十二面体变几何桁架机器人运动分析

本文结合变几何桁架机的特点,研究了变几何桁架机器人的运动分析方法,导出了速度和加速度正,反解的一般显示公式。     

多孔材料性能模型研究1:数理关系

三维网状多孔材料是一类优秀的工程材料,其用途覆盖能源、生物、航空航天、环境保护、交通运输等诸多领域。本文作者根据三维网状多孔材料的结构特征,提出了综合简化的八面体结构模型,并在此基础上获得了该材料的系列性能关系。本文综合介绍了该模型及此类材料的基本物理、力学性能数理关系,从单向拉伸到多向拉压,以及传导性能和比表面积等。对该简化结构模型的根源、特点等进行了比较全面的描述,同时与同类模型进行了对比分析,并对不同性能模型及其性能关系进行了逐一诠释,其中代表性的问题有多孔体承载时涉及的孔棱细梁假设、孔棱弯曲、承载单元约束力,以及拉压性能关系中涉及的修正系数、塑性指数取值等。经实验验证该模型具有良好的实用性。     

多孔材料性能模型研究2:实验验证

在三维网状多孔材料"八面体结构模型"及其系列基本物理、力学性能相关数理模型和表征方式基础上,本文对传导和拉伸等若干性能指标的数理关系验证进行了综述。重点讨论了数理关系的实践性、修正系数的合理性、对计算结果的影响、对应致密体的许用应力取值和塑性指数取值等问题。按照这种数理关系,通过多孔产品孔率等基本参量即可计算其电阻率等性能指标,实验结果证明了其可行性。本方法可以优越于有限元等复杂计算。     

多孔材料缓冲吸能特性表征方法

分析了多孔材料缓冲吸能机理，综述了多孔缓冲材料吸能特性的几种表征方法：缓冲曲线、缓冲系数、Janssen因子、Rusch曲线、能量吸收率曲线和能量吸收图，并分析了各种表征方法的优缺点。能量吸收图汇集了应变率和材料结构特征等信息，且能够模型化，对于不同密度多孔材料吸能特性的表征具有一定的普适性。     

基于气体渗透特性的多孔材料尺寸表征方法

为了解决纳米多孔材料特征尺寸无损表征的问题,本文提出一种基于改进的过渡流态流导理论的气体渗透测量方法,通过搭建动态差压瞬态测试系统,对过渡流态下气体通过多孔介质材料的流导进行实时测量,从而得到流导随气体平均自由程的变化关系,并以此推出多孔介质材料的平均孔径。实验对两组不同面积大小的多孔阳极氧化铝(AAO)进行了测试,其测试结果与SEM图像分析结果相吻合,相对误差在8%以内。该测试方法无需提前知道待测材料的孔隙率,且具有样品无损、结果准确、大面积测量的优点,拓展了气体渗透测量技术的测试范围。     

包装用泡沫材料的多孔弹性模型

包装用泡沫材料是一种多孔隙的、呈现超弹性本构行为的橡胶类材料.引入了描述硅泡沫的多孔介质模型,针对泡沫材料弹性本构行为以及由于多孔隙的结构特征所导致的可压缩性,并考虑孔隙度对变形性能的影响,提出了解耦为等容部分和体积变形部分的应变能函数的具体形式,从而获得泡沫材料的本构方程.     

创意十二面体——2007米兰设计周精彩点将

至今回想起米兰设计周．翻看那些设计周期间索取的资料和拍摄的照片．依然令人心潮澎湃．兴奋与喜悦还能不时地把人带回到那个热闹、精彩、创意云集、疲惫并快乐的日子里。今年的米兰设计周已经从规模上超过了以往的任何一届．相应地．创意汇聚的程度也达到了几年来的最高点。“设计周”依托着规模空前、举世瞩目的米兰国际家具展，从位于市区以外西北部的Rho新展览中心蔓延到位于市中心。     

多孔材料的孔结构表征及其分析

多孔材料的研究已成为当今材料科学研究领域的一大热点,而多孔材料的研究离不开结构表征分析.多孔材料的表征常用X射线小角度衍射法、气体吸附法、电子显微镜观察法等.重点介绍了这些表征方法对多孔材料的孔道有序性、孔形态、比表面积和孔体积及孔径等的表征分析应用,最后简单介绍了孔结构表征的新方法.     

