复合材料层合板多尺度交互渐进损伤分析

纤维增强复合材料强度的准确表征是复合材料力学性能研究的核心问题之一。该文以碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板为研究对象,基于宏观-细观多尺度分析方法,根据复合材料的物理失效模式分别给出了基体和纤维的细观失效准则,同时考虑基体失效对复合材料层合板纤维轴向力学性能的影响。提出了新的刚度退化方式,可准确表征复合材料层合板的损伤演化过程,开展了复合材料层合板四点弯模型的多尺度交互渐进损伤分析和试验验证。结果表明:基于多尺度方法的复合材料层合板宏-细观交互渐进损伤分析结果与试验结果吻合较好,新的刚度退化方式可以准确模拟层合板的失效过程。     

二维编织陶瓷基复合材料偏轴拉伸力学性能预测

基于二维编织C/SiC复合材料的细观结构,建立了碳纤维丝/热解碳界面/SiC基体和纤维束/表层SiC基体两种尺度下的细观单胞模型,通过有限元方法计算碳纤维丝/热解碳界面/SiC基体模型的等效弹性常数和强度,然后代入纤维束/表层SiC基体模型中计算,并引入Tsai-Wu失效准则,考虑不同失效模式的损伤,建立了二维编织C/SiC复合材料的渐进损伤模型,模拟了其偏轴拉伸应力-应变行为。针对该模型,阐述了二维编织C/SiC复合材料单胞模型在复杂应力状态下其纤维束的损伤过程。数值模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,验证了模型的有效性,为该种材料的力学性能分析提供了一种有效方法。     

基于单胞解析模型的复合材料层合板渐进损伤数值分析

基于单胞解析模型,建立一种从复合材料细观组分到宏观层合板的渐进损伤分析模型。根据连续介质力学和均匀化方法构建细-宏观关联矩阵,通过该矩阵将细观组分材料的弹性和损伤性能传递到宏观复合材料中。该模型只需给出纤维和基体的材料属性及纤维体积含量无需层合板的弹性和强度参数,通过组分材料的损伤失效判据确定其是否损伤,如果发生损伤则用损伤因子折算成相应的刚度衰减。通过用户材料子程序UMAT 及VUMAT将单胞解析模型以及损伤理论嵌入到有限元软件ABAQUS 中,对开孔复合材料层合板的渐进损伤过程进行模拟,预测了层合板强度。结果表明:预报的强度与试验值吻合较好,验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于均匀化方法的节理岩体等效弹性性能预测

假定节理岩体具有均质的宏观结构和非均质的周期性分布的细观结构,利用均匀化方法,根据材料周期性特点,通过摄动理论建立依赖于两尺度坐标变量而变化的渐进位移场,推导出反映节理岩体细观结构的控制方程,并结合有限元法,数值模拟得到其宏观等效弹性模量。将算例得到的等效弹性模量与Taylor方法、自洽方法及Hashin-Shtrikman结果进行对比分析,证实了均匀化算法的合理性。同时探讨了节理岩体的弹性性能与组份性能及细观结构的关系,并考察了节理岩体的岩质材料泊松比对宏观力学性能的影响。     

基于双重网格的混凝土自适应宏细观协同有限元分析方法

混凝土损伤开裂表现出明显的跨尺度特征,其演化过程与细观材料结构直接相关。如何在兼顾效率和精度前提下分析混凝土损伤开裂的跨尺度演化过程一直是比较棘手的问题。在假定处于弹性阶段的混凝土为宏观均匀材料和处于损伤开裂阶段的混凝土为细观非均匀材料的基础上,提出了一种基于双重网格的混凝土自适应宏细观协同有限元分析方法。该方法通过在分析域内布置宏细观双重网格分别建立宏观尺度和细观尺度有限元计算模型,通过宏观尺度至细观尺度的自适应转换在分析过程中动态确定宏细观协同分析的宏观区域和细观区域,通过基于形函数插值的多点位移约束实现宏细观协同有限元模型中的非协调重叠网格连接。算例分析表明,采用该文方法不仅可通过考虑损伤开裂区的细观材料结构保证模拟精度,亦可通过在分析中自适应确定细观尺度分析区域提高模拟效率。     

三维多向编织复合材料非线性本构行为的细观数值模拟

针对三维多向编织复合材料, 在已建立的单胞几何模型及材料力学性能细观计算力学分析方法的基础上,引入M urakam i 的几何损伤理论模拟纤维束的细观损伤行为, 建立了预报该类材料非线性本构行为数值模拟及细观损伤机理的有限元分析方法。结合实例预报了碳/环氧四向编织复合材料本构的非线性行为, 并与实验结果进行了对比。      

