Measurement of noise source impedance of SMPS using two currentprobes

Using two clamp-on current probes, a novel method for measuring the common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) noise source impedance of a switched mode power supply (SMPS) is developed. With proper setup calibration, the method is capable of measuring a wide range of impedance values with good accuracy     

一种新的基于共模扼流圈传导干扰模态分离网络

测试传导性干扰的模态噪声,是设计电磁干扰(EMI)滤波器的前提条件。共模扼流圈能够抑制共模模态,而不影响差模电流的输出。根据共模扼流圈这一特点,设计一种由两个共模扼流圈为核心的共模/差模分离网络,实现共模电压和差模电压的同时输出。仿真结果表明,在150 kHz³0 MHz的测试频带,输入端口阻抗基本在50Ω,并且共模传递比(CMTR)、差模抑制比(DMRR)、差模传递比(DMTR)及共模抑制比(CMRR)四个结果显示了该分离网络的良好模态分离效果。     

Power line filter design for conducted electromagnetic interference using time-domain measurements

A time-domain technique for the design of passive power line conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters in the frequency range 150 kHz-30 MHz is described. A digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) with adequate sampling, storing and processing features is sufficient for the design using the proposed technique. Accordingly, Agilent's Infiniium Oscilloscope (Model 54810A) has been used. The signals from LISN are directly fed into the two channels of the DSO where they are added and subtracted to separate the CM and DM components, thereby eliminating the need for common-mode-differential mode (CM-DM) separator. These components are stored in the DSO. A specially designed filter design software (FDS), residing in the DSO, estimates the noise spectrum by computing the Bartlett and Welch periodograms. It also computes the filter component values. Thus, the sampling of the conducted noise, separation of CM and DM components, signal processing, and filter value computations are all done using one DSO. A spectrum analyzer is not required. Bartlett periodograms have been preferred over Welch periodograms due to low memory storage requirements of the former. The proposed technique has been applied to the design of power line filter for a switched mode power supply (SMPS), and satisfactory results have been obtained. The proposed measurement scheme is compact, economical, and convenient. All the details of this work are presented.     

Noise Source Lumped Circuit Modeling and Identification for Power Converters

In this paper, a general lumped circuit modeling method is proposed to describe the conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) coupling mechanism for the switching power converters. The EMI characteristics of the converters can be analytically deduced from a circuit theoretical viewpoint. The shunt and series impedance insertion method is introduced to identify the differential-mode (DM) and common-mode (CM) noise impedances and voltage sources. The procedure of parameters estimation for the noise models comprises several simple measurements and is convenient to be implemented. Experimental illustrations are also included to verify the validity of the proposed method. Comparison between the measured and predicted results shows that the EMI modeling method can provide adequate prediction of the EMI feature for power-switching converters     

一种带锁相环的多模式时钟发生电路设计

为提高开关电源控制芯片使用灵活性,优化对开关电源效率、纹波等性能的控制,并方便噪声滤除,提出一种带锁相环的多模式时钟发生电路芯片的设计。该电路可提供选择1.7MHz或2.6MHz的固定频率模式或锁相范围500kHz～3MHz的外部输入模式,应用于开关电源控制芯片时,可根据开关电源的应用情况设置工作频率,达到性能最佳化。该芯片已在1.5μmBCD(Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS)工艺下设计完成。测试结果表明芯片工作正常,预期的功能均已实现,可作为模拟电路IP使用。     

传导EMI的测试

在传导EMI(电磁干扰)中既存在共模电流也存在差模电流,要很好的分析传导EMI系统,就很有必要对共模干扰信号和差模干扰信号分离开来单独进行测试.这样,共模和差模噪声的分离就显得很重要了.     

半桥QRC印制板的电磁兼容研究

以半桥ZVS准谐振变换器作为研究对象,借助Cadence软件对开关电源PCB进行了建摸分析、提取寄生参数和电磁兼容仿真分析,并进行了优化布局设计。实现了开关电源PCB的计算机辅助电磁兼容分析和计算机辅助最优布局设计,从而可以在PCB设计阶段就对其潜在的电磁干扰源进行抑制,为开关电源电磁干扰的解决和PCB电磁兼容设计提供了一种较为合理有效的研究思路。     

基于电路参数模型的辐射电磁干扰噪声预估方法

针对Hubing电流驱动模型中认为电流在辐射线缆中是均一分布的, 幅值和相位保持不变即未考虑辐射线缆共模电流频率效应给辐射电磁干扰噪声预估带来的误差的问题.文中利用电流传输波动特性建立了辐射线缆长度与共模电流波长为同一数量级时的辐射线缆共模电流分布模型, 并设计电路模型进行测试预估.实验结果表明:采用文中方法预估辐射电磁干扰噪声与Hubing电流驱动模型预估方法相比能提高20.12 dBμV/m, 更加接近标准暗室测试结果, 从而为辐射电磁干扰(Electro Magnetic Interference, EMI)测试与分析提供理论依据.     

