Hybrid effect of nanoparticles with carbon fibers on the mechanical and wear properties of polymer composites

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites reinforced with carbon fibers (CFs) and nano-ZrO₂ particles were prepared by incorporating nanoparticles into PEEK/CF composites via twin-screw extrusion. The effects of nanoparticles on the mechanical and wear properties of the PEEK/CF composites were studied. The results showed that the incorporation of nano-ZrO₂ particles with carbon fiber could effectively enhance the tensile properties of the composites. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the composites increased with the increasing nano-ZrO₂ content. The enhancement effect of the particle was more significant in the hybrid reinforced composites. The compounding of the two fillers also remarkably improved the wear resistance of the composites under water condition especially under high pressures. It was revealed that the excellent wear resistance of the PEEK/CF/ZrO₂ composites was due to a synergy effect between the nano-ZrO₂ particles and CF. CF carried the majority of load during sliding process and prevented severe wear to the matrix. The incorporation of nano-ZrO₂ effectively inhibited the CF failures through reducing the stress concentration on the carbon fibers interface and the shear stress between two sliding surfaces. It was also indicated that the wear rates of the hybrid composites decreased with the increasing applied load and sliding distance under water lubrication. And low friction coefficient and low wear rate could be achieved at high sliding velocity.     

炭纤维增强聚醚醚酮复合材料在水润滑下的摩擦学行为

考察了炭纤维及PTFE增强PEEK复合材料在干摩擦和水润滑下的摩擦学性能,并研究了该复合材料在两种条件下的磨损机理.结果表明,干摩擦下复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率随负荷的增加不断减小;水润滑下复合材料的摩擦系数随负荷的变化不大,磨损率随负荷的增加而增大.干摩擦下,复合材料的磨损以粘着磨损和磨粒磨损为主.水润滑条件下,磨损表面比较光滑,仅有微切削的痕迹,磨损方式以轻微磨粒磨损为主.干摩擦条件下,摩擦对偶表面仅有轻微的犁沟形成,表面形成一层薄而均匀且结合紧密的转移膜.水润滑下,对偶表面犁沟较深,犁削作用明显,转移膜的形成被明显抑制.水的冷却作用使得向摩擦对偶的粘着转移明显减轻,同时由于摩擦表面吸附水膜的边界润滑作用,显著改善复合材料的摩擦磨损性能.     

Combined effects of fiber/matrix interface and water absorption on the tribological behaviors of water-lubricated polytetrafluoroethylene-based composites reinforced with carbon and basalt fibers

Tribological behaviors of two PTFE-based composites reinforced with carbon fibers and basalt fibers sliding against stainless steel under water lubrication were investigated and compared with those of pure PTFE. Results showed that carbon fibers were well bonded with PTFE matrix by dendritic PTFE nano-ribbons in a Boston ivy-like manner, but the basalt fibers were poorly bonded with the matrix. Due to the great accelerating effect of poor fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion on water absorption, BF/PTFE with the highest crystallinity unexpectedly showed the highest water absorption, resulting in serious matrix plasticization and degradation of fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion. As a result, as the reinforcement failure of basalt fibers occurred, BF/PTFE exhibited the highest wear rate. Instead, because good fiber/matrix interfacial adhesion was favor of the resistance to water intrusion, CF/PTFE composite was not dominated by remarkable matrix plasticization and fiber/matrix interface degradation, and showed the lowest wear rate.     

