Optimization of Convective Dehydration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beta vulgaris</Emphasis> for Color Retention

Beta vulgaris or beet root powder is a good natural food colorant since beet contains significant amount of red-colored betalain pigments. This paper reports the process optimization of drying conditions to get beet root powder with maximum retention of red color. Response surface method was used with three factors: five-level central composite design to arrive at optimum drying temperature, sample thickness, and hot air recirculation. Beet powder was evaluated to assess color retention with respect to fresh beet as a control. A 53 °C temperature and 7-mm thickness with 63% air recirculation ratio gave the best product, with 90% retention of red color having acceptable rehydration ratio and final moisture content. Using optimum sample thickness and air recirculation rate, drying process was further improved to reduce drying time and energy consumption. At different temperatures (50 to 120 °C), drying characteristics were studied. Thus, drying time of 6 h was further reduced to 4 h by applying sequential temperature gradient during drying (initial 120 °C gradually reduced to 53 °C) that also resulted in energy savings with the same degree of color retention.     

Dehydrated Blueberries by the Continuous Explosion-Puffing Process

A blueberry dehydration process which includes the unique continuous explosion-puffing system (CEPS) is described. A drying study including alternate drying pretreatments failed to increase the dehydration rate. It was found that care during processing was necessary to prevent rupture of the berries as rupture caused bleeding during drying which reduced the drying rate. Optimum operating conditions for CEPS were established for blueberries. Measurements of dried blueberry properties such as bulk density, color, rehydration, and disintegration were used to determine optimum operating conditions for pressure (103 kPa), temperature (190°C), and feed moisture (18.5%) for CEPS.     

白果粉加工工艺优化

利用响应面分析法研究进口温度、料液浓度、风机频率对白果粉喷雾干燥效果的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,选取进料量为300 mL/h,采用Box-Benhnken实验,以进口温度、料液浓度、风机频率为影响因素,以含水量和得率为响应值建立二次回归方程。结果表明,喷雾干燥的含水量最优工艺参数:进口温度170 ℃、风机频率50 Hz、料液浓度8%,在此条件下得到白果粉含水量4.38%;白果粉得率最佳工艺条件中为进口温度170 ℃,风机频率50 Hz,料液浓度6%,得到白果粉得率为55.88%。。     

甘蓝的新型组合干燥工艺

为了克服单一干燥造成的品质缺陷,提出了一种新型的组合干燥方式,以改善产品的外观品质和复水特性。以甘蓝为研究对象,主要探讨了组合干燥过程中热风温度、干燥转换点的物料含水率、微波强度、渗透处理对干燥特性的影响;并以成品色泽、复水比、Vc保留率为指标,对不同干燥方式获得的产品性能进行了比较。研究获得的组合干燥工艺参数为:70℃热风干燥至物料含水率60%,2.5 W/g微波强度下干燥至40%含水率,25℃下以2.8 g/mL料液比向半干产品中加入28%葡萄糖和15%NaCl混合渗透液处理15 min,最后70℃二次热风干燥至成品。产品的水分活度为0.466,含水量为16.34%,复水比为8.71,Vc保留率为31.05%。结果显示,组合干燥方式干燥速率快,能耗低,产品含有高水分含量、低水分活度,产品品质与真空冷冻干燥的产品相近,是一种工业化生产果蔬干制品的新方法。     

黎豆荚高温高湿干燥工艺的研究

采用高温高湿干燥技术生产干制黎豆荚,研究干燥条件对干制黎豆荚品质的影响,确定适宜的干燥条件,为干制黎豆荚的工业化生产提供实验依据。结果表明,适宜的相对湿度可以改善干制黎豆荚的色泽、形状和复水率。黎豆荚干燥的最佳工艺条件为:采用三段式干燥工艺,前期干燥温度80℃,相对湿度55%,干燥时间30min;中期干燥温度80℃,相对湿度35%,干燥时间30min;后期干燥温度80℃,相对湿度25%,干燥时间155min,用此条件生产的干制黎豆荚产品褐变小,收缩率低(约48%),最终含水量约为7.4%,复水后色泽鲜艳,口感脆嫩。     

Rehydration kinetics at 5 and 15 °C of dry salted meat

The surface of meat products during intermittent drying is successively subjected to dehydration and rehydration processes. The aim of this paper was to study the rehydration kinetics at two temperatures (5 and 15 °C) of salted ground pork, (2% or 4% NaCl) dried to different water contents, (10%, 20% and 35%) using Peleg and Weibull’s models. Surface structure of dried samples was analyzed with electron microscopy and related to rehydration kinetics. The equilibrium water content decreased with temperature and increased with NaCl, but was not affected by the initial water content. The rehydration rate at the beginning decreased with water content and was significantly higher at 5 °C than at 15 °C, but it was not significantly affected by NaCl content. However, the equilibrium water decreased with temperature and tended to increase with NaCl content, but was not affected by the initial water content. High level of dehydration resulted in a more damaged and porous meat matrix. This microstructure may contribute to accelerating the rehydration process.     

