Using nacelle‐based wind speed observations to improve power curve modeling for wind power forecasting

Wind power forecasting for projection times of 0–48 h can have a particular value in facilitating the integration of wind power into power systems. Accurate observations of the wind speed received by wind turbines are important inputs for some of the most useful methods for making such forecasts. In particular, they are used to derive power curves relating wind speeds to wind power production. By using power curve modeling, this paper compares two types of wind speed observations typically available at wind farms: the wind speed and wind direction measurements at the nacelles of the wind turbines and those at one or more on‐site meteorological masts (met masts). For the three Australian wind farms studied in this project, the results favor the nacelle‐based observations despite the inherent interference from the nacelle and the blades and despite calibration corrections to the met mast observations. This trend was found to be stronger for wind farm sites with more complex terrain. In addition, a numerical weather prediction (NWP) system was used to show that, for the wind farms studied, smaller single time‐series forecast errors can be achieved with the average wind speed from the nacelle‐based observations. This suggests that the nacelle‐average observations are more representative of the wind behavior predicted by an NWP system than the met mast observations. Also, when using an NWP system to predict wind farm power production, it suggests the use of a wind farm power curve based on nacelle‐average observations instead of met mast observations. Further, it suggests that historical and real‐time nacelle‐average observations should be calculated for large wind farms and used in wind power forecasting. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

运用广义回归神经网络预测风电场功率

运用广义回归神经网络对风电场出力提前了24h预测。对引入数值气象预报信息与不引人数值气象预报信息两种情况的预测结果进行了比较分析。首先,对前15d的风功率数据进行训练,通过交叉验证,建立模型,预测了未来一天的风电场出力。然后加入历史风速数据,对历史风速和风功率进行训练,利用数值气象预报信息,预测未来1d的风功率。通过算例表明,使用广义回归神经网络模型预测未来1d的风电场出力,预测结果能够跟踪实际风功率,同时加入数值气象预报信息的预测结果较不加入数值气象预报信息的神经网络预测,精度有所提高。     

基于Attention-GRU风速修正和Stacking的短期风电功率预测

针对使用数值天气预报（NWP）数据进行风电功率预测时,NWP风速与实际风速存在偏差导致预测精度欠佳,提出一种基于注意力机制（Attenion）门控逻辑单元（GRU）数值天气预报风速修正和Stacking多算法融合的短期风电功率预测模型。首先,分析NWP预报风速和实际风速的皮尔逊相关系数,建立Attention-GRU风速修正模型,提高预报风速精度。其次,考虑风向、温度、湿度、气压、空气密度等气象因素,基于Stacking框架,提出融合XGBoost、LSTM、SVR、LASSO的多算法风电功率预测模型,同时采用网格搜索与交叉验证优化模型参数。最后,选取西北和东北两个典型风电场数据进行验证,算例结果表明,所提出模型能改善NWP风速精度并提升风电功率预测效果。     

Short-term wind power prediction based on stacked denoised auto-encoder deep learning and multi-level transfer learning

Wind power prediction (WPP) has an important impact on the security and reliability operations of the power grid. The major difficulty in power prediction of new, expanded, or reconstructed wind farms is the lack of operational data, which leads to insufficient training of the model and makes the prediction error of wind power become enormous. A short-term WPP model based on stacked denoised auto-encoder (SDAE) deep learning and multilevel transfer learning is proposed in this paper. First, the correlation coefficient between the samples of source wind farms and the target wind farm is calculated by using a network trained with the samples from the target wind farm. Second, the samples with high correlation coefficients in source wind farms are graded and migrated to the target wind farm to assist multilevel transfer learning. Finally, the samples from different grades are each used to train a layer of SDAE, and their weights and thresholds are migrated to the final network. The case study shows that the 24-h-day-ahead normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) and 96-h-short-term NRMSE obtained by the proposed method are 4.48% and 5.11% lower, respectively, compared with the model without transfer learning, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed model.     

