Electroosmotically enhanced microchannel heat sinks

The present study investigates the microchannel heat sink for pure electroosmotic, pressure-driven, and mixed (electroosmotic and pressure-driven) flows. A three-dimensional numerical analysis is performed for electroosmotic and mixed flows. Electroosmotic flow (EOF) induced in an ionic solution in the presence of surface charge and electric field is investigated with hydrodynamic pressure-driven flow (PDF) to enhance heat removal through the microchannel heat sink. In a pressure-driven microchannel heat sink, the application of an external electric field increases the flow rate that consequently reduces the thermal resistance. The effects of ionic concentration represented by the zeta potential and Debye thickness are studied with the various steps of externally applied electric potential. A higher value of zeta potential leads to higher flow rate and lower thermal resistance, which consequently reduce the temperature of the microprocessor chip and load of the micropump used to supply coolant to the microchannels. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Do Hyung Lee Afzal Husain received B.E. and M.Tech. degrees in Mechanical Engineering with specialization in Thermal Sciences from Aligarh Muslim University, India in 2003 and 2005, respectively. Currently he is pursuing Ph.D. degree in Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics in Inha University, Republic of Korea. His research interests are numerical analysis and optimization of heat transfer systems using computational fluid dynamics and surrogate models, development of heat transfer augmentation techniques for conventional and micro systems, thermal analysis of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and electronic cooling. Kwang-Yong Kim received a B.S. degree from Seoul National University in 1978, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Korea, in 1981 and 1987, respectively. Presently, he is professor and chairman, School of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea. Prof. Kim is presently the editor-in-chief of Transactions of Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers (KSME), the editor-in-chief of International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems (IJFMS), and chief vice president of Korean Fluid Machinery Association (KFMA). Prof. Kim is Fellow of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).     

Forced air cooling by using manifold microchannel heat sinks

A study of manifold microchannel (MMC) heat sinks for forced air cooling was performed experimentally. The manifold microchannel heat sink differs from a traditional microchannel (TMC) heat sink in that the flow length is greatly reduced to a small fraction of the total length of the heat sink. In other words, the MMC heat sink features many inlet and outlet channels, alternating at a periodic distance along the length of the microchannels while the TMC heat sink features one inlet and one outlet channels. The present study primarily focused to investigate the effects of geometrical parameters on the thermal performance of the manifold microchannel heat sinks for optimal design. Also, the thermal resistances of the MMC heat sinks were compared with those of the TMC heat sinks. Experimental results showed the thermal resistances of MMC heat sinks were affected strongly by the pumping power, the microchannel width and the manifold inlet/outlet channel width, but weakly by the microchannel thickness-width ratio and the microchannel depth coorporated with the manifold inlet/outlet channel width. However, it was found that there existed the optimum values of the latter parameters. Under the optimum condition of geometrical parameters in the present study, the thermal resistance of the MMC heat sink was approximately 35% lower than that of a TMC heat sink, which clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of using a manifold.     

大功率激光二极管列阵的硅基微通道热沉研制

为了提高大功率激光二极管列阵的散热效率以便提高其寿命和波长稳定性,研制了一种封装集成度较高的屋脊式硅基微通道热沉.将田口稳健设计方法用于微通道热沉的优化设计,利用正交试验和信噪比分析实现了参数的稳健优化.以(110)单晶硅作为基片,采用KOH各向异性刻蚀和硅-玻璃-硅三层阳极键合方法制作出了通道宽度约为50 μm的微通道热沉,通道壁面粗糙度优于0.1 μm.采用激光二极管芯片对样品进行了封装和测试,利用砷化镓激光波长的温度漂移系数估算出了中间激光二极管的有源区温升,从而计算出了热沉的热阻.测试结果表明,该微通道热沉的单位面积热阻约为0.070 cm2·K/W,与有限元分析结果基本一致.     