响应面试验优化酶解辅助喷雾干燥制备怀山药粉工艺

为获取溶解性和冲调性较好的怀山药粉,改善怀山药粉的喷雾干燥效果,以普通怀山药为原料,采用酶解辅助喷雾干燥的方法制备怀山药粉,并用响应面法优化酶解液的喷雾干燥条件。分析热风温度、热风流量、进料流量的变化情况对怀山药出粉率的影响规律,并对怀山药粉的基本成分含量及特性指标进行测定。结果表明：在α-淀粉酶添加量0.2%、温度70 ℃、pH 7.0、酶解时间45 min的条件下,怀山药中可溶性固形物得率达82.79%,当酶解液真空浓缩至质量分数17%时,对其进行喷雾干燥,在热风温度180 ℃、热风流量28.60 m3/h、进料流量1 060 mL/h条件下,怀山药出粉率最高达到37.59%,且制得怀山药粉冲调性好,色泽风味佳,含水率小于5%,适于长期贮存。因此,酶解与喷雾干燥相结合的方法制得怀山药粉品质较优。     

An integrated process for utilization of pomegranate wastes — Seeds

In this work, a new method for pomegranate seeds application was developed based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of seed oil and its subsequent encapsulation by spray drying. Extraction temperature, solvent/solid ratio, amplitude level, and pulse duration/pulse interval ratio were the factors investigated with respect to extraction yield. Ultrasound was sound to increase extraction yield, but mainly to shorten the treatment time by over 12 times. Different materials were used as encapsulating agents. Ratio of core to wall material, inlet air temperature, drying air flow rate, and feed solids concentration were the factors investigated with respect to encapsulation efficiency. The resulting microcapsules were evaluated in terms of moisture content, bulk density, and rehydration ability. The optimum operating conditions were found to be: wall material, maltodextrin/Tween 80; ratio of core to wall material, 0.23; inlet air temperature, 150 °C; drying air flow rate, 22.8 m³/h; feed solids concentration, 30% (w/w).Industrial relevancePomegranate seeds, a by-product of pomegranate juice and concentrate industries, present a wide range of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties. Therefore, the seeds could have more beneficial applications in food industries instead of being used as animal feed or in commercial cosmetic products. In this work, a new method for pomegranate seeds application was developed based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of seed oil and its subsequent encapsulation by spray drying.     

响应面试验优化喷雾干燥制备核桃分心木速溶粉及其冲调性分析

以核桃分心木为原料,从分心木速溶粉冲调性的角度出发,采用单因素试验研究喷雾干燥进风口温度、进料流量及热风流量对核桃分心木速溶粉润湿性、分散性、水分含量及颗粒大小的影响,并选择进风口温度、进料速率、热风流量3 个因素,以润湿时间及分散时间为响应值进行响应面优化试验。喷雾干燥制备核桃分心木速溶粉的最优参数为进风口温度170 ℃、进料流量1.8 L/h、热风流量35 m3/h。采用上述实际操作参数重新制作核桃分心木速溶粉样品进行实验,实际测得润湿时间为13.2 s,分散时间为5.8 s,与模型预测值相符。     

慈姑粉的喷雾干燥工艺优化

以慈姑酶解液为原料,研究助干剂对慈姑出粉率的影响,在最优助干剂添加量的基础上,以出粉率、含水量及感官评分为评价指标,优化喷雾干燥过程中进风温度、进料流量和热空气流量参数,确定最佳干燥工艺条件。结果表明:在麦芽糊精添加量为40%,进风温度为180 ℃,进料流量为25%,热空气流量为36 m3/h时,慈姑出粉率最高,达48.51%±0.63%,比不添加助干剂的出粉率高出31.32%,含水量为4.86%±0.07%,慈姑粉为乳白色,粉粒细小均匀,风味浓厚,冲调性好,感官性状最佳。采用助干剂协同喷雾干燥技术制备慈姑粉能显著提高出粉率,改善慈姑粉品质。     