多孔材料性能模型研究3:数理推演

基于三维网状多孔材料的八面体结构模型,本文介绍了多孔材料基本物理、力学性能数理关系的推演过程。此过程覆盖了多孔材料的单向拉伸、多向拉压、传导性和疲劳性能等方面。重点描述了多孔材料内部构成的等效电路、多孔材料单向拉伸的准刚体结构受力模型和变形体结构受力模型,在此基础上讨论了压缩强度问题,并对双向拉伸和三向拉压的有关数理关系展开推演和分析。根据本八面体模型,多孔材料在弯曲等非直接拉压受力形式下的力学性能数理关系,同样可由单向拉压的推演而获得。     

Fabrication and characterization of closed-cell aluminum foams with different contents of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Closed-cell aluminum foams with different contents of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated by using modified melt foaming method. In order to effectively disperse MWCNTs, orthogonal tests were utilized to determine the optimal ball-milling parameters. The existence forms of MWCNTs in aluminum foams and the compressive properties of the foams were investigated. Considered from the dispersion degree and structural changes of MWCNTs, the optimal parameters were obtained, the parameters mainly referred to weight ratio of MWCNTs to aluminum powder, weight ratio of ball to powder, milling rate and milling time, respectively. The results showed that MWCNTs mainly existed in three forms: totally embedded in cell wall, partly embedded in cell wall and totally exposed on cell wall surface, respectively. The reasons were mainly due to the existence of defects and amorphous carbon on the surface of MWCNTs, which promoted the wettability between the aluminum matrix and MWCNTs. In addition, with the MWCNT content increasing, the yield strength, structural stiffness and energy absorption capacity of the foams increased first and then decreased. Meanwhile, under the present conditions the foams with MWCNT content of 0.5% possessed the optimal comprehensive mechanical properties and the reasons were discussed.     

Investigation into engineering properties and strength mechanism of grouted macadam composite materials

To further understand engineering properties of grouted macadam composite materials (GMCM) used as a surfacing layer in pavement, the mechanical properties and durability characteristics of GMCM were evaluated, and the relevant strength mechanisms were investigated at the micro level. Results indicate that GMCM has better high-temperature stability, fatigue performance and moisture stability than that of conventional asphalt mix, while it shows an acceptable decrease in low-temperature crack resistance due to the relative brittleness of hardened cement paste. The hardened cement paste also generates a spatial network crystalline lattice in asphalt mix skeleton to form a three-dimensional integral coagulation-crystalloid structure. This facilitates the asphalt mix skeleton and hardened cement paste to bear loads in unison and increase durability of the GMCM. Further, the fibre-like hydrated products of fresh cement slurry on the bitumen film surface increase the interfacial strength between bitumen and hardened cement paste due to toughening and bridging effects, which plays an important role to enhance mechanical properties and durability of GMCM. Finally, GMCM strength is from the internal friction of asphalt mix skeleton, the network structure of hardened cement paste and the adhesion between porous asphalt mix and hardened cement paste. It is concluded that GMCM can better meet the requirements of mechanical properties and durability characteristics than the conventional asphalt mix.     

X-ray tomography applied to the characterization of cellular materials. Related finite element modeling problems

The analyses of several materials exhibiting a cellular structure have been carried out using X-ray tomography. This new technique allows the three dimensional and non destructive visualisation of the studied materials at the scale of their cellular microstructure. Qualitative examples are given for metal foams, bread and cellular concrete. The similarity between these materials is striking. It has been measured by quantitative 3D image processing. The different Finite Element Methods available today to produce meshes from these images are presented and discussed in the final part of this paper.     

Microstructure models for cellular materials

Laguerre tessellations generated by random sphere packings are promising models for the microstructure of cellular or polycrystalline materials. In this paper, the case of hard sphere packings with lognormal or gamma distributed volumes is investigated. The dependence of the geometric characteristics of the Laguerre cells on the volume fraction of the sphere packing and the coefficient of variation of the volume distribution is studied in detail. The moments of certain cell characteristics are described by polynomials, which allows to fit tessellation models to real materials without further simulations. The procedure is demonstrated by the examples of open polymer and aluminium foams.     

