钛合金/铜-镍/不锈钢焊接接头的组织与性能

采用铜-镍复合填充金属进行了钛合金和不锈钢的冷金属过渡焊接,借助扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪研究铜-镍复合填充金属对钛合金/不锈钢焊接接头微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,添加铜-镍复合填充金属后得到了无焊接缺陷的钛合金/不锈钢焊接接头.接头中形成了硬度相对Ti-Fe,Ti-Cu金属间化合物较低的TiNi金属间化合物,改善了钛合金/不锈钢焊接接头的拉伸性能.当焊接电流为182 A时,钛合金/不锈钢接头的拉剪强度最大为348 MPa.钛合金/不锈钢接头由不锈钢-焊缝金属界面、不锈钢-纯镍-钛合金界面、钛合金-焊缝金属界面和焊缝金属组成,接头中形成了Ti-Cu,Ti-Ni,Al-Cu-Ti和Al-Ni-Ti-Fe-Cu金属间化合物.随着焊接电流的增大,钛合金侧界面反应层的显微硬度逐渐增大,且反应层的宽度也逐渐变宽.     

SUS301L 薄板不锈钢脉冲激光焊接头的组织特点与硬度分布

采用铜-镍复合填充金属进行了钛合金和不锈钢的冷金属过渡焊接,借助扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪研究铜-镍复合填充金属对钛合金/不锈钢焊接接头微观组织和力学性能的影响. 结果表明,添加铜-镍复合填充金属后得到了无焊接缺陷的钛合金/不锈钢焊接接头. 接头中形成了硬度相对Ti-Fe,Ti-Cu金属间化合物较低的Ti-Ni金属间化合物,改善了钛合金/不锈钢焊接接头的拉伸性能. 当焊接电流为182 A时,钛合金/不锈钢接头的拉剪强度最大为348 MPa. 钛合金/不锈钢接头由不锈钢-焊缝金属界面、不锈钢-纯镍-钛合金界面、钛合金-焊缝金属界面和焊缝金属组成,接头中形成了Ti-Cu,Ti-Ni,Al-Cu-Ti和Al-Ni-Ti-Fe-Cu金属间化合物.随着焊接电流的增大,钛合金侧界面反应层的显微硬度逐渐增大,且反应层的宽度也逐渐变宽.     

超声辅助铝/钛搅拌摩擦搭接接头的成形和组织

借助超声波辅助的方法对铝/钛异种合金进行搅拌摩擦搭接,研究超声波作用对接头的成形和组织的影响. 结果表明,当超声波施加在铝板时,接头的钩状缺陷较高,且会出现孔洞缺陷;当超声施加在钛板时,接头无缺陷. 超声振动能够增大铝/钛界面扩散层的厚度,对接头性能的提高起到一定的促进作用. 当搅拌头转速为300 r/min时,界面扩散层厚度较薄;当搅拌头转速升高至500 r/min时,界面生成一层厚度约为1 μm的金属间化合物. 超声辅助焊接可明显提高接头的断裂载荷.     

以铝质铆钉为单元件的铝合金/钢的电阻单元焊

以腿径为6 mm的铝质铆钉为单元件对铝合金A6061与低碳钢Q235进行电阻单元焊，并利用扫描电镜对接头界面区域进行了组织观察，研究了焊接电流、焊接时间对接头抗剪载荷和十字抗拉载荷的影响。结果表明：焊接电流大于18 kA时，靠近熔核的铆钉腿与上板钢的界面、上板钢与下板铝合金间界面生成了金属间化合物层。随着焊接电流增大、焊接时间的增加，接头的抗剪载荷和十字抗拉载荷均呈先增大后下降的变化趋势；当焊接电流为26 kA、焊接时间为300 ms、电极压力为3.1 kN时，接头的抗剪载荷达到最大，其值约为5.86 kN。     

铝/铜异种金属熔钎焊接头微观组织与力学性能

采用ER5356铝镁焊丝对1060纯铝与T2紫铜进行了脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG熔钎焊,并对接头宏观形貌、微观组织及力学性能进行了分析. 结果表明,在合适的焊接工艺参数下,可以获得成形美观、连续均匀、无缺陷的铝/铜异种金属接头. 焊接接头从铜侧以金属间化合物层、Al-Cu共晶体向焊缝过渡,金属间化合物主要由脆硬的Al2Cu相组成,而焊缝区主要由先析出的α(Al)固溶体以及从其晶界上析出的网状(Al)+S(Al2CuMg)/θ(Al2Cu)共晶组织组成. 随着焊接热输入的增加,金属间化合物层厚度明显增大,而焊接接头拉伸载荷先升高后下降,这与焊缝在铜母材上润湿铺展有关. 接头拉伸时,主要在铝母材热影响区和焊缝与铜母材界面处发生断裂.     

