰值应力随变形温度的升高而减小,而塑性随着变形温度的升高,先升高后降低。结合微观组织和断口形貌可以得出,AZ80镁合金在425 ℃下具有最好的变形能力。     

High temperature deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of wrought nickel-based superalloy GH4037 in solid and semi-solid states

Cylindrical samples of Ni-based GH4037 alloy were compressed at solid temperatures (1200, 1250 and 1300 °C) and semi-solid temperatures (1340, 1350, 1360, 1370 and 1380 °C) with different strain rates of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 s⁻¹. High temperature deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of GH4037 alloy were investigated. The results indicated that flow stress decreased rapidly at semi-solid temperatures compared to that at solid temperatures. Besides, the flow stress continued to increase after reaching the initial peak stress at semi-solid temperatures when the strain rate was 1 s⁻¹. With increasing the deformation temperature, the size of initial solid grains and recrystallized grains increased. At semi-solid temperatures, the grains were equiaxed, and liquid phase existed at the grain boundaries and inside the grains. Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) characterized by grain boundary bulging was the main nucleation mechanism for GH4037 alloy.     

不同Cr含量Cu-Cr-Zr合金的热拉伸变形行为

采用Gleeble-3810热模拟试验机进行高温热拉伸试验,研究了不同Cr含量的Cu-Cr-Zr合金在变形温度350～500℃,应变速率0.01～1 s-1范围内的流变行为.发现随着应变速率和Cr含量的升高以及变形温度的降低,Cu-Cr-Zr合金的流变应力呈现上升规律.对断口组织的分析发现,应变速率、变形温度以及Cr含...     

一种4.5%Re单晶镍基合金的中温蠕变行为

通过对合金进行不同温度的固溶处理、蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究了热处理工艺对4.5%Re镍基单晶合金中温蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:提高合金的固溶温度,可降低合金中元素的偏析程度,提高合金的蠕变性能。完全热处理后单晶镍基合金的组织结构由立方γ’相以共格方式嵌镶在γ基体所组成,在760℃/800 MPa条件下的蠕变期间,合金中γ’相不形成筏状组织,但在近断口区域,立方γ’相的扭曲程度增加。在施加的温度和应力条件下,合金具有良好的蠕变抗力和较长的蠕变寿命。合金在蠕变期间的变形特征是位错在基体中运动和剪切γ’相,其中,切入γ’相的<110>超位错可由{111}面交滑移到{100}面,形成K-W锁,而切过γ’相的<110>超位错在{111}面可发生分解,形成(1/3)<112>超肖可莱不全位错+层错的位错组态,阻碍位错运动和抑制位错的交滑移,是使合金具有良好蠕变抗力的主要原因。     

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and high temperature tensile properties of cast nickel-base superalloy with high W, Mo and Nb contents

The microstructural features and high temperature tensile properties of M963 superaUoy at as-cast, as-solutioned and as-aged conditions were investigated in detail. The results show that the solution treatment at 1220℃ for 4 h,AC causes an increase in high temperature yield strength but a drastic drop in high temperature ductility due to the precipitation of both the secondary carbide M6C along grain boundaries and at the interdendritic regions and very fine γ‘ particles in the dendrite cores. Aging treatment following the solution treatment can improve the high temperature tensile properties of M963 superalloy due to the coaraing of the γ’ precipitate. One stage aging at 850℃ for 16 h following the solution treatment causes an increase in both strength and ductility d alloy M963, and two-stage aging of 1089 ℃/2 h, AC plus 850℃/16 h, AC following the solution treatment further increases the ductility d alloy M963 but slightly decreases its strength.     

时效处理对GH4169合金显微组织及高温拉伸变形行为的影响

研究了在900 ℃超温服役的试验条件下,时效时间对GH4169合金的显微组织形貌、显微硬度和高温拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:随着时效时间的延长,δ相先由晶界呈短棒状析出,然后以长针状覆盖整个晶粒。时效初期晶粒有长大现象,随着δ相沿晶界的不断析出,晶粒长大现象消失。900 ℃时效处理使得GH4169合金强化相发生溶解与转化,致使合金显微硬度从44 HRC急剧降至13.6 HRC,但后续保温时间的延长对显微硬度影响较小。δ相的析出对合金的高温力学性能有显著影响,适量的析出提高了合金的抗拉强度和高温塑性,大量析出则导致合金抗拉强度变低,高温塑性变差;不同时效处理后的合金高温拉伸均为典型的弹性-均匀塑性变形,变形断裂机制皆为微孔聚集型断裂。     

IN690高温热变形本构关系

使用Gleeble-3800型热加工模拟实验机,在温度1000~1200℃、应变速率1~80 s-1、最大变形程度为70%的条件下对IN690高温合金的流动应力进行高温等应变压缩实验。分析了流动应力与工艺参数之间的关系,并基于Arrhenius方程对所得的实验数据进行处理,构建出了该材料的本构关系方程。误差分析结果表明,该本构方程最大相对误差为18.1%,平均相对误差为8.2%,具有较好的精度,可适用于实际应用。同时通过线性回归的方法计算出该材料的应变激活能、应力指数等数值,为IN690高温合金数值模拟提供参考。     

镍基变形高温合金的热处理组织转变及金相分析

概述了镍基变形高温合金的强化方式及不同热处理制度下的显微组织转变,对晶粒度、夹杂物、析出相的转变机理以及金相评定方法进行了归纳总结,以期为镍基变形高温合金的组织性能优化及检验提供参考.     

