注汽锅炉烟气氧含量分析控制

介绍了注汽锅炉烟气氧含量分析仪的参数测定方法 ,排烟热损失的计算公式 ,以及分析仪的硬件和软件结构等。使用结果表明 ,利用烟气氧含量分析仪得出的氧含量和排烟热损失来控制过剩空气系数能提高锅炉热效率     

一种PECVD设备中SiH_4及N_2的气体分析方案

针对市场需求,在对数拟合的计算方法基础上,采用电化学分析,基于AduC812芯片,提出了一种应用于等离子体增强化学气相沉积法(PECVD沉积法)设备的双通道气体分析仪的理论基础。以便携式双路(SiH_4/N_2)气体分析仪——FXY02型气体分析仪为例,阐述了其系统架构、关键技术。该气体分析仪可满足各种气体分析的需求。     

天然气输气站色谱分析仪故障分析

色谱分析仪是分析管输天然气组分的重要仪器,可以更加准确了解所输天然气的组分组成并配合进行精确计量,我们公司输气站内每套输气设备均配备了各自的色谱分析仪.但是近年来站内色谱分析仪出现故障的频率有逐渐上升的趋势.降低其故障率能节约很多维修费用同时保障输气作业顺利进.文中主要阐述了色谱分析仪故障的调查、原因分析、对策测及实施...     

便携式机器分析仪

美国CSI工业系统有限公司最近推出了一种便携式机器分析仪CSI2115,据称该分析仪是目前世界上速度最快、技术最先进和使用最方便的机器分析仪,它同时兼有便携式频谱分析仪和数据采集器奴重功能。CSI2115作为数据采集器具有数据管理、计算、报告和显示功能,主要应用于对机器设     

基于虚拟测试技术的柴油机燃烧分析系统

运用虚拟仪器技术,开发了一种柴油机燃烧分析仪。该分析仪由高速数据采集卡及自行开发的控制软件组成。本文介绍了此分析系统的软件开发方法,并探讨了上止点的修正、示功图的光顺处理等问题。     

汽车柴油机用尾气分析仪的认识

从市场发展、认识、使用、选购等方面对汽车柴油机用尾气分析仪作了较详细的分析。并介绍了尾气分析仪使用经验、常见故障及防治措施。     

新型的RSA实时频谱分析仪

测试测量设备供应商泰克公司日前宣布,推出泰克全新的RSA系列实时频谱分析仪,为触发、捕获和分析随时间变化的射频(RF)信号提供了独特的方法,通过触发扫频分析仪和矢量信号分析仪捕获不到的事件,无缝地捕获和存储信号活动记录,并通过时间相关的多域可视画面进行深入分析和检修问题,满足了随时间变化的、瞬变的RF信号监测要求. 　　……     

五气分析仪在通用小型汽油机排放试验中的正确使用

准确的测量内燃机尾气排放值是研究和控制内燃机排放的重要环节,本文针对通用小型汽油机生产企业在产品试验和检验中使用五气分析仪出现的问题,用理论分析和试验结果的对比给出了正确使用五气分析仪的方法和要点,研究分析表明,五气分析仪的使用不当,对汽油机尾气排放测量结果的准确性和重复性有非常大的影响,尾气采样探头伸入排气尾管的长度及取样点前的测量管路密封性是保证测量结果正确性的主要因素;正确使用五气分析仪,能较准确的给出通用小型汽油机的排放结果。     

ZOA系列氧化锆氧分析仪──节能新型长寿命监控仪表

ＺＯＡ系列氧化锆氧分析仪──节能新型长寿命监控仪表一、概述由北京市博望科贸发展公司生产的氧化锆氧分析仪（下称氧分析仪）是一种节能型工业自动化监控仪表。氧分析仪广泛用于电力、冶金、石油、化工、轻纺、造纸等工业领域的各种燃烧控制。由于其在节约能源、减少污...     

