Ni-CeO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂的制备、表征及其生物质合成气甲烷化性能研究

采用共浸渍法制备了添加不同助剂(CeO_2、ZrO_2、Co_3O_4、Y_2O_3、V_2O_5)的一系列Ni基催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、BET、H_2-TPR等对催化剂的结构进行表征,对Ni含量、助剂含量、浸渍顺序、焙烧温度、还原温度、空速等条件进行优化,并考察了催化剂的生物质合成气甲烷化性能。结果表明:助剂CeO_2、ZrO2、Y_2O_3、V_2O_5的加入均能提高催化剂对CO甲烷化的催化活性,其中6Ni-3CeO_2/Al_2O_3的催化活性、稳定性和抗积碳能力最好;采用6Ni-3CeO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂,在V(H_2)∶V(CO)∶V(N_2)=0.45∶0.15∶0.40、空速为20 000h-1、常压、350℃下,CO即可完全转化,甲烷选择性达到90%,较6Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂提高了16%,CO完全转化温度较6Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂低50℃。6Ni-3CeO_2/Al_2O_3催化剂的Ni含量明显低于文献报道,应用于生物质合成气催化加氢转化为甲烷,CO转化率达到80.5%,有效地解决了生物质合成气中CO含量高于民用燃气标准的问题。     

Pt/TiO_2催化二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢

二甲醚是一种理想的氢载体,可用于解决氢的储存和运输。以Pt/TiO_2为部分氧化催化剂,结合Ni/Al_2O_3重整催化剂,考察钛前驱体和焙烧温度对二甲醚部分氧化重整制氢反应的影响。结果表明,以Ti(C4H9O)4为原料制备的TiO_2为金红石相,Ti(SO4)2或Ti O(OH)2为原料制备的TiO_2为锐钛矿相;以Ti(C4H9O)4为原料制备的Pt/TiO_2-E催化剂催化性能略好,转化率接近100%,H2收率约90%,表明金红石相TiO_2负载的Pt催化剂略佳;以Ti(SO4)2为原料制备的Pt/TiO_2-S催化剂500℃焙烧可获得金红石相TiO_2。与Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂相比,Pt/TiO_2催化剂具有更好的催化性能,H2收率超过90%,而Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂H2收率约80%。     

介孔Co_3O_4/Al_2O_3催化氧化甲醛的性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了介孔Al_2O_3载体,采用浸渍法制备了系列介孔Co_3O_4/Al_2O_3催化剂,考察了活性组分Co_3O_4的质量百分含量(2%、8%、16%和32%)对催化氧化甲醛性能的影响。研究表明,当Co_3O_4的质量百分含量为16%时,介孔催化剂16%Co_3O_4/Al_2O_3对甲醛的完全氧化反应具有最佳的催化活性,在80℃可将甲醛完全氧化。BET和H_2-TPR表征揭示,催化剂的比表面积和孔容,促进了催化剂中Co_3O_4的高度分散;催化剂拥有低温还原能力,可以提高催化剂催化氧化甲醛的性能。     

NiO/Al_2O_3基催化剂的TPR特性研究

NiO/Al_2O_3基催化剂用于替代贵金属催化剂,被广泛应用于石油和石化领域生产过程的加氢、脱硫和脱氮。采用TPR方法,研究不同Ni含量NiO/Al_2O_3及不同载体的催化剂还原特性。结果表明,NiO/Al_2O_3催化剂在10%H_2-Ar气氛下,还原温度范围较宽,为(300~800)℃,其中,(500~600)℃还原速率最大;随着NiO含量的增加,起始还原温度降低,还原耗氢量按比例增加;以MgO为载体的NiO催化剂还原呈现双峰特征,以SiO2和TiO2为载体的NiO催化剂的初始还原温度比NiO/Al_2O_3催化剂降低(100~200)℃。     

新型苯加氢制环己烷低Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的研制

用混合杂多酸改性工业γ-Al_2O_3载体,制备了一种低含量Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂(Ni含量在5%以内)。其催化活性、稳定性和选择性均与进口的LO-143型Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的试验结果基本一致。     

Al2O3对花岗岩废渣微晶玻璃析晶及性能的影响

用熔融法制备了R_2O-MgO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2-Fe_2O_3系花岗岩废渣微晶玻璃,研究了Al_2O_3对微晶玻璃的晶相组成、显微结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明:当Al_2O_3含量(质量分数)为6.5%、7.5%、8.5%、9.5%时,微晶玻璃试样中主晶相均为氟闪石和铁板钛矿,次晶相为镁橄榄石。Al_2O_3含量达到10.5%时析出镁钛矿相,氟闪石相减少。添加8.5%Al_2O_3微晶玻璃试样的力学性能达到最佳,其抗弯强度和显微硬度分别为136.76 MPa、7.09 GPa。     