纯铝1060/镀锌钢电阻点钎焊工艺及接头性能

采用电阻点钎焊进行了纯铝1060与SGCC热镀锌钢板的搭接试验,研究了接头界面组织,并测试了接头力学性能. 结果表明,试验所用铝硅（Al-Si）合金钎料润湿良好,焊后接头焊缝界面处产生了具有双层结构且厚度不均的金属间化合物,厚度小于10 μm;焊接电流为7.8 kA时,接头抗拉剪载荷达到峰值,约为4.72 kN,在相同工艺参数下,电阻点钎焊接头的抗拉剪载荷明显高于点焊接头;接头断裂大都发生在铝板侧,且主要在热影响区处而不在焊点处,说明点钎焊接头质量良好,但由于焊缝铝侧界面局部存在“未钎合”缺陷,焊缝界面会产生拉应力且在金属间化合物的应力作用下易产生裂纹.     

TiNi/Nb/TC4真空电子束焊接接头裂纹

采用真空电子束焊接方法对3 mm厚TiNi合金与TC4异种金属进行对接焊,添加Nb为填充金属控制焊接裂纹的形成;分析了裂纹形成机理,Ti_2Ni脆性相的形成条件,接头元素分布特点及接头力学性能。结果表明:TiNi合金与TC4直接焊接易使焊接接头产生裂纹,大量Ti_2Ni脆性相的形成导致焊缝中裂纹和孔洞的产生,添加Nb为填充金属有效降低接头裂纹敏感性。填充金属厚度为0.55 mm时获得无裂纹缺陷的焊接接头,Ti_2Ni生成焓较小,使TC4侧熔合线附近形成Ti_2Ni脆性金属间化合物层,焊缝中心组织Nb含量较高,接头力学性能良好,抗拉强度达到391 MPa,伸长率为2.7%。     

TC4/OFC真空扩散焊接研究

对钛合金（TC4）与无氧纯铜（OFC）异种金属在真空条件下进行直接扩散焊接,可形成良好的TC4/ OFC焊接接头。测量其焊接强度及进行微区分析的结果表明,随着温度升高,焊接接头的抗拉强度先升高后下降,最佳焊接工艺参数为：焊接温度800 ℃,保温时间30 min,焊接压力5 MPa。在TC4/ OFC焊接接头的界面上形成了元素成分逐渐变化的互扩散层。由元素分析和断口的XRD分析结果可以看出,界面处生成的物相有Cu3Ti2、Cu4Ti3、CuTi、Cu4Ti等金属间化合物,断口的形貌表明接头断裂主要发生在接头的金属间化合物弱结合处,结合处的孔洞与铜钛金属间化合物的种类、厚度决定了TC4/OFC直接扩散焊接接头的强度。     

电极板辅助点焊钢/铝异质接头的组织与性能

采用电极板辅助点焊进行了H220YD高强钢与6008-T66铝合金异种金属的连接,研究了接头的微观组织和力学性能.结果表明,焊接接头是通过液态铝合金在钢/铝界面处对高强钢的润湿铺展而形成的,本质上属于熔-钎焊接头.钢/铝界面上生成了由Fe2Al5和FeAl3组成的金属间化合物层.接头中铝合金熔核直径在焊接电流为14kA、焊接时间为300 ms时达最大值为9.5 mm.接头拉剪力随焊接电流的增加先迅速增大后趋于稳定,当焊接电流为12 kA、焊接时间为300 ms时达4.3 kN,比不加电极板时提高约30%.在接头拉剪过程中裂纹的扩展路径不仅沿着金属间化合物,还部分经过铝合金熔核内部.     