高频燃烧红外碳硫分析仪测定焊剂中的硫

红外碳硫分析仪是基于样品在高频感应炉中燃烧后,通过红外线吸收方法测定碳、硫的含量。本文就ELTRA CS-800型自动红外碳硫分析仪测定焊剂中的硫的分析方法进行了探讨,得出了测定焊剂中的硫的适宜条件,使焊剂中硫的测定在准确性、稳定性上都取得了令人满意的结果。     

Research progress on hydrate plugging in multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipelines

The plugging mechanism of multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation in submarine pipeline is a prerequisite for maintaining the fluid flow in the pipeline and ensuring safe fluid flow. This paper introduced the common experimental devices used to study multiphase flow, and summarized the plugging progress and mechanism in the liquid-rich system. Besides, it divided the rich-liquid phase system into an oil-based system, a partially dispersed system, and a water-based system according to the different water cuts, and discussed the mechanism of hydrate plugging. Moreover, it summarized the mechanism and the use of anti-agglomerates in different systems. Furthermore, it proposed some suggestions for future research on hydrate plugging. First, in the oil-based system, the effect factors of hydrates are combined with the mechanical properties of hydrate deposit layer, and the hydrate plugging mechanism models at inclined and elbow pipes should be established. Second, the mechanism of oil-water emulsion breaking in partially dispersed system and the reason for the migration of the oil-water interface should be analyzed, and the property of the free water layer on the hydrate plugging process should be quantified. Third, a complete model of the effect of the synergy of liquid bridge force and van der Waals force in the water-based system on the hydrate particle coalescence frequency model is needed, and the coalescence frequency model should be summarized. Next, the dynamic analysis of a multiphase mixed rich-liquid transportation pipeline should be coupled with the process of hydrate coalescence, deposition, and blockage decomposition. Finally, the effects of anti-agglomerates on the morphological evolution of hydrate under different systems and pipeline plugging conditions in different media should be further explored.     

小浪底工程机组主轴密封优化

小浪底工程机组原主轴密封相关部件刚度不足,导致支持环与浮动环间隙变大,在实际运行中主轴密封漏水量异常偏大.为降低主轴密封漏水量,提高机组安全运行水平,对原主轴密封进行优化改造.改造后,主要部件刚度增加,主轴密封漏水量变小,节约了大量检修劳动力,消除了水淹厂房的隐患,提高了机组的可靠性,确保了机组安全稳定运行.     

Thermal management performance of a fin-enhanced phase change material system for the lithium-ion battery

A fin-enhanced phase change material (PCM) system was introduced for cylindrical lithium-ion batteries. Experiments were performed to explore the performance of the systems during discharging. The working time of the PCM-Fin system is improved by 75%, 68%, and 61% compared to that of the system without fins under the heat production rate of 10, 12.5, and 15 W, accordingly. Simulations were performed by ANSYS Fluent to explore the influence of the geometric parameters (thickness, length, and number) and materials (nylon, titanium, steel, Al alloy, and copper) of the fins on the thermal performance. A function considering both the improvement in thermal performance and the increase in system weight was defined to assess the overall performance. Results indicate that fins made of Al alloy with the number of 8, a length of 7.5 mm, and a thickness of 0.5 mm give the best performance. Besides, the working time of the PCM-Fin system is 2150, 2490, 2940, and 3570 seconds for the coefficient of heat transfer of 5, 10, 15, and 20 W m⁻² K⁻¹, respectively, which is increased by 14%, 32%, 56%, and 90%, compared to that of the adiabatic condition, demonstrating the effectiveness of the PCM-Fin system.     