Dairy powder rehydration: influence of protein state, incorporation mode, and agglomeration

A simplified method to study rehydration was used on different dairy powders. The method involved dispersing powder in a stirred vessel equipped with a turbidity sensor. The changes of turbidity occurring during powder rehydration highlighted the rehydration stage, and the influence of the proteins’ state on rehydration was clarified. Casein powders had a quick wetting time but very slow dispersion, making the total rehydration process time-consuming. On the other hand, whey powders were found to have poor wettability but demonstrated immediate dispersion after wetting. Mixing casein (80%) and whey (20%) before spray drying greatly improved rehydration time compared with casein powder; whereas mixing whey powder with casein powder at the same ratio after spray drying caused a dramatic deterioration in the rehydration properties. Moreover, agglomeration was found to significantly improve the rehydration time of whey protein powder and to slow down the rehydration time of casein powder. These opposite effects were related to the rate-controlling stage (i.e., wetting stage for whey protein and dispersion stage for casein).     

喷雾干燥工艺对枸杞微囊粉制备的影响

研究了在以蔗糖酯和CMC-Na为乳化稳定剂,以10％阿拉伯胶和35％低聚麦芽糖作为复合壁材的条件下,进风温度、进料速度和料液浓度对枸杞乳液喷雾干燥微囊化工艺的影响,通过正交试验及方差分析,最终确定在进风温度160℃、进料速度12r／min 和料液浓度40％时,产品色素含量为0．077mg／g。     

真空冷冻—热风联合干燥对甘肃紫斑牡丹品质的影响

目的:揭示干燥工艺对甘肃紫斑牡丹花冠茶品质的影响。方法:采用真空冷冻热风联合干燥(FHCD)、变温热风干燥(VHD)和真空冷冻干燥(VFD)对紫斑牡丹鲜花进行干燥,测定3种干燥工艺下紫斑牡丹花冠茶的活性成分(花青素含量)和质量属性(水分含量、皱缩率和复水性),结合干燥工艺的能量消耗和紫斑牡丹花冠茶的感官特性(外观、茶色、口味等)对3种干燥工艺进行比较。结果:3种干燥工艺下的紫斑牡丹花冠茶花青素含量分别为8.63%,4.68%,12.26%,复水性分别为491.52%,433.28%,531.75%。与VHD相比,FHCD的紫斑牡丹花冠茶花青素含量增加了3.95%、复水性增加了58.24%、皱缩率减小了13.82%;与VFD相比,FHCD的效率提高了1倍,且能耗降低了51.79%。花冠茶的花青素含量与复水性和含水量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.741和0.738。花冠茶的颜色与花青素含量有关,花青素含量规律为玫红色花冠茶>粉色花冠茶>白色花冠茶。结论:FHCD的紫斑牡丹花冠茶优质、高效、节能,其花冠茶花青素含量、水分含量、皱缩率和复水性分别为8.63%,9.46%,52.85%,492.40%。     

A process for turning pomegranate peels into a valuable food ingredient using ultrasound-assisted extraction and encapsulation

A new method for pomegranate peel application in food industries was developed based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds and their subsequent encapsulation by spray drying. The effects of various parameters on extraction yield, on encapsulation efficiency/yield, and on the main physical properties of the microcapsules (moisture content, bulk density, rehydration ability) were studied. Ultrasound was found to increase extraction yield, but mainly to shorten the treatment time by over 20 times. The maximum encapsulation efficiency was 99.80% and the optimum operating conditions were found to be: wall material, maltodextrin/whey protein isolate (50:50); inlet air temperature, 150 °C; drying air flow rate, 17.5 m³/h; ratio of wall to core material, 9/1; feed solid concentration, 30% (w/w). The encapsulated phenolic extract was found efficient in improving the shelf life of hazelnut paste, in spite of the limited solubility of the crude extract in such a high lipid content matrix.Industrial relevancePomegranate peels, a by-product of pomegranate juice and concentrate industries, present a wide range of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties. Therefore, the peels could have more beneficial applications in food industries instead of being used as animal feed or in commercial cosmetic products. In this work, a new method for pomegranate peel application was developed based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolics and their subsequent encapsulation by spray drying.     