An accurate analysis of noise in rectangular bipolar transistors including current crowding

An accurate analysis of noise in rectangular bipolar transistors is developed from a distributed model using a collective approach and the transport noise theory. In this model, emitter current crowding effect are taken into account and noise behaviour at intermediate and low values of source impedance is precisely described. The structure of teh equivalent lumped circuit is established, and the analytical relationships characterizing its elements in an extended range of current and frequency are given. It is shown that; (a) the active base region must be represented by a nonlinear impedance with a generalized thermal noise source; (b) for low source impedances the equivalent input voltage shot noise generator is higher than predicted by low injection theories. Furthermore it is found that emitter crowding induces a uniform and important decrease in (a) base impedance (b) thermal noise and (c) the correlation between shot noise generators of the equivalent lumped circuit. Finally it appears that classical low injection theories are valid when crowding occurs in transistors biased with high source impedances.     

一种具有可重构陷波功能的差分宽带带通滤波器

文章提出了一种具有陷波可重构功能的差分宽带带通滤波器,具有良好的差模响应与共模抑制效果。所设计的差分带通滤波器通过采用对称的四阶分支线结构,在差模激励下可等效出电壁,在共模激励下可等效出磁壁。同时,该滤波器通过对称地耦合两个1/4波长的阶梯阻抗谐振器来产生所需频段的陷波特性,并通过改变阶梯阻抗谐振器上变容二极管两端的直流偏置电压来改变阶梯阻抗谐振器的电长度,从而调整陷波的频段。仿真和测试结果表明该差分带通滤波器的工作频带为2.7~7.3 GHz,相对阻抗带宽为92%。在工作频段中,差模回波损耗均大于10 dB,共模抑制大于15 dB。随着变容二极管两端直流控制电压从10.3 V变化到3.6 V,陷波的中心频率从5.6 GHz移动到6.1 GHz,同时滤波器宽带带通特性基本保持不变。     

A wide-band ultralinear amplifier from 3 to 300 MHz

The design of a low-distortion, wide-band amplifier with 75-/spl Omega/ input and output impedances is described. Simultaneous shunt and series feedback is used and design equations are derived for terminal impedances, forward gain, loop gain, and noise figure. The advantages of a Darlington connection for low distortion are described. For 0-dBm signal levels, the amplifier achieves third-order intermodulation products of -88 dB relative to the carrier at 300 MHz and 12 channel cross-modulation (CM) of -77 dB at channel 13.     

Fault localization of a switched mode power supply based on extended integer-coded dictionary method

Switched mode power supply (SMPS) is widely used in various industrial fields. Due to the complex operational condition, various faults may occur in the SMPS. Localizing the faults efficiently is necessary for the SMPS. Based on the classical integer-coded dictionary (ICD) method, which has been widely used in board-level analog circuits fault localization, this paper presents an extended ICD method to solve the fault localization problem in SMPS. An optimal boundary determination method is adopted in the extended ICD, which can improve the separating ability of each feature. In the paper, faults in SMPS, the available test points as well as the experimental setup are introduced first. Then, the extended ICD method is presented. Finally, the developed method is applied in the SMPS, and the test result shows eight fault states can be isolated only using six features with an accuracy of 92.5%.     

一种新型的用于开关电源的高压启动电路

文章提出了一种给集成开关电源提供初始电压的高压启动电路。一个增强型的VDMOS晶体管被用来提供启动电流和承受高压。VDMOS的栅被一个浮空P岛偏置。启动电路用了一个具有高的源对地击穿电压的NMOS来获得大的偏置电压范围。仿真结果表明高压启动电路能够按照设计正常的启动和重启动。本文提出的结构比起其它方案来更节能,成本更低。     

A novel high voltage start up circuit for an integrated switched mode power supply

A novel high voltage start up circuit for providing an initial bias voltage to an integrated switched mode power supply(SMPS) is presented.An enhanced mode VDMOS transistor,the gate of which is biased by a floating pisland, is used to provide start up current and sustain high voltage.An NMOS transistor having a high source to ground breakdown voltage is included to extend the bias voltage range to the SMPS.Simulation results indicate that the high voltage start up circuit can start and restart as designe...     