基于奇异值分解与卡尔曼滤波修正多位置NWP的短期风电功率预测

考虑到数值天气预报网格点位置和系统误差对短期风电功率预测精度的影响,提出一种基于奇异值分解与卡尔曼滤波修正多位置数值天气预报的短期风电功率预测模型。首先通过奇异值分解对多位置数值天气预报数据进行特征提取与降维处理;然后使用卡尔曼滤波方法修正数值天气预报风速数据,降低数值天气预报的系统误差;最后基于极端随机森林算法,利用修正的数值天气预报数据搭建短期风电功率预测模型。通过对某风电场进行仿真,并与单位置、未降维、未修正模型比较,结果表明降维修正模型的预测效果最好,平均误差和均方根误差分别为7.94%和9.96%。     

Characterizing future large,rapid changes in aggregated wind power using Numerical Weather Prediction spatial fields

A critical limiting factor to the successful deployment of a large proportion of wind power in power systems is its predictability. Power system operators play a vital role in maintaining system security, and this task is greatly aided by useful characterizations of future system operations. A wind farm power forecast generally relies on the forecast output from a Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model, typically at a single grid point in the model to represent the wind farm's physical location. A key limitation of this approach is the spatial misplacement of weather features often found in NWP forecasts. This paper presents a methodology to display wind forecast information from multiple grid points at hub height around the wind farm location. If the raw forecast wind speeds at hub height at multiple grid points were to be displayed directly, they would be misleading as the NWP outputs take account of the estimated local surface roughness and terrain at each grid point. Hence, the methodology includes a transformation of the wind speed at each grid point to an equivalent value that represents the surface roughness and terrain at the chosen single grid point for the wind farm site. The chosen‐grid‐point‐equivalent wind speeds for the wind farm can then be transformed to available wind farm power. The result is a visually‐based decision support tool which can help the forecast user to assess the possibilities of large, rapid changes in available wind power from wind farms. A number of methods for displaying the field for multiple wind farms are discussed. The chosen‐grid‐point‐equivalent transformation also has other potential applications in wind power forecasting such as assessing deterministic forecast uncertainty and improving downscaling results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predicting the Wind

Due to increasing wind power penetration, the need for and usage of wind power prediction systems have increased. At the same time, much research has been done in this field, which has led to a significant increase in the prediction accuracy recently. With many ongoing research programs in the field of numerical weather prediction (NWP), as well as in the power output prediction models (transforming wind speed into electrical power output), one can expect further improvements in the future. For the time being, three measures are taken as best practices to reduce prediction errors: Combinations of different models can be done with power output forecast models as well as with NWP models (multimodel and multischeme approaches). Reductions in RMSE of up to 20% were shown with intelligent combinations. As expected, a shorter forecast horizon leads to lower prediction errors. However, the organization of the electricity market as well as the conventional generation pool has a large influence on the needed forecast horizon. The forecast error depends on the number of wind turbines and wind farms and their geographical spread. In Germany, typical forecast errors for representative wind farm forecasts are 10-15% RMSE of installed power, while the error for the control areas calculated from these representative wind farms is typically 6-7% and that for the whole of Germany only 5-6%. Whenever possible, aggregating wind power over a large area should be performed as it leads to significant reduction of forecast errors as well as short-term fluctuations. a large area should be performed as it leads to significant reduction of forecast errors as well as short-term fluctuations.     

Analysing wind power ramp events and improving very short-term wind power predictions by including wind speed observations

Though wind power predictions have been consistently improved in the last decade, persistent reasons for remaining uncertainties are sudden large changes in wind speed, so-called ramps. Here, we analyse the occurrence of ramp events in a wind farm in Eastern Germany and the performance of a wind power prediction tool in forecasting these events for forecasting horizons of 15 and 30 min. Results on the seasonality of ramp events and their diurnal cycle are presented for multiple ramp definition thresholds. Ramps were found to be most frequent in March and April and least frequent in November and December. For the analysis, the wind power prediction tool is fed by different wind velocity forecast products, for example, numerical weather prediction (NWP) model and measurement data. It is shown that including observational wind speed data for very short-term wind power forecasts improves the performance of the power prediction tool compared to the NWP reference, both in terms of ramp detection and in decreasing the mean absolute error between predicted and generated wind power. This improvement is enhanced during ramp events, highlighting the importance of wind observations for very short-term wind power prediction.     

