Evaluation of Poultry Protein Isolate as a Food Ingredient: Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Characteristics of Marinated Chicken Breasts

The possibilities of replacing soy protein isolate (SPI) and reducing the amount of phosphate in marinated chicken breasts using poultry protein isolate (PPI) were investigated. PPI, prepared from mechanically separated turkey meat through the pH‐shift technology, was used as a marinade ingredient for chicken breasts at 2 different concentrations (1.0% and 1.5%, w/w on a dry weight basis). Product characteristics were compared to samples marinated with salt, phosphate, or SPI. All the 5 treatments were subjected to instrumental and sensory analyses. Tumbling yield, drip, and cooking losses as well as expressible moisture showed that PPI can be used as a substitute for SPI in brine. The sensory analysis revealed that there were no differences among treatments in terms of appearance, color, flavor, saltiness, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability of the marinated chicken breasts. However, chicken breasts marinated with phosphate had significantly higher aroma acceptability scores than those treated with 1% PPI.     

炖制鸡肉感官评价与仪器分析指标的相关性

为构建鸡肉在传统中餐烹饪方式下的品质评价体系,对8 种炖煮鸡肉进行感官评价,同时用多种仪器对相关参数进行测定,探讨炖制鸡肉感官评分与仪器分析指标间的相关性。结果表明：8 种鸡肉样品的感官评价具有差异性,仪器分析各个参数之间也存在一定的差异性;鸡肉的咀嚼性和弹性与口感（有嚼劲）和整体感觉呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,可有效评价感官指标中的口感（有嚼劲）和整体感觉;肌苷酸含量与滋味（鲜香感）呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,可评价鸡肉的鲜香感;总脂肪含量和蒸煮损失率与多汁感呈极显著相关（P＜0.01）,可有效评价鸡肉的多汁性。     

反复卤煮过程中扒鸡卤汤物理及感官特性变化分析

目的:探析反复卤煮过程中扒鸡卤汤物理及感官特性变化,以期为扒鸡的标准化生产提供理论依据。方法:对反复卤煮过程中扒鸡卤汤的稳定性动力学指数(turbiscan stability index,TSI)、透射光强度、粒径、浊度、黏度及色差值多个指标进行分析。结果:随着卤煮次数的增加,TSI值、透射光强度、粒径和亮度值(L*)整体上先降低后基本保持不变,浊度、黏度、红度值(a*)和黄度值(b*)值整体上先增加后基本保持不变。老汤整体TSI值为0.5,透射光强度为0.35%,平均粒径为25.46μm,浊度为1 089 NTU,黏度为0.42×10~(-2) Pa·s,L*、a*、b*值分别为22.63、0.61和6.48。另外,TSI值、透射光强度、色差值、粒径和浊度之间存在相关性。结论:反复卤煮后,扒鸡卤汤逐渐演化为一个成分较为稳定的复杂多组分分散体系,老汤经过多年反复使用,体系粒径、浊度和色差值指标最佳,适合扒鸡的加工及其质量标准化控制。     

Hot Processed Raw Materials and Fat Level Affect Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Ground Beef

Sixteen treatment combinations of ground beef were evaluated (two lean types, four fat types, and two fat levels) to determine the characteristics of ground beef produced from hot fat and prerigor lean (HL). Half of each batch was immediately made into patties and the remaining chub pack stored (2°C). Fat type had no (P>0.05) effect on appearance or sensory characteristics of patties; however, all prerigor fat treatments and HL reduced (P<0.05) cooking loss. Fat smearing was greater (P<0.05) in HL patties, but no (P>0.05) difference was detected after chub pack storing (2°C). The HL improved (P<0.05) tenderness in stored ground beef.     

Panelist Texture Preferences Affect Sensory Evaluation of Green Bean Cultivars (Phaseohs vulgaris L.)

The effects of textural preferences on sensory intensity and hedonic scores assigned by consumer panelists (50 preferred “soft” and 38 “crisp” beans) to green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of two cultivars cooked by 2 methods were studied. Boiled and 'Strike’beans were rated lighter than steamed and‘Mustang’beans.‘Mustang’beans were scored more acceptable for color, flavor, and overall likability. Soft textural preference panelists liked steamed beans less than boiled beans for texture, flavor, and overall likability. Hedonic scores assigned by panelists of crisp textural preference did not differ by preparation method. Selecting panelists without considering textural preferences may influence hedonic but not intensity scores.     

Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Low Fat Ground Beef Patties

Ground beef patties with combinations of 0 and 10% added water and 0 and 0.25% added phosphate were compared with controls (22% fat and 0% added water and phosphate). Added water increased thaw and cooking losses but improved objective texture measurements and sensory panel ratings (P < 0.05). Added water and phosphate increased the percentage of water, decreased protein and did not affect fat. Added water and/or phosphate resulted in higher (P < 0.05) juiciness, tenderness and overall palatability scores. Low fat patties with added water were similar to 22% fat patties. Water and/or phosphate also improved sensory ratings for texture and flavor of 10% fat patties to equal those for 22% fat patties.     

鸡肉香精感官评价研究

采用模糊数学法对鸡肉香精的感官质量进行综合评定,结果表明,一种鸡肉香精的综合评定级别为优,该方法能客观的做出评价结论。     

鸡肉火腿肠综合品质的研究

对在超市购买的3 种鸡肉火腿肠的理化指标、感官评定、质构特性、微观结构和色泽进行研究,结果发现：3 种鸡肉肠的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、亮度和白度存在显著性差异,弹性和内聚性无显著性差异,3 种鸡肉肠的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性均依次较小;鸡肉肠A、B 的理化指标测定结果相对较好,鸡肉肠A 的香味最好,鸡肉肠B 的口感、微观结构和色泽最好,鸡肉肠C 的嫩度好。综合各指标总体评价,鸡肉肠B 的综合品质最好。     

豆沙质地特性的感官评定与仪器分析

用质构仪对豆沙进行穿孔、剪切、全质构分析(TPA)以研究其质地特性。分析各质构参数之间的相关性,探索豆沙感官评价和仪器测定参数之间的关系,得出了感官评定指标以仪器测定参数为变量的多元线性回归模型。结果表明：除TPA测试的弹性、凝聚性外,质构仪测试的其他指标如硬度、黏着性、剪切力等均与感官指标有很好的相关性。除感官凝聚性外,穿孔、剪切、全质构分析3种质地测试方法结合使用可以对其余各感官指标进行预测,且各预测模型都有很高的显著性。     

配料对鸡肉丸感官品质的影响

以鸡肉为原料制作鸡肉丸,通过单因素试验和正交试验设计研究水、食盐、淀粉、卡拉胶添加量对鸡肉丸感官品质的影响.结果表明:4种配料的最佳添加量配比为:水15%、食盐1.5%、淀粉6%、卡拉胶0.6%,在此工艺条件下,鸡肉丸的感官品质最好,感官评分为7.4.     

原辅料对植物基鸡排质构特性的影响

研究原辅料对植物基鸡排质构特性的影响,以确定配料种类及用量。采用质构分析及感官评价方法,研究水、拉丝蛋白、大豆油、魔芋胶、谷朊粉、大豆分离蛋白、Tg酶对植物基鸡排硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性、外观、色泽、组织状态及多汁性的影响。通过质构分析、扫描电镜和感官评价等方法将植物基鸡排、鸡肉糜重组鸡排及市售鸡排进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,植物基鸡排最优配方为:水质量分数54.7%、拉丝蛋白18.7%(大豆拉丝蛋白添加比例60%)、大豆油13.6%、魔芋胶0.7%、谷朊粉2.7%、大豆分离蛋白3.3%、Tg酶0.3%;植物基鸡排在质构方面,超越了以鸡肉糜作为原料的重组鸡排,同时也能较好地模拟市售鸡排。实验结果为植物基鸡排的产业化生产奠定了理论和应用基础。     

凝胶软糖质构特性的感官评定与仪器分析研究

针对目前广州市场上不同品牌的凝胶软糖的质地特性进行感官评定与仪器分析的相关性研究。选用9种市售凝胶软糖,采用质地剖面检验法进行感官评定,质构仪(TPA模式)进行仪器分析,对感官评定与质构仪测定结果进行相关性分析。研究表明,凝胶软糖的仪器分析能很好地反映感官质构,其中质构仪测定出的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性与对应的感官指标有显著的相关性。选取主要仪器分析指标为自变量,感官评定指标为因变量,进行逐步回归分析,得到具有统计意义的感官硬度和感官弹性的预测方程。表明TPA质构分析和感官质构评价均能较准确地测定和反映目前市售凝胶软糖的质构。为利用质构仪测定定量表达凝胶软糖的感官质构提供理论依据。     