A numerica1 study of fluid flow and heat transfer in different microchannel heat sinks for electronic chip cooling

Four different microchannel heat sinks are designed to study the effects of structures in microchannel heat sinks for electronic chips cooling. Based on the theoretic analysis and numerical computation of flow and heat exchange characteristics, the electronic chip’s temperature and flow rate distributions are obtained. The correspondence between flow pressure drop and chip’s temperature in the four microchannel heat sinks is also studied and analyzed. Numerically analyzed results indicate that the topological structure in microchannel heat sink has a significant influence on electronic chips cooling. This study shows various thermal properties in the four microchannel heat sinks.     

Investigation on thermal characteristics of heat sinks for power module using STM

The device that controls dynamic motions in a washing machine is called as MICOM. This device includes an IPM that controls the rotation of a tub. Also, the overheating of IPM gives cause for lowering the service life of an applied chip and is directly linked with its faults. A heat sink that is larger than the volume of the applied chip more than 50 times is installed to prevent such overheating. In the operation of the IPM, the temperature specification of the heat sink can be determined as 80°C under the air temperature of 25°C. However, the heat sink used at the present time cannot satisfy this condition, so it is necessary to redesign such a heat sink to satisfy this condition. This study proposes an STM that is able to precisely calculate the temperature applied to IPM in a system level prior to redesigning the heat sink. The STM can be considered as a model that complements a JEDEC analysis model. This model implements a parameter analysis to perform the optimization of a heat sink and verifies the priority of parameters to reduce material costs. Furthermore, it investigates a counterproposal that replaces the conventional cooling methods in which it seeks a counterproposal that performs heat dissipation in a device according to the SoC of chips and is able to suppress EMI. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Jae Dong Chung Chung-Hyo Jung acquired the doctoral degree in the Dept. of Science for Open and Enviromental Systems at Keio University in 2003. The specialty in the doctoral course was GSMAC-FEM and studied on MHD (magnetohydrodynamics). Dr. Jung joined Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. as a CFD engineer in 2003. Also, he has worked at Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology and has charged in the thermal analysis of semi-conductors (system LSI). One of the Dr. Jung’s major concerning fields is the mechanical application of Lie-Groups.     

Flow measurement using a triangular broad crested weir theory and experimental validation

The self-cleaning and semi-modular triangular broad-crested weir without crest height was firstly subjected to a rigorous theory. The main objective was to establish the discharge relationship as well as that of the resulting discharge coefficient. For this, both energy equation and momentum equation applied between two judiciously chosen sections were necessary and proved to be essential. Contrary to previous studies related to flow metering, the relationship governing the flow rate was established by taking into account the approach flow velocity. Secondarily, the device was subjected to an intense experimental program to confirm the validity of the proposed theoretical relationships. It was observed an excellent agreement between the experimental and theoretical values of the flow rate. It has been found that the experimental and theoretical flow rates are related by a linear relationship such that $Q_{Exp}=1.0057Q_{Th}$. The constant clearly indicates that the flow rate theoretical formula only needs a slight correction. The theoretical stage-discharge formula was then very accurate even no calibration parameter was employed. The theoretical development has shown that the discharge coefficient C_d only depends on the dimensionless parameter M₁ that reflects the effect of the contraction of the cross-section of the approach channel. The variation curve of C_d(M₁) showed that C_d increases in the range [0.233; 0.277] with the increase in M₁.     

Optimal microchannel design using genetic algorithms

This paper presents a novel method of optimizing particle-suspended microfluidic channels using genetic algorithms (GAs). The GAs can be used to generate an optimal microchannel design by varying its geometrical parameters. A heuristic simulation can be useful for simulating the emergent behaviors of particles resulting from their interaction with a virtual microchannel environment. At the same time, fitness evaluation enables us to direct evolutions towards an optimized microchannel design. Specifically, this technique can be used to demonstrate its feasibility by optimizing one commercialized product for clinical applications such as the microchannel-type imaging flow cytometry of human erythrocytes. The resulting channel design can also be fabricated and then compared to its counterpart. This result implies that this approach can be potentially beneficial for developing a complex microchannel design in a controlled manner. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Hong Hee Yoo Hyunwoo Bang was born in Korea on June 2, 1978. He received the B.S. degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea in 2001 and the Ph.D. degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Seoul National University in 2007. He did postdoctoral research at University of California Los Angeles, CA that involved the integration of functional biological components into engineered devices with Prof. Jacob J. Schmidt from April 2007 to August 2008. His current research interests include microfluidics based Lab-on-a-chip devices and their design optimization using artificial intelligence. Dong-Chul Han received the B.S. degree from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1969, and the Dipl.-Ing. and Dr.-Ing. degrees from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, in 1975 and 1979, respectively. He also received the Habilitation from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Karlsruhe. He had been a professor in the school of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Seoul National University from 1982 to 2008. His research interests include active magnetic bearing systems, mechanical lubrication, Bio-MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) and nano-fabrication.     