Surface damage of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites under reciprocating sliding in ambient air

For many technical applications friction and wear are critical issues. Reinforced polymer-matrix composites are widely used under vibrating contact condition in various automotive and aerospace applications as well as in structural engineering. In this paper, the friction and wear of bulk epoxy and unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite have been investigated under reciprocating sliding against either alumina or stainless steel balls in ambient air. The effect of sliding direction with respect to the long and unidirectional carbon fibers has been studied. We demonstrate that the carbon fiber reinforcement greatly improves the tribological properties of the thermoset epoxy: it reduces the coefficient of friction and the debris formation. It was found that on sliding in the anti-parallel direction a more significant degradation takes place than in the parallel direction. The coefficient of friction measured on bulk epoxy sliding against either stainless steel or alumina is around 0.65, whereas the coefficient of friction measured on epoxy reinforced with carbon fibers is significantly lower, namely down to 0.11. It was found that sliding with a stainless steel ball in a direction parallel to the fiber orientation results in a lower coefficient of friction than sliding in anti-parallel direction. The reduced coefficient of friction is largely influenced by the carbon fiber reinforcement due to the auto-protecting film formed as a paste in the contact area and along the wear track edges. The relationship between friction and degradation of the composite material including surface wear and debris formation are discussed based on an in-depth analysis of the worn surfaces by optical and scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and white light interferometry.     

Effect of surface oxidation treatment on the tribological performance of carbon fiber reinforced polyimide composites

The effect of ozone surface treatment of carbon fibers (CF) on the tensile strength and tribological properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyimide (CF/PI) composite was investigated. Experimental results revealed that the tensile strength of ozone and air oxidation treated CF reinforced PI composite was improved compared with that of untreated composite. Compared with the untreated and air‐oxidated CF/PI composite, the ozone treated composite had the lowest friction coefficient and specific wear rate under given applied load and reciprocating sliding frequency. Ozone treatment effectively improved the interfacial adhesion between CF and PI. The strong interfacial adhesion of the composite made CF not easy to detach from the PI matrix, and prevented the rubbing‐off of PI, accordingly improved the friction and wear properties of the composite.     

Surface Damage Characteristics and Specific Wear Rates of a New Continuous Carbon Fiber (CF) / Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Composite under Sliding and Rolling Contact Conditions

The surface damage characteristics of a continuous carbon fiber reinforced composite, having a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) matrix, were investigated under sliding and rolling contact. The corresponding mechanisms were studied by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in three different fiber orientations, namely: Paralllel direction to the fibers, AntiParallel direction to the fibers, and Normal direction to the fibers. All wear tests were conducted against smooth steel surfaces for both contact conditions. Mechanical properties under tension, compression, and shear were investigated for the material at two different temperature levels, i.e. room temperature and 150 °C. The composite material under normal fiber orientation has the lowest specific wear rate in case of rolling wear while the parallel orientation has the lowest specific wear rate under sliding wear conditions. Both results were compared to wear data of the neat PEEK matrix.     

氟化钙和炭纤维混杂增强尼龙复合材料的摩擦学性能和磨损机理

以注塑成型法制备了无机填料氟化钙(CaF2)和炭纤维增强尼龙1010复合材料,采用MM-200型磨损试验机考察了复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。研究结果表明,CaF2和炭纤维的复合添入可显著改善尼龙复合材料的摩擦学性能。其中30％CF～10％CaF2-Nylon的耐磨性能比30％CF-Nylon提高近5倍,而摩擦系数降低了约1／4．CaF2和CF增强尼龙复合材料在摩擦过程中发生了协同效应,CF-CaF2-Nylon在对偶钢环表面上生成富含钙元素的连续薄转移膜。提高了转移膜和对偶间的结合强度以及复合材料耐磨性能．     

Effect of addition of graphite particulates on the wear behaviour in aluminium–silicon carbide–graphite composites