纤维复合材料电磁屏蔽效能分层多尺度计算

为建立复合材料宏细观尺度之间电磁响应的关联性,将分层多尺度计算方法应用于纤维复合材料电磁屏蔽效能计算。为准确描述复合材料宏细观之间的联系,以电磁屏蔽效能为衡量标准,确定了复合材料细观结构的代表性体积单元(RVE)。根据电磁场媒质本构方程计算了RVE的等效电磁参数。采用分层多尺度方法计算复合材料宏观构件的电磁屏蔽效能。结果表明工作频率越高则复合材料的RVE越小;所设计的纤维复合材料结构在工作频率2～18GHz范围内具有38dB以上的电磁屏蔽效能,且电磁屏蔽效能随工作频率增加而下降。研究方法适用于求解细观结构相分散均匀或分布有规律的任意形状复合材料宏观构件电磁屏蔽效能。     

弹塑性多尺度分析的实现及其在颗粒增强复合材料中的应用

基于满足周期性假设和尺度分离假设的渐进展开均匀化原理,应用商业有限元软件ABAQUS实现了快速识别颗粒增强复合材料的等效弹性参数,及获取其宏-细观尺度下的非线性应力应变场信息。在细观尺度上,为了更好地逼近实际的复合材料结构,其增强颗粒采用不同直径和随机分布的球形进行近似。通过对不同颗粒含量的等效弹性参数的误差分析,证明了细观模型构造的合理性。此外,通过宏-细观尺度间的耦合机制,利用ABAQUS多个用户自定义子程序,实现了颗粒增强复合材料的非线性多尺度耦合分析,并提出了一套加速算法。最后据此研究了颗粒增强材料细观模型塑性演化过程对宏观力学性能的影响。由于编写的程序及分析的思路具有良好的通用性,这一工作为研究颗粒增强及其它复合材料的宏观力学性能提供了有益的参考。     

复合材料及其结构塑性极限载荷的上限分析

从细观和宏观两个角度研究复合材料及其结构的塑性极限承载问题。在细观角度上,从基于材料细观结构代表性胞元出发,根据塑性极限分析中的上限理论,借助于均匀化理论和有限元方法,建立复合材料强度参数计算的有限元数学规划格式。在此基础上,模拟复合材料的屈服面,进而拟合出复合材料的屈服准则。在宏观角度上,针对由复合材料构成的结构,根据数值模拟得到的屈服准则,利用上限分析方法计算得到复合材料结构的极限载荷。     

数值模拟中细观泡孔构型对硅橡胶泡沫材料力学性能的影响

基于有限元方法模拟准静态单轴压缩过程中硅橡胶泡沫材料的力学响应,并基于硅橡胶泡沫材料的泡孔特征,建立具有均匀分布且球孔尺寸一致的周期性物理模型,采用多尺度结合有限元数值方法进行模拟。根据已有的实验数据,拟合了实体硅橡胶材料的唯像本构方程。多尺度模拟研究中,建立了四种不同的细观泡孔单元,模拟了四种细观泡孔单元在准静态单轴压缩条件下的力学响应。模拟结果表明,四种细观泡孔单元均具有典型的超弹性力学特性,不同泡孔构型能造成细观模型力学响应的显著差异,四种细观泡孔单元中应力最大差值超过300%。细观模型的力学性能通过数据传递机制传输到均匀化的宏观模型后,采用有限元方法对宏观模型进行数值模拟。结果表明:宏观模型具有典型的超弹性力学特性,不同的细观泡孔构型能导致宏观模型力学响应的显著差异,其中应力最大差值超过300%。     

Multiscale analysis of stiffness and fracture of nanoparticle-reinforced composites using micromechanics and global–local finite element models

A combined micromechanics analysis and global–local finite element method is proposed to study the interaction of particles and matrix at the nano-scale near a crack tip. An analytical model is used to obtain the effective elastic modulus of nanoparticle-reinforced composites, then a global–local multi-scale finite element model with effective homogeneous material properties is used to study the fracture of a compact tension sample. For SiO₂ particle-reinforced epoxy composites with various volume fractions, the simulation results for effective elastic modulus, fracture toughness, and critical strain energy release rate show good agreement with previously published experimental data. It is demonstrated that the proposed parametric multi-scale model can be used to efficiently study the toughness mechanisms at both the macro and nano-scale.     