不同载体铁基催化剂异相芬顿反应脱硝实验研究

采用溶胶凝胶法分别以SiO_2和Al_2O_3为载体制备Fe_2O_3质量分数为50%的负载型铁基催化剂,并对其进行表征,同时考察了温度、H_2O_2浓度对催化剂催化脱硝性能的影响。结果表明,制备的催化剂中的活性组分Fe_2O_3结晶度低,且粒径小,在载体中分散均匀;Fe_2O_3/SiO_2催化剂的比表面积是Fe_2O_3/Al_2O_3催化剂的5倍多;载体Al_2O_3有利于促进Fe(Ⅲ)的还原;2种催化剂的最佳反应温度为180~260℃,由于Fe_2O_3/Al_2O_3催化剂具有比Fe_2O_3/SiO_2催化剂更高的零电位点(PZC),在此温度区间内,Fe_2O_3/Al_2O_3催化剂的脱硝效率平均比Fe_2O_3/SiO_2催化剂高约20%。     

镍基催化剂的二氧化碳甲烷化催化性能

为循环利用CO_2,减少其排放,减缓温室效应,分析讨论了镍基催化剂对CO_2甲烷化的催化性能,介绍了以Si O_2、海泡石、Si C、碳纳米管、Al_2O_3、Ti O_2及Zr O_2为载体的镍基催化剂性能。认为以Zr O_2为载体的催化剂对于CO_2甲烷化反应的催化活性远远高于Mg O、Al_2O_3、Si O_2和海泡石负载的催化剂,工业化前景较好。开发新的催化剂不仅要考虑载体价廉易得、成本较低,还必须考虑催化剂的高活性和稳定性、避免积碳和烧结等因素。     

助剂Ba对Pd/Al_2O_3和Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂的C1-C3烷烃催化燃烧性能的影响

通过浸渍法制备了Al_2O_3负载的Pd和Pt催化剂,考察催化剂的甲烷、乙烷和丙烷催化燃烧活性,以及助剂Ba对催化性能的影响。对于Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂,加入Ba使活性物种PdO颗粒变大和还原温度升高,形成更稳定的PdO活性物种,是Pd-Ba/Al_2O_3催化剂活性提升的主要原因。对于Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂,加入Ba助剂使活性物种Pt0含量降低,PtO_x与Al_2O_3载体相互作用增强,使PtO_x物种更难被还原为Pt~0,导致Pt-Ba/Al_2O_3催化剂活性降低。Pd和Pt催化剂催化烷烃氧化反应活性规律一致:丙烷乙烷甲烷。Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂有利于C—H键活化,Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂有利于C—C键活化。Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂对C1-C3烷烃氧化活性的差别明显大于Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂。Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂对碳比例高的烷烃活性更高。     

Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3氧化-还原性能探究

以Al_2O_3为载体,RuCl_3·xH_2O和FeCl_3·6H_2O为活性组分前驱体,采用吸附-沉淀法制备了Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3和Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂,以马来酸二甲酯加氢合成丁二酸二甲酯为探针反应,结合H_2-TPR和XRD表征技术,考察Fe改性Ru基催化剂的氧化-还原性能及催化活性。经氧化-还原循环处理后,催化剂Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3上马来酸二甲酯加氢活性高于Ru/Al_2O_3。XRD结果显示,经处理的Ru-Fe/Al_2O_3上未见金属Ru的特征衍射峰,而Ru/Al_2O_3上出现了金属Ru的特征衍射峰。结合H_2-TPR结果推断,Ru与Fe之间发生了相互作用,这种协同作用可以改善Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂的热稳定性。     

Catalytic hydrolysis of dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) on unpromoted and sulfate promoted TiO2–ZrO2 mixed oxide catalysts

The mixed oxide of zirconium and titanium was investigated for the catalytic hydrolysis of dichlorodifluoromethane. The mixed oxide was further promoted by doping with sulfate ions. It was found by both powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy that addition of hydrogen peroxide to the methanol solution of ZrOCl₂ and TiCl₄ before gelation was induced by ammonia addition promoted the formation of the mixed oxide phase with the anatase structure in addition to the expected phase of columbite structure. This increased the surface area and activity of the mixed oxide. Promotion with sulfate enhanced the acidity and activity of the catalysts. When sulfate was added by treatment with sulfuric acid, phase transformation, depending on the concentration of the acid used, in addition to sulfate deposition on the oxide surface, occurred. The treatment with 96% sulfuric acid resulted in a catalyst with nearly entirely the anatase structure. This catalyst was found to be the most active, capable of complete conversion of CFC-12 and 100% selectivity to carbon dioxide at 280°C. Prolonged reaction of this catalyst at 280°C for 211 h resulted neither in reduction of activity nor reduction in CO₂ selectivity. The performance of this catalyst is among the highest reported in the literature.     