Optimisation of a pilot‐scale spray drying process for probiotic yoghurt,using response surface methodology

The influence of drying air temperatures, drying air flow rate and feed flow rate on percentage survival rate (% SR) of starter and probiotic bacteria, moisture content, water activity and colour of probiotic yoghurt powder produced using a pilot‐scale spray dryer was investigated. Optimisation of spray drying conditions was achieved based on the desirability value. Results showed that inlet air temperature, drying air flow rate, feed flow rate and outlet air temperature of 150 °C, 478 m³/h, 2 L/h and 63.3 °C, respectively, were optimal conditions to produce powder that meets quality specifications and with a satisfactory% SR.     

Fish oil microencapsulation as influenced by spray dryer operational variables

The effects of spray‐drying air temperature, aspirator rate (drying air mass flow rate), peristaltic pump rate (feed mass flow rate) and spraying air mass flow rate on microencapsulation properties of fish oil including moisture content, particle size, bulk density, encapsulation efficiency and peroxide were investigated. The process was carried out on a mini spray dryer, and skim milk powder was used as the encapsulating wall material. Results indicated that increasing inlet air temperature increased the particle size, encapsulation efficiency and peroxide value but decreased the bulk density and moisture content of product. Increasing aspirator rate resulted in increased particle size and peroxide value but decreased the moisture content and bulk density. Increase in feed mass flow rate increased the moisture content, particle size, bulk density and peroxide value but decreased the encapsulation efficiency of microcapsules. The encapsulation efficiency and bulk density increased with the increasing aspirator rate but moisture content, particle size and peroxide value decreased.     

Determination of microwave drying and rehydration kinetics of green peppers with the bioactive and textural properties

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of microwaves on drying and rehydration kinetics of green pepper varieties (sweet, green, and bell) and the bioactive and textural properties of dried and rehydrated peppers. Drying was performed at 90, 180, and 90 + 180 W and dried peppers were rehydrated at 25, 50, and 70°C. The best drying fits were obtained using the equations of both Sigmoid and Hii et al. for drying, and two term exponential decay was the most appropriate model for rehydration. The lowest and highest final rehydration ratio values were obtained for the peppers dried at 180 and 90 W, respectively at each temperature and pepper variety. Among peppers, bell pepper showed the lowest color change (ΔE) and it was the most potent to recover initial color in rehydration. Peppers had softer texture in both drying and rehydration treatment. Total phenolic content of peppers was reduced around 56–65% compared to the fresh pepper by drying and this decrement was reached up to 87% in rehydrated peppers. Results showed that drying at 180 W and rehydration at 70°C provided faster drying and rehydration as well maintained the quality characteristics of green peppers.     

百合热风薄层干燥特性及干燥品质

为提高规模化生产的百合品质,缩短干燥周期,以兰州百合为试样,运用JK-LB1700型薄层干燥试验台制干。系统研究了不同热风温度(60,70,80,90℃),热风速度(0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0m/s)和湿度(20%,30%,40%)对百合热风薄层干燥速率、色泽ΔE*值、VC含量、复水比的影响及各指标的变化规律;通过Weibull分布函数模拟了百合干燥过程及水分扩散规律。结果表明:随热风温度、热风速度增大百合热风薄层干燥时间显著缩短(P<0.01),不同相对湿度下无差异,但在干燥前期湿度大小与物料干燥速率呈正相关,后期呈负相关。采用Weibull分布函数能够准确(R2>0.99)描述百合热风薄层干燥过程,基于Weibull分布函数可准确获得百合薄层干燥水分有效扩散系数(1.213×10-6~3.992×10-6 m2/s),Deff值不仅受干燥参数影响,也受干燥设备和试样贮存时间的影响。试验干燥参数对百合品质指标色泽ΔE*值、VC含量和复水比的综合影响大小依次为干燥温度>热风速度>相对湿度,品质指标色泽ΔE*值和VC含量受干燥参数影响较大,复水比较小。     

Characteristics of thin‐layer drying and rehydration of nata de coco

Nata is white gelatinous bacterial cellulose produced by Acetobacter aceti ssp. xylinum through fermentation of coconut water. Drying behaviour of nata de coco was conducted with a hot air dryer for a temperature range of 50–90 °C. The experimental data obtained were fitted into seven empirical and/or semi‐theoretical thin‐layer drying models using nonlinear regression analysis. Results showed that Logarithmic model, Wang and Singh model fitted better than Verma et al. model although all these three models were suitable for predicting the drying process of nata de coco. The rehydration capacity was lost severely when the moisture content of the samples was nearly zero, but it can almost rehydrate to its initial state when the moisture content was above 8%. The drying kinetic properties and rehydration capacity of nata de coco indicated that most of the moisture in nata de coco was free water.