山水气林田湖草城系统治理工程技术研究

本文对“山水气林田湖草城”系统治理的理论与工程技术进行了全面深入地研究.提出了修复山形地貌、净化水体质量、调节大气成分、优化森林结构、改良农田土质、重建湖域生态、扩大种草面积、完善城市规划的方法.对“山水气林田湖草城”进行整体保护、系统恢复、综合治理;量化生态资源的隐性价值;发展新气候经济;实施碳热氧产品交易;设立碳热氧税制度;建立经济生产总值与生态生产总值平衡发展体系;创建零碳模式;使人与植物、动物、微生物和自然环境之间,生物各个种群之间,生态诸子系统之间,通过能量流动、物质循环和信息传递达到高度适应、协调和统一的平衡状态,减弱减少自然灾害,延长人类在地球上的生存时间.     

Energy use in Indian household sector – An actor-oriented approach

Over the years, significant changes have taken place with regard to the type as well the quantity of energy used in Indian households. Many factors have contributed in bringing these changes. These include availability of energy, security of supplies, efficiency of use, cost of device, price of energy carriers, ease of use, and external factors like technological development, introduction of subsidies, and environmental considerations. The present paper presents the pattern of energy consumption in the household sector and analyses the causalities underlying the present usage patterns. It identifies specific (groups of) actors, study their specific situations, analyse the constraints and discusses opportunities for improvement. This can be referred to “actor-oriented” analysis in which we understand how various actors of the energy system are making the system work, and what incentives and constraints each of these actors is experiencing. It analyses actor linkages and their impact on the fuel choice mechanism. The study shows that the role of actors in household fuel choice is significant and depends on the level of factors – micro, meso and macro. It is recommended that the development interventions should include actor-oriented tools in energy planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The analysis is based on the data from the national sample survey (NSS), India. This approach provides a spatial viewpoint which permits a clear assessment of the energy carrier choice by the households and the influence of various actors. The scope of the paper is motivated and limited by suggesting and formulating a powerful analytical technique to analyse the problem involving the role of actors in the Indian household sector.     

The lead and lead-acid battery industries during 2002 and 2007 in China

In the past 15 years, the center of the international lead market has shifted to China. China has become the largest producer of raw and refined lead, plus the largest consumer. This paper reviews the status of the lead and lead-acid battery industries in China, including lead mining, lead refining, secondary lead production, the lead-acid battery industry, new opportunities for lead-acid batteries, and the environmental problems associated with lead and lead-acid batteries. The output of raw and refined lead has increased annually in China, and now accounts for more than 30% of the world total. As a result of a change in the Chinese government's policy regarding the export of lead, plus an increase in the price of lead, the profits of Chinese lead manufacturers were significantly reduced, the trade deficit of the Chinese lead industry increased, the operating rates of lead smelter enterprises greatly reduced, and some small enterprises were forced to shut down. At the present time, an increasing number of enterprises have begun to produce secondary lead, and the scale of production has expanded from tens of tons to tens of thousands of tons. In 2006, the output of secondary lead in China reached 700,000 tons, but outdated technology and equipment limited development of the secondary lead industry. Because of serious pollution problems, raw material shortages, and fierce price competition in the battery market, changes in the development of the lead-acid battery industry have been dramatic; approximately one thousand medium-sized and small lead-acid battery producers have been closed in the past 3 years. The output of large lead-acid battery enterprises has not been reduced, however, as a result of their manufacturing technology and equipment being comparable to those in other advanced industrial countries. In China, the flourishing development of electric bicycles, electric tricycles, and photovoltaic energy systems should provide ongoing opportunities for the lead-acid battery industry.     

生物质燃烧过程中结焦、积灰及腐蚀形成机理及其制剂开发研究进展

大力发展生活垃圾及农林废弃物等生物质直接燃烧发电和煤炭掺烧生物质燃烧发电对缓解我国能源安全问题和实现“双碳”战略目标具有重要意义。然而生活垃圾和农林废弃物中较高含量的碱/碱土金属、硫、氯和硅等元素在高温燃烧过程中会发生复杂交互反应,导致锅炉结焦、积灰和腐蚀等一系列问题,严重影响锅炉的安全稳定运行。通过系统分析生活垃圾和农林废弃物等固体燃料燃烧过程中可能的结焦、积灰和腐蚀形成机理,探讨了原料灰分组成和结焦、积灰、腐蚀形成的关联关系和预测方法,在此基础上比较了不同类型结焦、积灰和腐蚀抑制剂的作用机制及其施加效果,并对未来高效抑制剂的开发进行了展望。     