Mixed-mode fracture of brittle cellular materials

Dimensional argument analysis and near-tip singular in-plane shear stress of a continuum model have been employed to derive the expression for mode II fracture toughness of brittle cellular materials. It was found that both mode I and II fracture toughnesses have the same dependence on cell size, relative density and modulus of rupture of solid cell walls, except a microstructure coefficient included in their expressions. In addition, the linear superposition principle was applied to calculate the bending moment exerted at the first unbroken cell wall for brittle cellular materials under a combined loading of uniform tensile and in-plane shear stresses. The resulting mixed-mode fracture criterion was compared to existing experimental data in PVC foams; agreement was found to be good.     

Multifunctional design of prismatic cellular materials

Low density, prismatic cellular materials have a combination of properties that make them suitable for multifunctional or multi-physics applications such as ultralight load-bearing combined with energy absorption and heat transfer. In this work, non-uniform, graded cellular materials are designed to achieve superior thermal and structural performance. A general multifunctional design approach is presented that integrates multiobjective decision-making with multi-physics analysis tools of structural and heat transfer performance. Approximate analysis models for heat transfer and elastic stiffness are utilized to analyze designs efficiently. Search/solution algorithms are used to solve multiobjective decisions by interfacing with customized and commercial software. During the design process, cell topology is assumed to be rectangular, but aspect ratios and dimensions of cells and cell walls are varied. Two design scenarios are considered – maximum convective heat transfer and in-plane elastic stiffness in the first case and maximum convective heat transfer and elastic buckling strength in the second case. A portfolio of heat exchanger designs is generated with both periodic and functionally graded cells. Both single- and multi-objective performance are considered, and trade-offs are assessed between thermal and structural performance. Generalization of this approach is discussed for broader materials design applications in which material structures and processing paths are designed to achieve targeted properties and performance characteristics within a larger overall systems design process, and process-structure-property-performance relations are manifested on a hierarchy of length and time scales.     

Failure modes of closed-cell polyurethane foams

The failure modes of closed-cell polyurethane foams were studied by applying the elliptic paraboloid failure surface criterion. A series of three polyurethane rigid foams (PUR-foams) were examined presenting different amounts of porosity from a highly porous material having a low density of 64 kg/m³ to a compact one with a density of 192 kg/m³. All these PUR-foams were of the same batch of material presenting a cell-wall density ₅=1200 kg/m³. Samples were tested in simple tension and compression along the three principal axes of anisotropy of the materials. It was shown that all three types of foams may be closely represented by transversely isotropic materials.The elliptic paraboloid failure surfaces (EPFS) for these three materials were defined from the six values of principal failure stresses in tension and compression. It was shown that the theoretically plotted paraboloid surfaces along all their principal-plane intersections were in good agreement with experiments.Since cellular materials collapse, either under elastic buckling in the compressive octant of the principal stress space, or under fast brittle fracture in the tensile octant, it was shown that the elliptic paraboloid failure surface is truncated by the intersection of the EPFS and an ellipsoid whose position and dimensions are interrelated with those of the EPFS. Again, experimental evidence with elastic buckling of foams corroborated the results of this theory.An important feature for the failure behavior of the foams was derived by this study according to which the foamed materials change mode of failure from a compression strong to a tension strong mode as their porosity is increased. In between they pass through a quasi-isotropic state.     

A model of cutting cellular elastic materials

A plane model for the cutting of cellular elastic material by a rigid triangular non-slender cutter is developed. The cutter propagates quasi-statically with Coulomb friction at the boundaries causing rupture of the cells in front of the vertex and densification of the material along the cutter's faces. Postulating a wedge-shaped form for the compacted material allows formulating a mixed boundary value problem which is solved exactly by means of Cauchy type integrals. Fracture criteria for rupture and densification processes are applied to adjust the formal solution and to find the cutting regime parameters. The wedging phenomenon with a leading crack and the bearing strain process with a built-up edge are predicted for the cases when cutting is impossible. Numerical examples with graphical illustration are presented.