Implementation of a Model Output Statistics based on meteorological variable screening for short‐term wind power forecast

A combination of physical and statistical treatments to post‐process numerical weather predictions (NWP) outputs is needed for successful short‐term wind power forecasts. One of the most promising and effective approaches for statistical treatment is the Model Output Statistics (MOS) technique. In this study, a MOS based on multiple linear regression is proposed: the model screens the most relevant NWP forecast variables and selects the best predictors to fit a regression equation that minimizes the forecast errors, utilizing wind farm power output measurements as input. The performance of the method is evaluated in two wind farms, located in different topographical areas and with different NWP grid spacing. Because of the high seasonal variability of NWP forecasts, it was considered appropriate to implement monthly stratified MOS. In both wind farms, the first predictors were always wind speeds (at different heights) or friction velocity. When friction velocity is the first predictor, the proposed MOS forecasts resulted to be highly dependent on the friction velocity–wind speed correlation. Negligible improvements were encountered when including more than two predictors in the regression equation. The proposed MOS performed well in both wind farms, and its forecasts compare positively with an actual operative model in use at Risø DTU and other MOS types, showing minimum BIAS and improving NWP power forecast of around 15% in terms of root mean square error. Further improvements could be obtained by the implementation of a more refined MOS stratification, e.g. fitting specific equations in different synoptic situations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于加权正则极限学习机的短期风速预测

精确的风速预测是风电功率预测的基础,对保障风电场并网运行和维护电力系统的安全、稳定具有重要意义。针对风速时间序列强烈的波动性、随机性,难以预测的特点,建立了一种基于加权正则极限学习机(WRELM)的短期风速预测新方法。首先,采用与风速相关性大的历史风速、风向以及温度、气压、湿度等气象因素构成候选特征集;采用最大相关最小冗余(mRMR)准则选取与风速序列相关性最大的特征集作为预测输入,由此确定预测网络的训练集和测试集,建立WRELM;采用训练集数据训练网络参数,构建WRELM预测模型;最后,采用WRELM网络预测短期风速。通过风电场实测风速数据试验,验证了该方法的有效性,可用于短期风速预测实践。     

基于Scada数据的风电场改扩建数值模拟研究

风电技术发展速度远高于风电场衰老速度,随着技术的不断进步,多数风电场可以进行有针对性的改扩建,并以此来最大化利用已有风电场内风能资源,增加经济收益。根据已建成风电场运行特性对风电场进行精细化设计是已建成风电场改扩建的关键。针对已建成风电场的Scada数据进行统计分析,了解风电场风能资源特征及运行特性,随后根据风电场风资源特征及运行特性,建立CFD模型,并通过对比风电场模型与风电场各机位点实际测风数据的误差,确认风电场CFD模型的精确程度,最后应用修正为自由流的已建机位点机舱测风数据进行模型修正,达到精准模拟风电场的要求,并以此来确定风电场改扩建排布方案,确保风电场发电量。工程实例的数据与结果分析表明了该方法的可行性。     

Analysis of wind power generation and prediction using ANN: A case study

Many developing nations, such as India have embarked upon wind energy programs for areas experiencing high average wind speeds throughout the year. One of the states in India that is actively pursuing wind power generation programs is Tamil Nadu. Within this state, Muppandal area is one of the identified regions where wind farm concentration is high. Wind energy engineers are interested in studies that aim at assessing the output of wind farms, for which, artificial intelligence techniques can be usefully adapted. The present paper attempts to apply this concept for assessment of the wind energy output of wind farms in Muppandal, Tamil Nadu (India). Field data are collected from seven wind farms at this site over a period of 3 years from April 2002 to March 2005 and used for the analysis and prediction of power generation from wind farms. The model has been developed with the help of neural network methodology. It involves three input variables—wind speed, relative humidity and generation hours and one output variable-energy output of wind farms. The modeling is done using MATLAB toolbox. The model accuracy is evaluated by comparing the simulated results with the actual measured values at the wind farms and is found to be in good agreement.     

基于RTDS的风电场等值建模与验证分析

针对风电场运行条件复杂、运行工况动态变化导致风电场输出功率的分散性问题,采用数理统计方法对风电场外特性进行稳态等值,考虑到大型风电场所处地形复杂、机群分布不规则带来的风速差异性问题,以风电场内长时间尺度实测风速数据作为特征变量,采用改进动态聚类算法进行机群划分,进而基于风电场参数对等值机模型的参数进行聚合辨识。基于RTDS实时数字建模及仿真试验分析结果表明,建立的风电场等值模型能够准确地反映风电场在不同风速及电网侧短路故障下的动态特性,可用于含双馈风电机组风电场接入电力系统稳定性分析。     

Short‐term wind speed prediction in wind farms based on banks of support vector machines

