Detonation characteristics of emulsion explosives

The detonation properties of a water-emulsion explosive are studied. The shock adiabat is determined for a density of 1.38 g/cm³. The critical diameter and the detonation velocity are found as functions of the initial density of the charge and the shock heating temperature is calculated.D. I. Mendeleev Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology, Moscow, 125190. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzyrva, Vol.30, No. 3, pp. 86–91, May–June, 1994.     

MgH2型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的制备及其爆轰性能

为了提高乳化炸药的爆炸威力,研制出了一种MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药。该乳化炸药采用包覆后的MgH₂与玻璃微球复合敏化,两种材料分别起到含能添加剂和敏化剂的作用。通过研究“热点”数量和包覆材料对炸药爆轰性能的影响,确定了MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的配方。利用水下爆炸实验和猛度实验,研究了MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的爆轰特征参数和水下爆炸特性。实验结果表明,MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的铅柱压缩量为24.3 mm,达到军用炸药的猛度;与传统玻璃微球型乳化炸药相比,其水下爆炸峰值压力虽然下降了4.90%,但比冲击波能、比气泡能和总能量分别提高了7.83%、22.94%和18.32%。MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的猛度和做功能力得到了显著提高。     

Detonation characteristics of explosives

Moscow. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 69–72, May–June, 1992.     

Detonation characteristics of powerful insensitive explosives

Experimental and calculated detonation characteristics of powerful insensitive explosives are given. Features of explosives with a high hydrogen content are discussed. The relationship between the power and sensitivity characteristics of explosives and the structure of their molecules are considered. Prospects for the development of powerful explosives are discussed.     

乳化炸药复合敏化技术的研讨与应用

从敏化机理方面对乳化炸药的几种气体敏化技术进行了探讨。认为各种敏化技术互有优缺点,采用复合敏化技术可以兼取各种单一敏化方式的优点。按此技术设计的乳化炸药,形态好、性能稳定、成本适中,更适合于深水下工程爆破。     

Detonation velocity of an emulsion explosive sensitized with polymer microballoons

This paper presents the results of investigation of the detonation velocity of an emulsion explosive sensitized with Expancel polymer microballoons in a wide range of initial density of 0.14–1.33 g/cm³. It is shown that at a density of the emulsion explosive less than 0.4 g/cm³, detonation with an unstable front characteristic of liquid explosives is possible.     

Comparative brisant characteristics of some classes of industrial emulsion explosives

The four types of mixtures consisting of the two bases (aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate and ammonium dinitroamide) and the two additions (hollow glass microballoons and gunpowder) are considered in this work. On the base of thermodynamic computations of an ideal detonation and accompanying processes (shock and rarefaction waves) there were obtained not only the dependences of detonation parameters on addition quantities to mixtures, but the pressure versus particle velocity diagrams, too, which in comparison with Hugoniots relatively soft (water) and hard (aluminium) substances allowed to determine values of pressure in the shock waves being produced in surroundings nearby the end-wall and lateral surface of a charge. It is proposed to characterize the brisant effect of an explosive by a value of relative brisance which is calculated as percentage ratio of pressures of shock waves generated in surroundings under the same conditions by detonation products of the given explosive and the standard one. It is shown that the brisant effect of the new emulsion explosives is comparable and even can exceed that of TNT of maximal density. It is shown as well that the brisant ability of industrial emulsion explosives can be raised by 60 and more percents by replacing ammonium nitrate with ammonium dinitroamide and hollow glass microballoons with powders being obtained as a result of military industry conversion and utilization of munitions.     

Detonation characteristics of diluted liquid explosives: Mixtures of nitromethane with methanol

Detonation in mixtures of nitromethane with methanol as an inert (nonexplosive) diluent is studied. Ignition experiments with mixtures in steel tubes of various diameters provided information on the effect of the degree of dilution on detonability. Mass velocity profiles with a chemical spike characteristic of detonation waves were recorded at the unsteady detonation front in all mixtures studied. This made it possible to distinguish the Chapman-Jouguet state and obtain a fairly complete set of detonation parameters. The dependence of the pressure in the detonation products on the methanol concentration is determined, which is required, in particular, to find the true (absolute) limit of detonation propagation for the concentration of diluted liquid explosives using the method proposed and validated by A. N. Dremin. Some results were found to be inconsistent with one-dimensional detonation theory.     

Detonation characteristics of diluted liquid explosives: Mixtures of tetranitromethane with methanol

Studies of the nature and mechanism of the concentration limit of detonation propagation in dilution of liquid explosives by non-explosive liquids are continued. The impact of dilution of tetranitromethane by methanol on the process of detonation was studied in a wide range of diluent concentrations. Experiments on the ignition of mixtures in steel tubes of various diameter were perfomed to obtain Data on the critical (limiting) diameters. The results obtained were compared with those from previous studies of mixtures of nitromethane with methanol and nitrobenzene. Differences caused by the chemical interaction of tetranitromethane as an active oxidizer with methanol as a fuel component are considered.     

New applications of emulsion explosives

This paper considers the use of emulsion explosive compositions to join building bars and replace worn thread in the railway wheel axle. The compositions do not contain individual explosives and greatly increase the safety in explosive working of metals.     

Detonation front structure in condensed high explosives

Dzerzhinsk. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 95–99, January–February, 1988.     

Detonation regimes and Jouguet parameters of condensed explosives

Moscow. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 84–103, March–April, 1989.     

Mach-Reflection of Detonation Waves in condensed high explosives

In a cylindrical arrangement as deviced by G. R. Fowles and W. M. Isbell for the generation of Mach-reflection of shock waves in solids Mach-reflection of detonation waves in condensed high explosives with different detonation velocities is investigated. The process is observed directly by flash x-ray radiography. By means of this arrangement it is possible to generate via Mach-reflection a plane detonation wave, the Mach-disk. Characteristics and applications of the Mach-disk are discussed.     

含硝酸铈的乳化炸药爆轰的制备

为研究乳化炸药在爆轰合成纳米氧化铈中的应用,研制了以硝酸铈和硝酸铵为主要氧化剂的乳化炸药。对不同硝酸铈含量的乳化炸药爆速进行了测试,并利用差示扫描量热仪研究了不同硝酸铈含量的乳化炸药基质的放热特性。研究结果表明,硝酸铈含量对乳化炸药的爆速具有显著影响,同时也决定了乳化基质的放热量和放热速率,用于爆轰合成的硝酸铈质量分数以30%～50%为宜。利用硝酸铈质量分数为40%的乳化炸药,采用爆轰法得到了粒径为70 nm、晶型为立方晶系的纳米氧化铈。     

Using nitrocellulose powder in emulsion explosives

The paper presents results of research concerning a cost-efficient and environmentally friendly method of utilization of the nitrocellulose powders extracted from expired ammunition. The powders are applied as an aluminum substitute in emulsion explosives. Results of selected detonation parameters for prepared compositions of explosive materials with the nitrocellulose powders are presented. For comparative purposes, the paper also presents analogous results for conventional emulsion explosives, which contain aluminum as an energetic factor.