五种苹果质构测定方法的比较及与感官评价的相关性分析

为比较5种苹果质构不同测定方法,采用剪切法、穿刺法和TPA压缩法测定了辽宁地区5种主栽苹果的质构特征,同时研究了不同测试条件对测定指标的影响,并分析了仪器测定与感官评价结果的相关性。结果表明剪切、穿刺和TPA压缩均能测得苹果的硬度特征,并区分不同品种间的差异,去皮果肉硬度大小依次为王林 > 红富士 > 国光 > 乔纳金 > 黄元帅;穿刺法检测显示果皮对苹果质构有显著影响(P<0.05),且不同穿刺部位的质构差异显著(P<0.05),其中果顶部位穿刺硬度值最大,其次为果肩和赤道;与感官评价相关性分析显示最大穿刺模量与感官脆性极显著相关(r=0.638,P<0.01),可作为苹果脆性的表征指标;对TPA法,随着压缩形变量增加,苹果硬度测定值显著增加(P<0.05),而内聚性显著减小(P<0.05),且形变量为25%时与感官评价相关性最好。本研究表明穿刺法和TPA法均适用于苹果质构的测定,果皮及穿刺位点对穿刺影响显著,最大穿刺模量可用于表征苹果脆性指标;压缩形变量为25%时TPA法所测得质构参数与感官评价结果相关性最好。     

模糊综合评判在鸡肉感官评价中的应用

将模糊数学综合评判法用于鸡肉的感官评定,通过以普通消费者构成的评定小组进行实验确定权重分数。结果表明：鸡肉的组织状态、色泽、气味、加热后肉汤的味道的权重分数分别为0.171、0.323、0.206、0.300;通过模糊数学综合评判法,以综合值(S)大小可以更加客观地判断鸡肉的等级和优劣,从而获得鸡肉感官品质检测的简便、有效方法。     

Oxidative Stability in Raw and Roasted Pecans: Chemical, Physical and Sensory Measurements

To develop predictive relationships for sensory responses of crunchiness and rancid aroma and flavor, raw and roasted pecans were stored under two different relative humidities (55 and 65%) up to 8 mo. In response to relative humidity, rancid scores did not differ with either raw or roasted pecans. Rancid scores in raw and roasted pecans during storage most closely paralleled peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, respectively. Multiple regression models employing two or three oxidative and chemical measurements led to better prediction of sensory scores. In general, primary oxidative products of triacylglycerols factored into the models for raw pecans while secondary oxidative products of total lipids factored into the models for roasted pecans.     

基于模糊感官评价对大米感官品质分析

以7种不同品种的大米为研究对象,运用模糊综合评判法评价大米感官品质,用质构仪及色差仪对米饭品质进行评定。结果表明:大粒香米饭感官品质最佳,内优5H25最差,米饭质构特性中内优5H25米饭弹性和咀嚼性最大,大粒溪香、大粒香、金麻粘3种米饭在粘硬度比、粘性、弹性均无显著差异,且大粒香3项指标值均最大,说明大粒香质构特性最佳。不同品种米饭色差值存在显著差异。结合感官评价中对米饭色泽要求综合分析色差值,大粒香和金麻粘色泽最佳。模糊感官评价与外观品质特性和质构特性结果相一致,综合分析表明:大粒香米饭感官品质最佳,说明模糊感官评价能有效的评价米饭感官品质。      

Volatile Content and Sensory Attributes of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extracts of Cooked Chicken Fat

Volatile and sensory profiles were generated for extracts of cooked chicken fat obtained with supercritical carbon dioxide at 10.3 MPa, 20.7 MPa, and 31.O MPa at 40°C. Volatiles (318 total) were quantitated and 77 were identified. Concentrations of total volatiles, 7 compound classes, and 63 individual compounds were affected by treatments, generally increasing with decreasing extraction pressure. All extracts had higher concentrations than unextracted control. Total volatiles were concentrated 12-fold. Six sensory notes differed by treatment. Chicken fat aroma and flavor intensities were greater for all extracts than control and increased as pressure decreased. Total volatiles, 5 classes, and 42 individual compounds correlated with chicken fat aroma and/or flavor.