TC4钛合金与0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢真空热轧连接

利用真空热轧焊接的方法实现了镍作中间层材料的TC4钛合金与0Cr18Ni10Ti不锈钢板的连接.通过扫描电镜、能谱、X射线衍射等方法对连接界面的微观结构进行了描述,测试了Ni-TC4连接界面的金属间化合物层的成分,研究了焊接温度对焊接接头连接强度的影响规律.结果表明,金属间化合物层的厚度随着焊接温度的升高而增大,接头连接强度随之降低,当焊接温度为760℃、压缩率为20%、轧制速度为38 mm/s时焊接接头的抗拉强度达到最高值452.1MPa.拉伸试样断口均呈脆性断裂特征,XRD分析表明,在拉伸试样断口处存在多种Ni-Ti的金属间化合物.     

镁/铜异种金属激光填丝熔钎焊接特性分析

对T2纯铜板与AZ31B镁合金板以搭接接头形式进行激光填丝熔钎焊试验,研究了等热输入下激光功率对镁/铜界面附近物相结构、分布和接头性能的影响. 结果表明,在适当的焊接工艺参数下可获得成形良好并具一定强度的镁/铜搭接接头,抗剪强度最大可达164.2 MPa,为镁合金母材的64%. 激光功率较低时,镁/铜界面主要为极薄的Mg-Cu共晶组织. 当激光功率较高时,从焊缝侧到铜侧,界面组织为α-Mg+(Mg,Al)2Cu共晶组织/Mg2Cu+Cu2Mg金属间化合物/Mg-Al-Cu三元化合物/Mg2Cu+Cu2Mg金属间化合物;焊缝侧到铜侧,硬度先增大而后突然减小,再缓慢增大,结合面附近达到最大硬度165 HV. 金属间化合物是影响焊接接头性能的主要因素,接头在此处发生脆性断裂.     

静轴肩辅助铝镁搅拌摩擦搭接接头的组织与性能

文中将静止轴肩技术应用到铝镁异种合金的搅拌摩擦搭接过程中,并分析了焊接速度对接头成形和力学性能的影响.结果表明,静止轴肩能够增强上下板之间的材料交换,焊后搅拌区呈较大的洋葱环形貌,其内部分布大量的金属间化合物;搭接面处发生良好的冶金结合.由于生成金属间化合物,洋葱环区域的显微硬度值明显高于接头其它区域.X射线衍射结果表明,金属间化合物的主要成分是Al₃Mg₂和Al₁₂Mg₁₇.接头的抗拉强度随着焊接速度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,最大值在焊接速度为40 mm/min时取得.     

铝-铜搅拌摩擦焊搭接焊缝共晶组织形成与抑制

采用搅拌摩擦焊技术成功焊接了铝-铜异种金属搭接接头,研究了铝-铜FSW焊缝界面宏观形貌、组织行为特征及其与焊接热输入变化的相关性,揭示出铝-铜FSW焊缝界面行为演变的基本规律.结果表明,在相应的焊接工艺参数下,单位时间、单位焊缝长度的热输入越大,铝-铜界面越容易发生共晶反应,生成Al-CuAl₂共晶体组织,直接影响焊接宏观接头抗剪力学性能,而随着热输入的减小,共晶反应程度及范围减小;也就是说,热输入的减少可明显抑制共晶反应的发生.     

基于Ti中间层的AZ31镁合金/6061铝合金电阻点焊研究

通过添加钛箔中间层,研究了镁/铝合金异种金属电阻搭接接头的微观组织与力学性能。研究结果表明,添加0.2mm厚度钛箔中间层可以大幅提高镁/铝异种金属电阻点焊接头的结合强度,接头的最大拉剪力随焊接电流的增大先增大后减小;当焊接电流为14kA时,最大拉剪力达到最大为2.2kN。铝钛界面处有TiAl₃生成,接头断裂在镁侧热影响区上,经过换算接头的剪切强度能够达到156MPa。通过SEM和EDS分析,添加钛中间层阻断了镁合金和铝合金的相互扩散,钛中间层阻碍了Mg-Al金属间化合物的生成,从而大大提高接头的结合强度。     

Effect of interlayer on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Ti ultrasonic welds

Joints of Al6061 and Ti6Al4?V alloys with pure Al-particle interlayers were conducted using ultrasonic spot welding. The microstructure, hardness, lap shear strength and fracture energy were measured for different welding energies. With increasing welding energy delivered through the sonotrode, the lap shear strength of the joints increased, reaching about 106?MPa at a welding energy of 1100?J, at which failure occurred in the pull-out mode. In the weld region, the hardness of Al6061 alloy increased with increasing weld energy, whereas the hardness of Ti6Al4?V did not change discernibly. No brittle intermetallic compounds were observed in the joints. Moreover, two simple mechanisms were described for the formation of ultrasonic spot-welded Al–Ti joints with and without the pure Al interlayer.     

