轮腿式机器人步态生成的拓扑矩阵方法

为实现机器人在核电救灾等非结构化环境中的步态规划和自适应行走,以六足轮腿式机器人为研究对象提出基于当前地形的机器人自适应在线生成步态的规划策略,通过全局地形环境中机器人对前进方向局部地形的实时识别,确定其基本地形类型,产生相应的基本步态,动态生成机器人的步态序列。定义机器人触地状态及其列矢量表达,给出机器人步态因子的分类及其拓扑矩阵;定义基本地形及相应的基本步态,给出基本步态的拓扑矩阵;在此基础上,提出基于地形识别的步态拓扑规划策略和步态拓扑矩阵生成流程,通过矩阵递推算法实现机器人步态拓扑的动态生成。     

慧鱼六足仿生机器人步态研究与实现

在仿生学原理的基础上,对六足步行机器人三角步态的行走原理和稳定性进行了分析。采用慧鱼仿生机器人包搭接出六足步行机器人,进行了一系列步行的实验。并对机器人腿部机构中的足端轨迹进行了仿真与分析。结果表明该机器人能够严格按三角步态进行行走,实现诸如直线、转弯、躲避障碍物等行走功能,具有较好的机动性。     

Static Force Analysis of Foot of Electrically Driven Heavy-Duty Six-Legged Robot under Tripod Gait

The electrically driven six-legged robot with high carrying capacity is an indispensable equipment for planetary exploration, but it hinders its practicability because of its low efficiency of carrying energy. Meanwhile, its load capacity also affects its application range. To reduce the power consumption, increase the load to mass ratio, and improve the stability of robot, the relationship between the walking modes and the forces of feet under the tripod gait are researched for an electrically driven heavy-duty six-legged robot. Based on the configuration characteristics of electrically driven heavy-duty six-legged, the typical walking modes of robot are analyzed. The mathematical models of the normal forces of feet are respectively established under the tripod gait of typical walking modes. According to the MATLAB software, the variable tendency charts are respectively gained for the normal forces of feet. The walking experiments under the typical tripod gaits are implemented for the prototype of electrically driven heavy-duty six-legged robot. The variable tendencies of maximum normal forces of feet are acquired. The comparison results show that the theoretical and experimental data are in the same trend. The walking modes which are most available to realize the average force of distribution of each foot are confirmed. The proposed method of analyzing the relationship between the walking modes and the forces of feet can quickly determine the optimal walking mode and gait parameters under the average distribution of foot force, which is propitious to develop the excellent heavy-duty multi-legged robots with the lower power consumption, larger load to mass ratio, and higher stability.     

Typical gait analysis of a six-legged robot in the context of metamorphic mechanism theory

The equivalent mechanism of the system is often considered as one specific mechanism in most existing studies of multi-legged robots, however the equivalent mechanism is varying while the robot moves on the ground. Four typical tripod period gaits of a radial symmetrical six-legged robot are analyzed. Similar to the metamorphic mechanism, the locomotion of multi-legged robot is considered as a series of varying hybrid serial-parallel mechanisms by assuming the constraints of the feet on the ground with hinges. One gait cycle is divided into several periods, and in different walking period there is a specific equivalent mechanism corresponding to it, and the walking process of multi-legged robot is composed by these series of equivalent mechanisms. Walking performance can be got by analyzing these series of equivalent mechanisms. Kinematics model of the equivalent mechanism is established, workspaces of equivalent mechanisms are illustrated by simulation and a concept of static stability workspace is proposed to evaluate the static stability of these four gaits. A new method to calculate the stride length of multi-legged robots is presented by analyzing the relationship between the workspace of two adjacent equivalent parallel mechanisms in one gait cycle. The stride lengths of four gaits are given by simulations. Comparison of stride length and static stability among these four typical tripod gaits are given. It has been proved that mixed gait and insect-wave gait II have better static stability than mammal kick-off gait and insect-wave gait I. Insect-wave gait II displays its advantage on stride length while the height of robot body lower than 87 mm, mammal kick-off gait has superiority on stride length while the height of robot body higher than 115 mm, and insect-wave gait I shows its shortcoming in stride length. The proposed method based on metamorphic theory and combining the footholds and body height of robot provides a new method to comprehensive analyze the performance of multi-legged robot.     

Method for six-legged robot stepping on obstacles by indirect force estimation

Adaptive gaits for legged robots often requires force sensors installed on foot-tips, however impact, temperature or humidity can affect or even damage those sensors. Efforts have been made to realize indirect force estimation on the legged robots using leg structures based on planar mechanisms. Robot Octopus III is a six-legged robot using spatial parallel mechanism(UP-2UPS) legs. This paper proposed a novel method to realize indirect force estimation on walking robot based on a spatial parallel mechanism. The direct kinematics model and the inverse kinematics model are established. The force Jacobian matrix is derived based on the kinematics model. Thus, the indirect force estimation model is established. Then, the relation between the output torques of the three motors installed on one leg to the external force exerted on the foot tip is described. Furthermore, an adaptive tripod static gait is designed. The robot alters its leg trajectory to step on obstacles by using the proposed adaptive gait. Both the indirect force estimation model and the adaptive gait are implemented and optimized in a real time control system. An experiment is carried out to validate the indirect force estimation model. The adaptive gait is tested in another experiment. Experiment results show that the robot can successfully step on a 0.2 m-high obstacle. This paper proposes a novel method to overcome obstacles for the six-legged robot using spatial parallel mechanism legs and to avoid installing the electric force sensors in harsh environment of the robot’s foot tips.     