Grain size effect on cyclic deformation behavior and springback prediction of Ni-based superalloy foil

In order to clarify the influence of grain size on cyclic deformation response of superalloy sheets and springback behavior, cyclic loading–unloading and shearing tests were performed on the superalloy foils with 0.2 mm in thickness and diverse grain sizes. The results show that, the decline ratio of elastic modulus is weakened with increasing grain size, and the Bauschinger effect becomes evident with decreasing grain size. Meanwhile, U-bending test results determine that the springback is diminished with increasing grain size. The Chaboche, Anisotropic Nonlinear Kinematic (ANK) and Yoshida-Uemori (Y-U) models were utilized to fit the shear stress–strain curves of specimens. It is found that Y-U model is sufficient of predicting the springback. However, the prediction accuracy is degraded with increasing grain size.     

40CrNiMo钢高温拉伸变形行为和组织演变规律

采用光滑和缺口拉伸试样进行不同温度(950、1050和1150 ℃)和不同应变速率(0.5、1.0和5.0 s^-1)的高温拉伸试验,研究了40CrNiMo钢在高温拉伸时的力学性能变化、微观组织演变以及塑性损伤形成机理,分析了不同应力三轴度对高温塑性损伤的影响。结果表明,提高变形温度或降低应变速率会降低峰值应力;应变速率从0.5 s^-1增大至5 s^-1,晶粒大小不均匀程度增加,材料更容易产生塑性损伤;变形温度从950 ℃提高到1150 ℃,晶粒尺寸增大近3倍;损伤经历形核、长大并形成微裂纹3个步骤,应力三轴度与缺口半径成负相关关系,应力三轴度的增大会加剧塑性损伤的发生,使得拉伸试件的断裂应变值降低。在车轴实际轧制过程中,在保证一定生产效率的前提下,可以通过尽可能减小楔横轧模具的成形角,并适当增大展宽角的方法,来降低材料塑性变形时内部各处的动态应力三轴度值,降低损伤发生的概率。     

镍基高温合金GH4169高温变形流动应力模型研究

镍基高温合金GH4169热模拟压缩实验结果表明:变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小使该合金高温变形时的峰值应力和稳态应力显著降低,变形温度会影响其进入稳态变形时变形程度的大小.基于高温合金GH4169高温变形时的流动应力特征,运用模糊神经网络理论建立了该合金高温变形时的流动应力模型.计算与实验的流动应力的最大误差为10.18%,平均误差为2.11%,该模型的计算精度明显高于由回归法建立的高温合金GH4169高温变形时的流动应力模型.     

一种镍基高温合金蠕变过程中碳、硼化物的演变行为及结构表征

通过对一种镍基铸造K417G高温合金进行760℃/645 MPa、900℃/315 MPa和950℃/235 MPa 3种条件下的蠕变性能测试,并采用扫描电镜、透射电镜等实验方法对蠕变后高温合金微观组织进行表征,分析不同条件下的蠕变机理,并对比分析蠕变前后合金中碳、硼化物的形态、分布、晶体结构,研究不同蠕变温度和应力条件对碳、硼化物析出和演变行为的影响,并揭示碳、硼化物对镍基高温合金不同条件下蠕变性能的影响。结果显示,K417G高温合金的蠕变寿命随着蠕变条件由760℃/645 MPa向900℃/315 MPa和950℃/235 MPa转变先升高后降低。760℃/645MPa下,蠕变裂纹产生于MC型碳化物的碎裂;900℃/315 MPa下,蠕变裂纹一部分产生于晶界,另一部分产生于MC型碳化物碎裂;950℃/235 MPa下,蠕变裂纹全部产生于晶界。在760℃/645 MPa下,MC型碳化物不分解,晶界没有析出细小碳、硼化物;900℃/315 MPa下,MC型碳化物分解产生M23C6型碳化物,晶界析出细小均匀分布的M23C6型碳化物和M3B2型硼化物;950℃/235 MPa下,晶界M23C6型碳化物和M3B2型硼化物长大,呈条状分布。     

真空热处理后Ni-Co-W-Ta-Al-Cr-Mo-Re-Nb-Hf系镍基单晶高温合金表面的氧化状态分析

将Ni-Co-W-Ta-Al-Cr-Mo-Re-Nb-Hf系镍基单晶高温合金试样在真空炉中完成固溶和时效真空热处理,由于设备状态或是其他原因造成试样表面存在不同程度的氧化(即表现出不同的氧化色),利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析对不同氧化色的单晶高温合金试样表面氧化微观组织和氧化物成分进行观察和测试。结果表明:单晶高温合金试样随着氧化程度的加深表面氧化物的组织状态和成分存在不同程度的变化,对于该氧化问题应详细分析原因并对症处理,最终才能获得表面质量满足要求的单晶高温合金制件。