TiCp/W复合材料热冲击损伤行为的数值模拟

为了揭示TiC颗粒增强的钨基复合材料（TiCp/W)高温下的失效规律,采用有限元方法从宏观和微观两个方面对该复合材料在氧乙炔冲击中的损伤行为进行了数值模拟,模拟结果表明,复合材料试样宏观损伤行为是裂纹在试样周边萌生,沿径向向心部扩展,微结构损伤行为是微裂纹在TiCp/W界面附近产生,而生在基体中扩展,TiC颗粒含量越高,复合材料超易损伤。TiC颗粒没有阻止裂纹扩展的作用,在基体中增加TiC反而会降低材料的抗热冲击性能。复合材料非稳态温度场的模拟结果,材料的宏观与微观损伤行为的模拟结果都与实验结果吻合。     

A Modeling Approach Across Length Scales for Progressive Failure Analysis of Woven Composites

This paper presents a multiscale modeling approach for the progressive failure analysis of carbon-fiber-reinforced woven composite materials. Hierarchical models of woven composites at three different length scales (micro, meso, and macro) were developed according to their unique geometrical and material characteristics. A novel strategy of two-way information transfer is developed for the multiscale analysis of woven composites. In this strategy, the macroscopic effective material properties are obtained from property homogenizations at micro and meso scales and the stresses at three length scales are computed with stress amplification method from macroscale to microscale. By means of the two-way information transfer, the micro, meso and macro structural characterizations of composites are carried out so that the micromechanisms of damage and their interactions are successfully investigated in a single macro model. In addition, both the nucleation and growth of damages are tracked during the progressive failure analysis. A continuum damage mechanics (CDM) method is used for post-failure modeling. The material stiffness, tensile strength and damage patterns of an open-hole woven composite laminate are predicted with the proposed multiscale method. The predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Coupled multi‐scale cohesive modeling of failure in heterogeneous adhesives

A multi‐scale cohesive numerical framework is proposed to simulate the failure of heterogeneous adhesively bonded systems. This multi‐scale scheme is based on Hill's variational principle of energy equivalence between the higher and lower level scales. It provides an easy way to obtain accurate homogenized macroscopic properties while capturing the physics of failure processes at the micro‐scale in sufficient detail. We use an isotropic rate‐dependent damage model to mimic the failure response of the constituents of heterogeneous adhesives. The finite element method is used to solve the equilibrium equation at each scale. A nested iterative scheme inspired by the return mapping algorithm used in computational inelasticity is implemented. We propose a computationally attractive technique to couple the macro‐ and micro‐scales for rate‐dependent constitutive laws. We introduce an adhesive patch test to study the numerical performance, including spatial and temporal convergence of the multi‐scale scheme. We compare the solution of the multi‐scale cohesive scheme with a direct numerical simulation. Finally, we solve mode I and mode II fracture problems to demonstrate failure at the macro‐scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宏微观双尺度运动裂纹模型面内拉伸下的解析解*

研究裂纹动态扩展中宏微观因素相互作用机制与微观裂尖区的钝化效应。平面拉伸状态下,宏观主裂纹以恒定速度运动。通过一个介观约束应力过渡区,将宏观主裂纹与微观裂尖区相连接,由此建立了一个宏微观双尺度运动裂纹模型。应用弹性动力学与复变函数理论,分别在宏观与微观尺度下对该模型进行解析求解,获得了解析解。通过裂纹张开位移从宏观到微观的连续性条件与宏微观应力场协调条件,将两个不同尺度下的解相耦合,获得了计算宏微观损伤区特征长度的显式表达式。研究表明,运动裂纹的宏观应力场仍具有通常的r&;#61485;1/2的奇异性。由于微观裂尖的钝化,微观应力场奇异性的阶次有所降低,与宏观应力场相比具有弱奇异性。双尺度运动裂纹模型中,可允许裂纹运动速度达到剪切波速,解除了经典运动裂纹理论中裂纹速度不能超过Rayleigh波速的限制。数值结果表明,介观损伤过渡区与裂尖微观损伤区尺寸,及裂纹张开位移等,与裂纹运动速度、材料性质、约束应力比、裂尖钝化角度等因素有关。     

层合复合材料冲击损伤破坏过程研究(Ⅰ)——数值分析

基于连续损伤力学,对弹丸冲击复合材料多层板靶的变形-损伤过程给出了必要的基本方程,进行了三维有限元分析.将靶板处理为具有材料各向异性和结构非均匀性;冲击引起的微损伤是各向异性的,造成材料的非线性;冲击造成的局部大变形,构成几何非线性.宏观损伤(包括层内基体开裂、纤维断裂和层间分层)在有限元分析中用节点分裂法处理.钢质弹丸假设是线弹性的,不考虑它在冲击过程中的损伤.计算结果表明,采用本文中提出的方法,能较好地模拟复合材料层合板受弹丸冲击时的损伤、变形过程.     