Dehydration of methyl phenyl carbinol catalyzed by modified active aluminum oxide

The effect of modification with metal salts and acids on the acid-base characteristics and the catalytic properties of active aluminum oxide in the reaction of methyl phenyl carbinol dehydration to styrene was studied using the IR spectroscopy of adsorbed base molecules. The surface treatment of γ-Al₂O₃ with chromium and nickel cations decreased the catalyst activity because of the occurrence of hydrogenation side reactions. The appearance of strong Bronsted and Lewis acid sites as a result of modification with sulfate, nitrate, and fluoride anions accelerated the deactivation of the catalyst. Upon modification with acetic acid solutions, additional Lewis acid sites with Q _CO = 33.5?34 kJ/mol were formed on the surface of aluminum oxide, and the concentration of strong basic sites with PA = 900 kJ/mol decreased; this facilitated an increase in the catalyst activity and a decrease in the rate of catalyst deactivation.     

I. Adsorption mechanism of chlorophenols on iron oxides, titanium oxide and aluminum oxide as detected by infrared spectroscopy

The adsorption of 2-chlorophenol, 2,3- and 2,4-dichlorophenols and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in liquid and gas phase on iron, titanium and aluminum oxides seem to proceed in a similar way. Higher adsorption of chlorophenols either from gas phase or from aqueous solution was observed on -Fe₂O₃ than on -FeOOH. The low adsorption of chlorophenols from aqueous solution on oxide surfaces suggests that hydrophobic chlorophenols cannot effectively compete with water for the absorption on hydrophilic oxide surface sites. The adsorption of chlorophenols on iron, titanium and aluminum oxides was followed by the adsorption isotherm, HPLC and diffuse reflectance FT-IR (DRIFT) spectroscopy. The adsorption of the chlorophenols on the oxides under study is related to the amount of interfacial water content on the iron oxide. The alumina–chlorophenolate surface complex was found to be weak when compared with either the iron or titanium analogs as seen by the C---O stretching vibrations, leading to a lower adsorption on alumina than on iron and titanium oxides.     

Catalytic performance of sulfate-grafted graphene oxide for esterification of acetic acid with methanol

Graphene oxide possesses tremendous mechanical and electronic properties in combination with large surface area and accessible active sites leading to the development of novel innovative heterogeneous catalysts. The present study elaborates the catalytic activity of graphene oxide, enhanced by grafting active sulfate groups on its surface to result as a superior catalyst. The catalyst was evaluated in the model acetic acid esterification reaction with methanol in terms of acid conversion. Catalysts consisting of varied sulfate concentrations and calcination time were synthesized and optimized for its best catalytic activity. The prepared catalysts (GO-SO₄) were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, XPS, and BET. A 44% enhancement in catalyst activity was observed using sulfate-grafted graphene oxide (GO-SO₄) catalyst over bare GO due to the synergistic effect of sulfate ions. The catalyst can be separated out by simple filtration. Further, the influence of operating process parameters including catalyst loading, and the reaction temperature was evaluated toward the maximum acid conversion. In addition, the detailed kinetic study was also done in this system using Pseudo-homogeneous model.     

钛石膏硫酸浸取法提取铁质氧化物及石膏的物相变化

硫酸法生产钛白粉副产大量钛石膏，因其含有较多杂质而无法直接利用，目前可采用硫酸酸浸处理提高钛石膏的品质。本文以硫酸为浸取剂，研究钛石膏中铁质氧化物在不同硫酸浓度、反应温度、固液比、反应时间条件下的溶出规律以及酸浸产物的物相变化；采用XRD、XRF、SEM等分析手段，对钛石膏酸浸前后样品的物相、化学成分、形态等进行分析。结果表明，硫酸酸浸可以有效去除钛石膏中铁质氧化物，最佳工艺条件下去除率可达93.14%，白度由原来的8.1提高至54.4。在酸浸过程中随着硫酸浓度、反应温度、固液比等浸取条件的改变，钛石膏中的二水石膏脱水形成半水石膏和无水石膏。采用硫酸酸浸法处理钛石膏，滤液经处理可获得Fe(OH)₃，废液可循环利用，将为钛石膏的资源化利用提供新途径。     