Microstructure,static and fatigue properties of refill friction stir spot welded 7075-T6 aluminium alloy using a modified tool

ABSTRACT

Defect-free joints were produced in 2.0?mm thick 7075-T6 Al alloy by refill friction stir spot welding using a modified tool. Weld performance was evaluated in terms of microstructure, interfacial bonding, hardness, static and fatigue strength based on the experimental observations. The results indicated that grain size, interfacial bonding quality and lap shear strength significantly depend on sleeve penetration depth (SPD), with sufficient interfacial bonding and stable lap shear strength achieved when SPD?≥?1.8?mm. The SPD and applied load played a dominant role in determining the static lap shear and fatigue failure mechanisms, respectively. More precisely, the lap shear failure mode was an interfacial failure when SPD?≤?1.8?mm, and nugget pullout when SPD?≥?2.0?mm. The fatigue fracture mode involved nugget pullout under high applied load, while fracture through the parent sheet occurs under medium and lower applied loads.     

镁铝异种金属搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头组织与性能分析

采用搅拌摩擦焊技术对异种金属铝合金5083和镁合金AZ31进行了搭接焊试验.对接头的力学性能、组织形貌及断口形貌进行了观察和分析.结果表明,在铝板置于上层、搅拌针长度小于铝板板厚的情况下,使用合适的工艺参数,这两种轻合金可以获得抗剪性能良好、界面结合紧密、无缺陷的搭接接头,从而使镁板和铝板通过由一定金属间化合物组成的界面区过渡层形成了良好的连接;接头都断裂于界面结合处,铝侧是由塑性撕裂导致的"小坑"组成,而镁侧主要为河流状花样;在界面中心区出现了明显的硬度升高现象.     

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Cu–Al joints by ultrasonic welding

Dissimilar joints of copper to aluminium were produced by high power ultrasonic welding (USW). The interfacial reaction between copper and 6061 aluminium alloy as a function of welding time was studied. The intermetallic compound (IMC) layer is mainly composed of CuAl₂ and Cu₉Al₄. The thickness of the IMC layer increases with the welding time. For a relatively long welding time (0·7 s) in USW, the dendritic solidification microstructure was observed in local regions, owing to the occurrence of the eutectic reaction, α-Al+θ→L, in the welding process. The lap shear load (or strength) of the joints first increases and then decreases with increasing welding time, and the failure of the joints occurred dominantly at the interface. This is mainly attributed to the development of IMC layer at the interface.     

Effect of pin rotating speed on lap shear strength of stationary shoulder friction stir lap welded 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy

Stationary shoulder friction stir lap welding (SSFSLW) was successfully used to weld 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy in this paper.Effect of pin rotating speed on cross section morphologies and lap shear strength of the SSFSLW joints were mainly discussed.Results show that joints without flash and shoulder marks can be obtained by the stationary shoulder.Cross section of the SSFSLW joint presents a basin-like morphology and little material loss.By increasing the rotating speed from 1 000 rpm to 1 600 rpm,both effective sheet thickness and lap width increase,while lap shear failure load firstly decreases and then increases.The maximum failure load of 14.05 kN is attained when 1 000 rpm is used.All SSFSLW joints present shear fracture mode.     

Comparative study of fatigue behaviour in dissimilar Al alloy/steel and Mg alloy/steel friction stir spot welds fabricated by scroll grooved tool without probe

Abstract

Aluminium alloy A6061-T6 or magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet was welded to steel sheet by a friction stir spot welding technique using a scroll grooved tool without a probe. The material flow in the nugget of the Mg/steel weld was less than that in the Al/steel one. The Al/steel weld exhibited higher static tensile–shear strength than the Al/Al weld, while the strengths of Mg/steel and Mg/Mg welds were comparable. Tensile–shear fatigue tests were performed using lap shear specimens of both dissimilar and similar welds. The dissimilar welds exhibited nearly the same fatigue strengths as the similar ones. The effective nugget size in the dissimilar welds was defined as the area where Al or Mg alloy remained on the steel side after static fracture. When the fatigue strengths of dissimilar welds were evaluated based on the effective nugget size, the normalised fatigue strengths of Al/steel and Mg/steel welds were comparable.