Progress in use of surfactant in nearly static conditions in natural gas hydrate formation

Natural gas hydrate is an alternative energy source with a great potential for development. The addition of surfactants has been found to have practical implications on the acceleration of hydrate formation in the industrial sector. In this paper, the mechanisms of different surfactants that have been reported to promote hydrate formation are summarized. Besides, the factors influencing surfactant-promoted hydrate formation, including the type, concentration, and structure of the surfactant, are also described. Moreover, the effects of surfactants on the formation of hydrate in pure water, brine, porous media, and systems containing multiple surfactants are discussed. The synergistic or inhibitory effects of the combinations of these additives are also analyzed. Furthermore, the process of establishing kinetic and thermodynamic models to simulate the factors affecting the formation of hydrate in surfactant-containing solutions is illustrated and summarized.     

The territorial and landscape impacts of photovoltaic systems: Definition of impacts and assessment of the glare risk

The installation and operation of systems that exploit solar energy through photovoltaic conversion, recently promoted in some European countries by new sell-back tariffs, is a relevant transformation of the territory for various reasons (land use, elimination of the existing vegetation, visual impact on the components of the landscape, microclimate change, glare from the reflection of the direct sunlight). The weak energy intensity of the solar source coupled with the low conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cells, make the physical dimensions of such systems relevant and, with them, also the environmental, territorial and landscape impacts that basically depend on the physical extent of the system. If it is well known that an incentive to the exploitation of renewable sources is one of the features of the policy of land conservation, including the one of the protected areas, at the same time the concerns of local communities and governments about the environmental, territorial and landscape impacts of this technology are increasing rapidly.Given this picture, this work is intended to clarify the territorial impacts of the ground mounted photovoltaic systems. Later, the paper concentrates on a specific impact, which is the assessment of the risk of glare by reflection of direct sunlight from the surfaces of photovoltaic modules. The methodologies that can be used to assess this impact and the outcomes of an evaluation carried out for a 5000 m² PV system currently designed on a hilly territory in Italy are presented.     

A critical review of ash slagging mechanisms and viscosity measurement for low-rank coal and bio-slags

Gasification or combustion of coal and biomass is the most important form of power generation today. However, the use of coal/biomass at high temperatures has an inherent problem related to the ash generated. The formation of ash leads to a problematic phenomenon called slagging. Slagging is the accumulation of molten ash on the walls of the furnace, gasifier, or boiler and is detrimental as it reduces the heat transfer rate, and the combustion/gasification rate of unburnt carbon, causes mechanical failure, high-temperature corrosion and on occasions, superheater explosions. To improve the gasifier/combustor facility, it is very important to understand the key ash properties, slag characteristics, viscosity and critical viscosity temperature. This paper reviews the content, compositions, and melting characteristics of ashes in differently ranked coal and biomass, and discusses the formation mechanism, characteristics, and structure of slag. In particular, this paper focuses on low-rank coal and biomass that have been receiving increased attention recently. Besides, it reviews the available methodologies and formulae for slag viscosity measurement/prediction and summarizes the current limitations and potential applications. Moreover, it discusses the slagging behavior of different ranks of coal and biomass by examining the applicability of the current viscosity measurement methods to these fuels, and the viscosity prediction models and factors that affect the slag viscosity. This review shows that the existing viscosity models and slagging indices can only satisfactorily predict the viscosity and slagging propensity of high-rank coals but cannot predict the slagging propensity and slag viscosity of low-rank coal, and especially biomass ashes, even if they are limited to a particular composition only. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of an index, or a model or even a measurement method, which can predict/measure the slagging propensity and slag viscosity correctly for all low-rank coal and biomass ashes.