合成苯甲酸正丁酯催化剂的研究进展

评述了对甲苯磺酸,磺化硅胶,邻甲苯磺酸铜,磺化苯膦酸锆,氨基磺酸,六水三氯化铁,氧化亚锡,十二水合硫酸铁铵,硅胶负载硫酸钛,—水硫酸氢钠,固体超强酸,杂多酸,分子筛和酸性离子液体等催化剂催化合成苯甲酸正丁酯的合成方法.     

废弃SCR脱硝催化剂资源化制备再生钛钨粉的研究

以蜂窝式废弃SCR脱硝催化剂为原料,采用常温湿法浸出工艺,在不同的反应条件下制备了一系列再生钛钨粉产品,根据其中杂质硅、铝、砷、钠、钾和钙等元素的含量和比表面积筛选出最适宜的浸出工艺条件[w（氢氟酸）为2%,浸出时间为3 h]。以最适宜条件下制备的再生钛钨粉为原料制备了新的脱硝催化剂,与工业钛钨粉制备的催化剂相比具有较高的脱硝率。采用X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、氮吸附BET（N₂-BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）及透射电镜（TEM）手段表征了其元素含量、表面性质、晶型结构和微观形貌,并与工业钛钨粉制备的催化剂表征结果对比后发现,再生钛钨粉为原料制备的新的脱硝催化剂之所以具有较高的脱硝率,是因为废脱硝催化剂经过氢氟酸浸出反应后制备的再生钛钨粉所制备的催化剂不仅具有与工业钛钨粉所制备催化剂相似的化学成分、比表面积、晶型结构和微观形貌,而且经过浸出反应制备的再生钛钨粉还保留了一部分活性V₂O₅。此外,再生钛钨粉具有较好的催化稳定性,拥有良好的工业化前景。     

Composition,structure and mechanical properties of metal oxide coatings produced on titanium using plasma spraying and modified by micro-arc oxidation

Metal oxide coatings on VT6 titanium alloy were formed by plasma spraying of aluminum oxide powder and subsequent microarc oxidation at a current density from 1 to 3?kA/m². As a result of combined treatment, metal oxide coatings consisting of a mixture of aluminum and titanium oxides were obtained on the surface of titanium samples. The most pronounced changes in the morphology of the plasma-sprayed coating were observed at the highest current density of 3?kA/m². The open porosity decreased from 56% to 38% due to the modification by micro-arc discharges, whereas the microhardness increased from 1013?±?150 HV to 1639?±?31 HV.     

过渡金属氧化物修饰的金纳米催化剂苯甲醇氧化性能

采用一步法合成介孔二氧化硅负载的金纳米催化剂,以氯化锡为前驱体,通过浸渍法向金纳米催化剂中引入助剂氧化锡,得到过渡金属氧化物修饰的金纳米催化剂。通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜和固体紫外漫反射光谱等对催化剂结构进行表征。将所合成的催化剂用于苯甲醇选择性氧化反应,考察助剂组分对催化剂性能的影响,结果表明,氧化锡的引入改变了金纳米颗粒的表面电子结构,增加了催化剂活性与选择性;但随着氧化锡含量继续增加,催化剂活性降低,这主要是因为金纳米颗粒表面过渡金属氧化物覆盖度增加,减少了催化剂活性组分与苯甲醇的接触。当氧化锡质量分数0.2%时,催化剂效果最佳,在100℃和氧气压力0.2 MPa下反应3 h,苯甲醇转化率25.7%,苯甲醛选择性75.9%,苯甲酸选择性15.8%,苯甲酸苄酯选择性6.3%。     

固体酸催化蔗糖制备乙酰丙酸的研究

以蔗糖为原料,焙烧后的硫酸钛为催化剂,水为溶剂制备乙酰丙酸。研究了催化剂焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响,以及催化剂投加量、蔗糖浓度、反应温度和反应时间对乙酰丙酸收率的影响。在反应温度220 ℃、反应时间60 min、蔗糖浓度50 g·L^-1和催化剂加入量0.5 g条件下,乙酰丙酸收率可达57.9%。