Aluminium matrix composites with multiple reinforcements (hybrid AMCs) are finding increased applications because of improved mechanical and tribological properties and hence are better substitutes for single reinforced composites. Few investigations have been reported on the tribological behaviour of these composites with % reinforcement above 10%. The present study focuses on the influence of addition of graphite (Gr) particulates as a second reinforcement on the tribological behaviour of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) particulates. Dry sliding wear tests have been performed to study the influence of Gr particulates, load, sliding speed and sliding distance on the wear of hybrid composite specimens with combined % reinforcement of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% with equal weight % of SiC and Gr particulates. Experiments are also conducted on composites with % reinforcement of SiC similar to hybrid composites for the sake of comparison. Parametric studies based on design of experiments (DOE) techniques indicate that the wear of hybrid composites decreases from 0.0234 g to 0.0221 g as the % reinforcement increases from 3% to 7.5%. But the wear has a tendency to increase beyond % reinforcement of 7.5% as its value is 0.0225 g at.% reinforcement of 10%. This trend is absent in case of composites reinforced with SiC alone. The values of wear of these composites are 0.0323 g, 0.0252 g and 0.0223 g, respectively, at.% reinforcement of 3%, 7.5% and 10% clearly indicating that hybrid composites exhibit better wear characteristics compared to composites reinforced with SiC alone. Load and sliding distance show a positive influence on wear implying increase of wear with increase of either load or sliding distance or both. Whereas speed shows a negative influence on wear indicating decrease of wear with increase of speed. Interactions among load, sliding speed and sliding distance are noticed in hybrid composites and this may be attributed to the addition of Gr particulates. Such interactions are not present in composite reinforced with SiC alone. Mathematical models are formulated to predict the wear of the composites.     

Surface and sub-surface degradation of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites under dry and wet reciprocating sliding

The role of water on the sub-surface degradation of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite is examined. The correlation between the debonding of carbon fibers at the fiber–epoxy interface, and the wear behavior of the carbon fiber composite are discussed based on an in-depth analysis of the worn surfaces. We demonstrate that a reciprocating sliding performed along an anti-parallel direction to the fiber orientation under dry conditions results in a large degradation by debonding and breaking of the carbon fibers compared to sliding in parallel and perpendicular directions. Immersion in water has a harmful effect on the wear resistance of the carbon fiber composite. The competition between crack growth and the wear rate of epoxy matrix and/or carbon fibers in the sliding track determines the level of material loss of the composite in both test environments.     

空心微珠-碳纤维共混改性聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦学性能

通过模压成型制备了碳纤维与空心微珠共混改性的聚酰亚胺复合材料, 采用MRH-3型摩擦磨损试验机研究了空心微珠含量、滑动速度及载荷对复合材料摩擦学性能的影响, 并对其磨损形貌及机制进行了分析。结果表明: 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料摩擦学性能优于其单独填充的聚酰亚胺基复合材料; 空心微珠含量对共混改性的复合材料摩擦系数影响不大, 但其磨损率随着空心微珠含量的增加先减小后增大; 15%空心微珠-10%碳纤维(质量分数)共混增强的复合材料的减摩耐磨性能最佳; 随着滑动速度提高, 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦系数下降, 磨损率增大; 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料摩擦系数随着载荷增加先下降后上升, 而磨损率则随着载荷增加而增大; 空心微珠-碳纤维/聚酰亚胺的主要磨损机制在较低载荷时为磨粒磨损, 在较高载荷时为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮复合材料滑动摩擦转移膜的ESCA研究

碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮在滑动时形成的转移膜对其摩擦学性能有重要影响,本文对此转移膜进行了Ｘ射线光电子能谱化学分析（ＥＳＣＡ）。表明,与纯聚醚醚酮和聚醚醚酮＋聚四氟乙烯相比,碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮形成的转移膜最薄,连续性与均匀性最好,因此其摩擦学性能最好。转移膜的成份沿着其深度方向发生变化,表明此膜中石墨和聚四氟乙烯存在着优先转移。在这一研究的基础上,本文对滑动摩擦转移膜的形成提出粘着转移机制。     

Analysis of electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis of the transferred film formed during sliding wear for carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone and its composites

The transferred film formed during sliding of carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) influences greatly its tribological properties. In this paper a study on electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) for the films was carried out. It is indicated in this study that the transferred films formed of the carbon fibre reinforced PEEK composite are thinner, continuous and uniform, and have better tribological properties as compared with neat PEEK and PEEK-PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene). The compositions of the transferred films are variable along the direction of thickness of the films, this reveals that there is a preferential transform in graphite and PTFE among the films. Based on this study, an adhesive transfer mechanism is proposed for the formation of transferred films during sliding wear.     