全方位六足步行机的运动设计

本文对六足步行机的全方位运动步态进行了探讨, 提出了基于静态稳定性考虑的最佳步态的选择方案.就横向运动六足步行机的广义三角步态, 分析了其静态稳定裕量、爬坡能力、越沟能力等运动性能, 并给出了采用广义三角步态的横向运动六足步行机总体几何参数CAD的实例.     

教学型双足步行机器人转向步态规划方法的研究

双足机器人的步态规划包括直线行走和转向两个部分。在直线行走中,髋关节偏转的自由度被限制,而在转向过程中,最终的转向则必须通过髋关节的偏转才能实现。针对双足机器人转向时的步态规划问题,利用关节转向角进行多项式插值的方法,对机器人转向时的步态进行了规划。通过MATLAB和ADAMS建立虚拟样机,对步态规划结果进行仿真,仿真结果验证了步态规划的正确性。     

大型六足仿生平台机器人机构设计及运动仿真

在基于动物的运动本能分析后,进一步探求大型六足机器人的机构设计及直线行走和转弯运动的步态分析。基于三维建模软件NX5.0以及虚拟样机仿真软件ADAMS进行仿真,验证了大型六足机器人行走机构设计和步态分析的合理性,为后续实际研制大型六足平台机器人样机提供了前期研究和重要参考。     

六足步行机的稳定性监控系统

本文综合了各种地形条件下的六足步行机的静态稳定性方法,详细讨论了能量稳定法,并用这种方法分析了六足步行机的越野能力,研究了六足机转向时的步态选择及其稳定性,给出了六足机总体结构尺寸的一种CAD方法,设计了一个适于各种地形条件的六足步行机的稳定性监控系统。     

六足步行机器人全方位步态的研究

研究六足步行机器人全方位行走步态,分析其静态稳定性;规划了典型直线行走步态和定点转弯步态,确定了直线行走步态最大跨步和定点转弯步态最大转角;进行了步态控制算法模拟仿真及实地步行实验,结果表明研究工作正确、有效。     

Energetic walking gaits studied by a simple actuated inverted pendulum model

The mechanical structure and the joint torques configuration are the important parts in the biped robot design. Meanwhile, different walking speed and step length should be chosen to achieve efficient gait according to different need of walking environment. Therefore, this paper investigates the energetic walking gaits using a simple actuated inverted pendulum model. Joint torques and push-off impulse are both added in the model. The walking gaits with different joint torques configuration and with different combination of walking speeds and step lengths are analyzed. The results show that hip velocity direction is changed by the push-off impulse just before the heelstrike, which reduces the energy consumption of each step. The walking gait with minimal energy consumption is the walking pattern only with push-off, the energy cost of which is 1/4 of the walking pattern only with joint torque during the swing phase. The cost of transport (COT) and the push-off impulse of the walking gait is increasing with the increase of walking speed and step length. Using same value of push-off impulse, the walking with long step length and slow speed is more efficient. The paper can provide suggestions for designing advanced legged robot systems with high energy efficiency and various gaits. For example, the consideration of push-off mechanism can be used in the biped robots design.

     

一种简易足式移动机器人

描述了一种结构简单的双三角足式移动机器人，分析了该机构的行走步态及控制原理。该机构模仿六足昆虫的行走步态，具有三个自由度，分别由三个直流电机控制。电位器可实现单片机对直流电机的闭环控制，反射式光电传感器和行程开关使得六足机构自身具有一定的反应能力。对样机进行了实验，实验结果表明该机构机动性好，运动平稳。     

Gait Planning for a Quadruped Robot with One Faulty Actuator

Fault tolerance is essential for quadruped robots when they work in remote areas or hazardous environments. Many fault-tolerant gaits planning method proposed in the past decade constrained more degrees of freedom(DOFs) of a robot than necessary. Thus a novel method to realize the fault-tolerant walking is proposed. The mobility of the robot is analyzed first by using the screw theory. The result shows that the translation of the center of body(Co B) can be kept with one faulty actuator if the rotations of the body are controlled. Thus the DOFs of the robot body are divided into two parts: the translation of the Co B and the rotation of the body. The kinematic model of the whole robot is built, the algorithm is developed to actively control the body orientations at the velocity level so that the planned Co B trajectory can be realized in spite of the constraint of the faulty actuator. This gait has a similar generation sequence with the normal gait and can be applied to the robot at any position. Simulations and experiments of the fault-tolerant gait with one faulty actuator are carried out. The Co B errors and the body rotation angles are measured. Comparing to the traditional fault-tolerant gait they can be reduced by at least 50%. A fault-tolerant gait planning algorithm is presented, which not only realizes the walking of a quadruped robot with a faulty actuator, but also efficiently improves the walking performances by taking full advantage of the remaining operational actuators according to the results of the simulations and experiments.     