Design of a microchannel system using axiomatic design theory for size-controllable and monodispersed microspheres by enhanced perturbation

This paper proposes a general design methodology for conceptual design of microchannel systems by applying axiomatic design theory (ADT). As an example, this paper takes a microchannel system that is used to produce uniform microspheres based on the phase separation principle. There are two general design goals for this system: controllability of the size of microspheres and uniformity or narrow size distribution of microspheres. It is found that the conventional approach to this example system will result in a so-called “coupled design,” which is considered a poor design, according to ADT. This paper demonstrates how to change the coupled design for the example system to a better design called “decoupled design” (according to ADT). The proposed methodology can be applied to all the microchannel systems based on the phase separation principle and, as a matter of fact, can be used to generate many decoupled designs. The effectiveness of such a decoupled design is demonstrated through simulation.     

用于大功率激光二极管列阵的硅基微通道热沉研制

将田口稳健设计方法用于面向大功率激光二极管列阵的硅基屋脊式微通道热沉的优化设计,利用正交试验和信噪比分析实现了参数的稳健优化。采用激光二极管条对样品进行了封装和测试。利用砷化镓激光波长的温度漂移系数估算出了中间的激光二极管条的有源区温升。测试结果表明,该微通道热沉的单位面积热阻约为0.070 K•cm2/W,与有限元分析结果基本一致。     

Experimental and CFD analysis of heat sinks with base plate for CPU cooling

Experimental and theoretical investigations of the thermal performance of a variety of heat sinks have been made. The heat sinks investigated were: straight finned, elliptical finned, small pin finned, circular disc finned, elliptical disc finned, frustum finned and double base straight finned. Realistic, manufacturable geometries are considered for minimizing thermal resistance at low velocity. The experimental results of several of the simple geometry heat sinks have been compared to those predicted by a commercially available computational fluid dynamics code fluent. The parameters such as fin geometry, fin pitch and fin height are optimized primarily in this paper and a second task is carried out to optimize base plate thicknesses, base plate materials and modify design of heat sink for improving the thermal performance in the next generation. Although the performance of heat sink is good, the temperature of heat sink at center is high. In this research work, the best heat sink geometry is selected and modified in order to reduce maximum temperature distribution and hot spots of heat sink at center by changing the geometry design and adding one more base. It is observed that flow obstructions in the chassis and the resulting air recirculation affect the heat sink temperature distribution.     

Experimental investigation on critical heat flux measurement in parallel microchannel heat sink at low mass fluxes

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - Flow boiling experiments in microchannels under low mass fluxes have rarely been reported in the literature. In this study, flow boiling critical heat...     

基于响应面的伺服驱动单元散热器优化研究

针对某型号伺服驱动单元工作过程中IPM温升过高的问题,将数值仿真技术应用到伺服驱动单元散热器优化中。开展了散热器几何参数对IPM温升的影响分析,通过均匀设计和多项式拟合相结合的方法建立了关于散热器基板厚度、翅片数和翅片厚度的IPM温升二阶响应面模型,提出了一种基于响应面的散热器优化方法。利用方差分析和拟合优度检验对响应面模型的准确度进行了评价,并在CFD软件上对优化后的散热器方案进行了数值仿真试验。研究结果表明,二阶响应面模型的误差范围不超过2.88%,可以准确地拟合IPM温升与散热器几何参数之间的数学关系;在优化后的方案中IPM温升降低了5.48℃,有效地提高了设备的可靠性,为其他型号伺服驱动单元散热器及类似结构优化提供了参考。     