Tribological properties of MoS<Subscript>2</Subscript> and carbon fiber reinforced polyimide composites

The tribological properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyimide (PI) composites with different MoS₂ containing sliding against GCr15 steel were comparatively evaluated on an M-2000 model ring-on-block test rig. The wear mechanisms were also comparatively discussed, based on scanning electron microscopic examination of the worn surface of the PI composites and the transfer film formed on the counterpart. It was found that small incorporation of MoS₂ was harmful to the improvement of friction and wear behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced PI composites. However, it was found that the increasing filler of MoS₂ significantly improved the wear resistance and decreased the friction coefficient of carbon fiber reinforced PI composites. It was also found that the tribological properties of MoS₂ and short carbon fiber reinforced PI composites were closely related with the sliding condition such as sliding rate and applied load.     

碳纤维及石墨填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦学性能研究

利用M-200型环-块摩擦磨损试验机对石墨(Gr.)及碳纤维(CF)填充聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究,探讨了石墨及碳纤维的协同润滑效应.认为碳纤维的加入大大提高了复合材料的承载能力,石墨的加入减小了碳纤维表面与对偶的摩擦系数,从而降低了碳纤维的脱落趋势,提高了复合材料的耐磨性.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对PTFE复合材料的摩擦面及对偶转移膜进行了观察.结果表明,本实验中20%的石墨和10%碳纤维填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好,且在高载荷下的摩擦磨损性能尤为突出,具有一定的应用价值.     

多孔PEEK自润滑材料的制备与摩擦磨损性能

采用模压-滤取和高温真空熔渍工艺制备了多孔聚醚醚酮(PEEK)发汗式自润滑材料,并分别考察了成型压力、造孔剂含量和润滑油脂种类对PEEK多孔自润滑材料的摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,压力为100MPa,NaCl的质量分数为30%,采用通用锂基脂时,所得多孔PEEK自润滑材料的磨损率最低,200N下磨损率为2.73×10-16m3/(N.m),与纯PEEK干摩擦相比耐磨性提高了1245倍,其耐磨性较经典的炭纤维增强PEEK复合材料还提高了32倍。研究表明,多孔结构能够储存润滑油,在摩擦过程中能通过发汗作用在对偶面上形成稳定连续的油膜而起到良好的润滑作用,从而大幅降低复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率。     

水润滑条件下氧化锆颗粒及碳纤维共混增强聚醚醚酮复合材料的摩擦性能研究

通过熔融共混法制备了碳纤维(CF)和氧化锆颗粒(ZrO_2)共混增强聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料,并对其水中的摩擦学性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,该混杂增强复合材料在水中具有优异的摩擦学性能,其摩擦系数随载荷的增加无明显变化,而磨损率则随着载荷的增加而逐渐降低。该材料在水中的磨损机制主要表现为轻微的磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损,碳纤维是复合材料耐磨性得到增强的主要原因,其作为复合材料摩擦面表层的主要承载相,承担了两摩擦面之间的大部分载荷,并保护聚合物基体免于受到对磨副的严重磨损。氧化锆颗粒的加入则有效抑制了摩擦过程中碳纤维的破损与脱落,从而使得混杂增强PEEK复合材料比单纯碳纤维增强的PEEK复合材料具有更加优异的耐磨性能。但过多颗粒的加入会加剧疲劳磨损,从而降低材料的耐磨性。     

Synergism of several carbon series additions on the microstructures and tribological behaviors of polyimide-based composites under sea water lubrication