Multi‐scale modeling of moving interface problems with flux and field jumps: Application to oxidative degradation of ceramic matrix composites

Problems involving reaction and species diffusion involve field and flux jumps at a moving reaction front. In multi‐scale problems such as carbon fiber composite oxidation, these effects need to be tracked at the microscopic scale of individual carbon fibers. A multi‐scale model is derived in this paper for predicting species distribution in such problems using a fully coupled multi‐scale homogenization approach. The homogenized fluxes from the micro‐scale are derived using Hill's macro‐homogeneity condition accounting for both flux jumps and species density field jumps at the reacting interface in the micro‐scale unit cell. At the macro‐scale, the competition between the transport of reacting species (oxygen) and the reaction product (carbon dioxide) is modeled using homogenized mass conservation equations. The moving reaction front in carbon fibers at the micro‐scale is tracked using level set method and an adaptive meshing strategy. The macroscopic weight loss of the composite when exposed to oxygen is simulated as a function of time using a coupled finite element methodology at various locations in a validated macroscopic model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predicting mechanical properties of fuzzy fiber reinforced composites: radially grown carbon nanotubes on the carbon fiber

It is intended to predict mechanical properties of fuzzy fiber reinforced polymer. An appropriate computational modeling is developed on the basis of bottom-up modeling covering all involved scales of nano, micro, meso and macro. The effective parameters of each scale are identified using top-down scanning approach and defining a representative volume element for each scale of analysis. At nano-scale, mechanical properties of isolated CNT are estimated. Then, at the upper scale of micro, the interaction between CNT and surrounding polymer is investigated considering non-bonded van der Waals interactions. Mechanical properties of the CNT/polymer nanocomposite with radial arrangement of CNT are derived at meso scale. Subsequently, mechanical properties of a single fuzzy fiber encompassing core carbon fiber and surrounding CNT/polymer are calculated. Finally, mechanical properties of the uni-directional and short fuzzy fiber reinforced composites are evaluated at the scale of macro. Treating CNT volume fraction and its arbitrary non-straight shapes as random parameters, developed modeling is conducted stochastically. The results imply on the importance of stochastic modeling, since deterministic modeling is led to a noticeable overestimation in predicted results. A very good agreement is reported between predicted results by stochastic modeling and published experimental data in literature.     

高体积含量颗粒增强复合材料的一个细观力学模型Ⅱ: 弹塑性与损伤分析

在高体积含量颗粒增强复合材料细观弹性分析的基础上, 引入了细观塑性和细观损伤模型: 基体用服从Von Mises 屈服准则的理想弹塑性材料模拟, 用沿圆柱形基体轴线方向的平均应力(即对称面上的应力) 来判断基体的屈服, 并将基体的塑性部分简化为圆柱状轴对称区域。建立了基体和颗粒/ 基体界面统一的损伤准则, 该准则同时考虑了最大应变和三轴应力的影响, 通过对细观塑性和细观损伤在空间取向上的平均, 建立了材料宏观模量的折减法则。用该细观力学模型, 数值模拟了一种实际金属基复合材料的强度实验, 理论模型与实验结果吻合。      

基于周期性边界条件的炭黑填充橡胶复合材料力学行为的预测

在分析炭黑填充橡胶复合材料的宏观与细观特征之间联系的基础上,提出了具有随机分布形态的代表性体积单元,推导并应用了周期性细观结构的边界约束条件,建立了三维多颗粒夹杂代表性体积单元的数值模型,对炭黑填充橡胶复合材料的宏观力学行为进行了模拟仿真。研究表明,该模型通过周期性边界条件的约束保证了宏观结构变形场和应力场的协调性;计算得到的炭黑填充橡胶复合材料的弹性模量明显高于未填充橡胶材料,并随着炭黑颗粒所占体积分数的增加而增大;该模型对复合材料有效弹性模量的预测结果与实验结果吻合较好,而且比Bergstrom三维模型的预测结果更好,证实了该模型能够用于炭黑颗粒增强橡胶基复合材料有效性能的模拟分析。