开关电源EMI滤波器设计

分析了一种典型的开关电源电路,利用Pspice软件对其传导电磁干扰进行仿真研究,以TDK公司提供的元器件模型,提出了一种二阶无源EMI滤波器,完全消除了电路输出信号中的尖峰干扰,抑制了开关电源电路中的共模、差模噪声。同时,研究源和负载理想、非理想阻抗特性对滤波器插入损耗的影响,具有一定的意义。     

Reduction of CM Noise Emissions From PLC Modem Using Optically Coupled Signaling

This paper investigates the feasibility of implementing an optical coupler in the analog front-end (AFE) circuit of a power line communication (PLC) modem to reduce the common mode (CM) noise coupling onto the power lines. Based on a two-current-probe measurement approach, an equivalent CM circuit model is developed to predict the expected CM current generated by the PLC modem when it is plugged onto the power line network. The model provides insight into the CM noise coupling mechanism from any PLC modem onto the power line network, so that the effectiveness of using an optical coupling technique in reducing the CM current from the power line network can be properly quantified     

Accuracy improvements in microwave noise parameter measurements

Factors contributing to the accuracy of microwave noise parameter measurements are examined theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that for good accuracy the test source impedances need not be grouped around the impedance that produces the minimum noise figure. System calibration and device under test (DUT) S-parameter accuracy are important to the derived noise parameter accuracy, and the use of a vector network analyzer is advantageous. An algorithm is implemented which avoids errors caused by different noise-source `on' and `off' impedances     

Performance of a two-junction array SIS-mixer operating around 345GHz

The authors have made a detailed study of the gain and noise of a SIS (superconductor-insulator-superconductor) heterodyne receiver at 345 GHz. An array of two Nb-Al₂O₃-Nb SIS junctions in series are used as the mixing element. The array is operated in a waveguide mount with a backshort and an E-plane tuner. The best receiver noise temperature achieved is 140 K DSB (double sideband). The embedding impedances were determined by fitting theory to the measured pumped curves. High-quality fits were obtained, providing the first detailed test of the Tucker-theory at frequencies above 300 GHz. The impedances found by this method are in very good agreement with impedances measured in a scale model at 3.3 GHz. From these embedding impedances, the gain and noise of the mixer were calculated over a full bias range using the Tucker theory in the three-port low-IF approximation. The measured dependence of mixer gain and noise on bias voltage, pump power and embedding impedance is in good agreement with theory. However the absolute values show discrepancies that appear to be independent of the bias parameters of the mixer     

Common-mode differential-mode (CMDM) method for double-nuclear MR signal excitation and reception at ultrahigh fields

Double-tuned radio-frequency (RF) coils for heteronuclear mangentic resonance (MR) require sufficient electromagnetic isolation between the two resonators operating at two Larmor frequencies and independent tuning in order to attain highly efficient signal acquisition at each frequency. In this work, a novel method for double-tuned coil design at 7T based on the concept of common-mode differential-mode (CMDM) was developed and tested. Common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) currents exist within two coupled parallel transmission lines, e.g., microstrip lines, yielding two different current distributions. The electromagnetic (EM) fields of the CM and DM are orthogonal to each other, and thus, the two modes are intrinsically EM decoupled. The modes can be tuned independently to desired frequencies, thus satisfying the requirement of dual-frequency MR applications. To demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed CMDM technique, CMDM surface coils and volume coils using microstrip transmission line for (1)H and (13)C MRI/MRSI were designed, constructed, and tested at 7T. Bench test results showed that the isolations between the two frequency channels of the CMDM surface coil and volume coil were better than -30 and -25 dB, respectively. High quality MR phantom images were also obtained using the CMDM coils. The performance of the CMDM technique was validated through a comparison with the conventional two-pole design method at 7T. The proposed CMDM technique can be also implemented by using other coil techniques such as lumped element method, and can be applied to designing double-tuned parallel imaging coil arrays. Furthermore, if the two resonant modes of a CMDM coil were tuned to the same frequency, the CMDM coil becomes a quadrature coil due to the intrinsic orthogonal field distribution of CM and DM.     

Selective metal parallel shunting inductor and its VCO application

The methodology to calculate the parasitic capacitances in differential symmetric inductors will be presented in this paper. Inspired by the proposed methodology, a method called selective metal parallel shunting (SMPS) can move f/sub Qmax/ onto the desired frequency without additional processing steps. Based on the proposed methodology, a customized program is developed to predict Q/sub max/s and f/sub Qmax/s of on-chip inductors. Differential symmetric inductors and spiral ones with planar, all metal parallel shunting (AMPS), and SMPS configurations have been implemented in a 1P4M 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process to verify the proposed method. Moreover, three 2.3-2.4 GHz voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) using planar, AMPS, and SMPS inductors, have also been realized. The phase noise of the VCO using SMPS inductors can be improved by 9.3 and 6 dB at 100-kHz offset frequency, respectively, compared to the VCOs using planar and AMPS inductors. The proposed SMPS technique can not only be applicable to VCO but also other RF circuits.