The effects of several carbon series additions including graphite (Gr), carbon fiber (CF) and carbon nanotube (CNT) on the microstructures and tribological behaviors of polyimide-based (PI-based) composites under sea water lubrication were investigated systematically. Results showed that the incorporation of any filler improved the wear resistance of polyimide (PI) under sea water lubrication, but did not decrease the friction coefficient. Especially the combined incorporation of 10%Gr, 10%CF and 5%CNT (in volume) was the most effective in improving the anti-wear properties of PI. This suggested that there existed a synergetic effect among the three carbon series additions on improving the wear resistance of PI. During the friction and wear process, the carbon additions played different roles in improving the wear resistance of PI-based composites. CF with high compressive strength can carry the main load applied on the sliding surfaces to inhibit the wear of PI matrix. CNT can decrease the stress concentration around CF and further protect CF from being broken. Gr in the form of much thinner layer can not only improve the loading capacity, but also play the same role of CNT to avoid CF carrying too much load. More importantly, Gr, CF and CNT worked synergistically to condense the microstructure of PI-based composite and ameliorate the interfacial combination between all fillers and PI matrix, which well explained why the PI–10%Gr–10%CF–5%CNT composite had excellent tribological properties, even under heavy load or high sliding speed.     

碳纤维和二硫化钼混杂增强尼龙复合材料的摩擦学性能研究

以注塑成型法制备MoS₂和碳纤维混杂增强尼龙1010复合材料,采用MM-200型磨损试验机考察复合材料摩擦磨损性能。研究结果表明:在干摩擦条件下,MoS₂和碳纤维混杂可显著改善尼龙复合材料摩擦学性能,较小载荷下复合材料磨损以轻微磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损为主,较高载荷下复合材料则以热疲劳断裂剥落磨损为主。摩擦过程中MoS₂和对偶铁发生摩擦化学反应,生成和对偶底材具有较强结合能力的硫化亚铁和硫酸铁等,同时部分被氧化生成MoO₃。     

A Comparative Investigation of the Tribological Behavior of Short Fiber Reinforced Polyimide Composites Under Dry Sliding and Water-Lubricated Condition

The friction and wear behavior of high performance polyimide (PI) and its composites reinforced with short cut fibers such as carbon fiber, glass fiber and quartz fiber was comparatively evaluated under dry sliding and water-lubricated condition, aiming at selecting matching materials for the pumps of pure water power transmission. The wear mechanisms of the composites under the two different sliding conditions were also comparatively discussed, based on scanning electron microscopic examination of the worn composite and steel counterpart surfaces. As the results, the PI composites reinforced with carbon fiber have the best mechanical and tribological properties compared with glass fiber and quartz fiber. PI composites sliding against stainless steel register lower friction coefficients and wear rates under water-lubricated condition than under dry sliding though the transfer of PI and its composites was considerably hindered in this case. PI and its composites are characterized by plastic deformation, micro cracking, and spalling under both dry-and water-lubricated sliding. Such plastic deformation, micro cracking, and spalling is significantly abated under water-lubricated condition. The glass and quart2 fibers were easily abraded and broken when sliding against steel in water environment, the broken fibers transferred to the mating metal surface and increase the surface roughness of mating stainless steel. This is probably the cause of the increased wear rate of glass fiber and quartz fiber PI composites in this case.     

纤维/Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的力学与摩擦学性能研究

对比考察了碳纤维(CF)、六钛酸钾晶须(PTW)分别与聚苯酯(Ekonol)混合填充对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料的力学与摩擦学性能的影响,并探讨了内部机理.结果表明:PTW相比于传统纤维CF,尺寸细微,具有微区增强特性,PTW的填充提高了Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的致密程度,协助形成更为均匀、致密的转移膜,相比于CF/Ekonol/PTFE复合材料,有着较好的力学性能、摩擦稳定性、耐磨性,进一步改善了Ekonol/PTFE复合材料的综合性能.纤维、Ekonol混合填充PTFE,二者表现出协同润滑与减磨效应.纤维协助均匀、致密的转移膜的形成;而硬质Ekonol颗粒在纤维和对偶之间可能起到了一种第三体滚动效应,避免了纤维受到较为严重的磨损,从而提高复合材料的摩擦磨损性能.