四足、八足步行仿生机器人基本步态及时序研究

从步态和步态时序两方面对四足和八足仿生机器人能够采用的基本步态进行了研究，根据步行足的有荷系数分别对四足和八足步态进行了分类，并比较不同步态下的速度及稳定性，为步行机器人的合理驱动和控制提供了理论依据。     

基于主动试探的微小型爬壁机器人步态控制

针对欠平滑壁面上微小型爬壁机器人吸盘足吸附失败后的自主行为控制问题,根据机器人的结构设计及运动步态特点,提出基于主动试探的机器人吸盘足着地点自主选择步态控制方法。分析机器人的三种运动模式,以及直线运动和转向运动的基本步态。定义机器人的状态矢量,建立机器人吸盘足的有限状态机模型和状态转移图,并按“就近”原则设定状态转移函数的优先级。以上述研究为基础,提出在缺少壁面环境信息条件下的机器人步态控制主动试探方法。对步态控制方法进行仿真分析,并在实验室模拟环境和实际的飞机外表面环境进行试验验证,结果表明,所提出方法对于改善机器人的控制性能和提高机器人的自主能力是可行和有效的。     

一种新型四足变胞爬行机器人的步态规划研究

随着移动机器人在探测救援中的应用逐渐增多,活动灵巧、环境适应能力强的多足机器人越来越受到国内外学者的关注。介绍一种腰部可以活动的四足机器人的设计及其步态生成,并展示了活动腰部可提升机器人对极端环境的适应性。提出三个基本假设以简化机构模型,提出腰部构态变换规则,并用几何方法说明了腰部构型变化可扩大机器人腿部活动空间,从而提升对复杂环境的适应性。另外,腰部运动与步态融合,生成了两种新的基本步态——扭腰直行步态和原地旋转步态。基于提出的两种步态,对比了固定腰部与可动腰部条件下运动稳定裕度的变化,分别计算了狭窄弯道通过条件,并分析了所设计步态对头部视觉的影响,从而证明所设计机器人具有较高的极端环境适应能力。     

QW-Ⅰ型全方位四足步行机器人的设计及实验研究

本文介绍了QW-Ⅰ型四足步行机的设计特点及其层次式控制系统结构,着重研究了以规则步态实现全方位行走问题,提出通过侧行步态的切换及触地腿的局部调整来实现沿给定路线运动的方案。完成了样机研制,进行了实验研究。     

六足步行机动力学和运动学研究

本文对六足步行机的受力情况进行分析,并在此基础上分析腿部的受力情况。对步行机和腿建立动力学方程,并对其不同的行走方式,对动力学方程求解。以两种准则,求步行机的最佳步距。文中研究了不同的步态,其步行机的最优能量分配。考虑速度对稳定性的影响,研究步行机行走时和转弯时的稳定性。     

五足步行机器人步态研究

将五足步行机规则步态分为奇异和非奇异两大类型,对步态各类数、负荷因子取值范围、稳定行走条件以及稳定裕度求算进行了分析,所得结论对于指导五足机的机构和实用步态设计有重要理论意义。     

Learning gait of quadruped robot without prior knowledge of the environment

Walking is the basic skill of a legged robot, and one of the promising ways to improve the walking performance and its adaptation to environment changes is to let the robot learn its walking by itself. Currently, most of the walking learning methods are based on robot vision system or some external sensing equipment to estimate the walking performance of certain walking parameters, and therefore are usually only applicable under laboratory condition, where environment can be pre-defined. Inspired by the rhythmic swing movement during walking of legged animals and the behavior of their adjusting their walking gait on different walking surfaces, a concept of walking rhythmic pattern(WRP) is proposed to evaluate the walking specialty of legged robot, which is just based on the walking dynamics of the robot. Based on the onboard acceleration sensor data, a method to calculate WRP using power spectrum in frequency domain and diverse smooth filters is also presented. Since the evaluation of WRP is only based on the walking dynamics data of the robot’s body, the proposed method doesn’t require prior knowledge of environment and thus can be applied in unknown environment. A gait learning approach of legged robots based on WRP and evolution algorithm(EA) is introduced. By using the proposed approach, a quadruped robot can learn its locomotion by its onboard sensing in an unknown environment, where the robot has no prior knowledge about this place. The experimental result proves proportional relationship exits between WRP match score and walking performance of legged robot, which can be used to evaluate the walking performance in walking optimization under unknown environment.