浅谈水利施工企业工程项目成本管理

本文从投标报价、目标成本控制、施工预算、施工过程中的成本管理等方面阐述了如何搞好水利工程项目成本管理。认为要搞好工程成本管理，必须做到全员重视工程项目成本管理，做好工程项目成本的预测、控制、核算等工作，挖掘企业内部潜力，降低工程成本，提高经济效益。     

施工企业的项目成本控制和管理

项目成本控制和成本管理是施工企业项目管理的主要内容,为切实做好此项工作,施工企业除推行"项目经理责任制"加强项目成本的计划、控制、分析、核算外,还要建立健全激励机制,进行项目全员和施工全过程的成本控制和管理,目的是降低工程项目成本,提高经济效益。     

施工企业的项目成本控制和管理

项目成本控制和成本管理是施工企业项目管理的主要内容,为切实做好此项工作,施工企业除推行"项目经理责任制"加强项目成本的计划、控制、分析、核算外,还要建立健全激励机制,进行项目全员的和施工全过程的成本控制和管理,目的是降低工程项目成本,提高经济效益。     

排泥场施工项目成本管理实例

在激烈的市场竞争中,施工在工程建设中实行施工项目管理是其生存和的基础与核心。施工企业应建立一套适合自身的成本控制管理体系,通过排泥场项目成本管理的实施,从目标成本确定、成本目标分解及阶段控制与分析、实际成本核算与分析论述了如何进行项目成本管理。     

试论工程项目施工管理的成本指标

工程中标后，施工企业一般均成立施工项目经理部，同时与项目经理部签订内部施工和管理责任书，明确包括质量、进度、安全、成本等方面的管理责任指标，工程完工后根据管理责任指标的完成情况对项目经理部进行考核、奖惩，其中成本指标是上述各项责任指标经济效果的综合反映，施工项目成本的管理是施工项目管理的核心．因此，施工项目成本指标在施工企业的项目管理中有着极其重要的地位，成本指标的确定应力求合理、及时、准确、公平、公正．     

工程项目的成本管理与核算

工程项目的成本管理与核算，是根据企业的总体目标和工程项目的具体要求，在工程项目实施过程中，对工程项目成本进行有效的组织、实施、管控、跟踪、分析和核算等管理活动，以达到强化经营管理、完善成本管理制度、提高成本核算水平、降低工程成本、实现目标利润、创造良好经济效益的目的的过程。由此可见，施工企业必须加强成本管理与核算．不断强化成本意识．     

浅谈建筑企业如何加强工程成本管理

建筑企业工程成本管理就是对企业在施工生产经营活动中所发生的工程成本，有组织、有系统地进行计划、核算控制、分析等一系列的科学管理工作。成本管理的目的在于在保证工程质量的前提下，不断改善经营管理工作、挖掘降低成本的潜力，以最少的生产耗费，取得最优的经济效益。     

公路工程项目管理风险与成本控制分析

在公路建设过程中,风险和成本是两个贯穿项目始终的关键点。一般而言,风险控制包括风险识别、风险评估、风险量化处理和对风险的监督。而项目的成本管理则包括成本费用的预测与计划、成本费用的控制与核算,以及成本费用的考核。对项目进行风险管理与成本控制分析的最终目的是降低项目成本,尽可能提高项目的经济效益。本文就如何进行公工程项目...     

试论“价值工程”在项目成本控制中的运用

施工项目的成本控制，通常是指在项目成本的形成过程中，对生产经营所消耗的人力资源、物资资源和费用开支，进行指导、监督、调节和限制；及时纠正将要发生和已经发生的偏差，把各项费用控制在计划成本的范围之内，以保证成本目标的实现。由于项目管理是一次性行为，它的管理对象只有一个工程项目，且将随着项目建设的完成而结束，在施工期间，项目成本的降低及其经济效益的获得有一定的风险性。为保证项目不亏损和实现利润的最大化，成本控制尤显重要，而用“价值工程”控制施工项目成本不失为一种好的方法。     

浅析施工项目成本控制

企业管理的重点之一是成本管理，而项目成本管理控制就是为了最大限度地实现企业经营效益。确定经营目标，结合实际订立项目目标成本，建立项目目标责任制，做好项目成本的过程控制，是实施项目成本管理控制的重点。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.