再生式换热器的优化设计

指出以换热器流通面积,冷、热流体的接触面积之比,和转子转速等5个特征值作为优化判据,将换热设备的年运行费用作为寻优目标函数。运用Daridon.f.Powell罚函数的无约束化极小方法(SUMT)求解。避免了直接求导数的复杂的数学运算。并附实例优化计算结果列于表中,得出多种参数的最佳值。和优化结果。     

An experimental study on the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of electronics cooling heat sinks with FC-72 flow boiling

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - An experimental study was performed to measure FC-72(C6F14) flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop in heat sinks for electronics cooling. The...     

Friction factor and heat transfer in equilateral triangular ducts with surface roughness

Experimental investigations were conducted to study forced convection of fully developed turbulent flows in horizontal equilateral triangular ducts with different surface roughness pitch ratios (P/e) of 4, 8, and 16 on one side. The duct’s bottom wall was heated uniformly and the other surfaces were thermally insulated. To understand heat transfer enhancement mechanism, heat transfer rates were measured. Smooth triangular ducts were also tested for benchmark purposes. The results were compared with previous results for similarly configured channels, at which they were roughened by regularly spaced transverse ribs in the rectangular and circular channels.     

Numerical investigation of heat transfer and friction factor in ribbed triangular duct solar air heater using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - The Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based analysis is carried out to investigate the thermal and hydraulic performance of circular rib roughened...     

A parametric study on structural effects of hollow hybrid fin heat sinks in natural convection and radiation

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - This study investigates structural effects of hollow hybrid fin heat sinks (HHFHSs) under natural convection and radiation conducting parametric...     

Influence of triangular wavy baffles on heat and fluid flow characteristics in a channel

Laminar periodic flow and heat transfer in a three-dimensional channel with triangular wavy baffles (TWBs) have been numerically investigated. The baffles with three different angles of attack: 30°, 45° and 60° have been considered for Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 1000. For a better understanding in the heat transfer mechanisms, the pressure contour, secondary flow pattern, streamlines of impinging flow, wall streamline and iso-surface are also reported. Apparently, each wavy baffle generates two counter-rotating vortices. The 30° and 45° baffles generate vortices with comparable intensities which are considerably higher than that caused by 60° baffles. At similar conditions, the 30° and 45° baffles give comparable Nu/Nu₀ values which are considerably higher than that provided by the 60° baffles, but the 30° baffles cause lower f/f ₀ than the 45° and 60° baffles. For the range determined, the maximum thermal performances achieved by using baffles with the attack angles of 30°, 45° and 60° are 2.3, 2.2, and 1.88, respectively.     

Incorporation of axiomatic design theory into design of a microchannel system for uniform and size-controllable microspheres

This paper proposes a design methodology for the conceptual design of microchannel systems by applying axiomatic design theory (ADT). The microchannel system concerned in this paper is for the purpose of preparing uniform microspheres based on the phase separation principle and technique. There are two general design goals for this system: controllability of the size of microspheres and uniformity, or narrow size distribution, of microspheres. The conventional microchannel system designs in literature are found poor according to a particular ADT design characteristic called ??coupled design.?? This paper proposes a ??decoupled design?? process which is considered better than a ??coupled design?? process according to ADT. The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of such a ??decoupled design?? process with a new microchannel system, based on the simulation of the two performance goals.     

Parallel computation of two-phase flow in a microchannel using the lattice Boltzmann method

We present a numerical simulation of two-phase flow in a three-dimensional cross-junction microchannel by using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). At first, we validated our LBM code with the velocity profile in a 3-dimensional rectangular channel. Then, we developed a lattice Boltzmann code based on the free energy model to simulate the immiscible binary fluid flow. The parallelization of the developed code is implemented on a PC cluster using the MPI program. The numerical results of two-phase flow in the microchannel reveal droplet formation process, which compares well with corresponding experimental results. The size of droplet decreases with increase of the flow-rate ratio and the capillary number. The movement of a droplet through the microchannel induces three-dimensional circulating flow inside the droplet. This complex flow is thought to enhance the mixing and reaction of reagents.