Wind speed prediction is a key point in the management of wind farms because it is directly related to the power produced by each of a farm's turbines. Wind speed prediction is usually one of the most important tasks in wind farming, and companies that manage these farms invest large amounts of money to improve their prediction systems. In this paper, we propose an improvement to an existing wind speed prediction system, using banks of regression Support Vector Machines (SVMr) for a final regression step in the system. Several novel SVMr structures are proposed in this paper to manage the diversity in input data arising from the use of different global forecasting models and several parameterizations of a mesoscale model, included in the basic version of the prediction system. We show that the system implementing SVMr banks outperforms the basic system without taking into account diversity in the input data. It also performs better than a similar system using banks of multi‐layer perceptrons. All the tests are carried out using real data from several wind turbines on a wind farm in southeast Spain. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Statistical wind direction modeling for the analysis of large scale wind power generation

Understanding the effects of large‐scale wind power generation on the electric power system is growing in importance as the amount of installed generation increases. In addition to wind speed, the direction of the wind is important when considering wind farms, as the aggregate generation of the farm depends on the direction of the wind. This paper introduces the wrapped Gaussian vector autoregressive process for the statistical modeling of wind directions in multiple locations. The model is estimated using measured wind direction data from Finland. The presented methodology can be used to model new locations without wind direction measurements. This capability is tested with two locations that were left out of the estimation procedure. Through long‐term Monte Carlo simulations, the methodology is used to analyze two large‐scale wind power scenarios with different geographical distributions of installed generation. Wind generation data are simulated for each wind farm using wind direction and wind speed simulations and technical wind farm information. It is shown that, compared with only using wind speed data in simulations, the inclusion of simulated wind directions enables a more detailed analysis of the aggregate wind generation probability distribution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic models of wind farms with fixed speed wind turbines

The increasing wind power penetration on power systems requires the development of adequate wind farms models for representing the dynamic behaviour of wind farms on power systems. The behaviour of a wind farm can be represented by a detailed model including the modelling of all wind turbines and the wind farm electrical network. But this detailed model presents a high order model if a wind farm with high number of wind turbines is modelled and therefore the simulation time is long. The development of equivalent wind farm models enables the model order and the computation time to be reduced when the impact of wind farms on power systems is studied. In this paper, equivalent models of wind farms with fixed speed wind turbines are proposed by aggregating wind turbines into an equivalent wind turbine that operates on an equivalent wind farm electrical network. Two equivalent wind turbines have been developed: one for aggregated wind turbines with similar winds, and another for aggregated wind turbines under any incoming wind, even with different incoming winds.The proposed equivalent models provide high accuracy for representing the dynamic response of wind farm on power system simulations with an important reduction of model order and simulation time compare to that of the complete wind farm modelled by the detailed model.     

风电场风功率实时预测效果综合评价方法

超短期风电功率预测对含大规模风电的电力系统安全经济运行有着重要意义。但目前对预测结果的评价均停留在常规统计学指标上,缺乏合理的评价体系来评价某特定风电场所选取预测模型的优劣。简述了目前风电功率预测结果评价指标的不足,提出一种基于预测误差评价和预报考核等指标的风电场输出功率实时预测效果评估方法,为不同地区风电场根据其风电输出功率变化的特点,选择预测模型以及风电场输出功率预测效果的工程检验提供依据。最后,利用吉林省某风电场实测数据,采用该评估方法对不同预测模型的实时预测结果进行分析评价,实现了该风电场不同预测模型间的择优,验证了该评价方法的指导价值。     

基于深度置信网络的短期风电功率预测

为解决海量数据用作预测模型训练样本导致信息冗杂的问题,提出一种基于深度置信网络的短期风电功率预测方法.该方法首先使用历史数据作为训练样本,通过深度置信网络无监督学习提取出其相应特征,随后采用K均值算法对提取出的特征进行聚类分析,将历史数据分作几类,并通过判别分析确定待测日所属类别,以该类别所属的历史数据对设置了误差反馈...     

基于风速误差校正和ALO-LSSVM的风电功率预测

风资源的随机波动性引起的相位滞后性问题,导致风电功率预测精度不高,尤其是风速变化较快时,滞后性引起的预测误差较大。考虑到风速波动与风功率变化密切相关,提出一种非参数核密度估计和数值天气预报(NWP)相结合的方法,并对预测风速误差进行校正,改善了预测风速的相位滞后性;然后将校正后的风速和风功率作为输入数据进行风电功率预测;采用蚁狮算法(ALO)优化最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)参数,从而建立基于风速误差校正和ALO-LSSVM组合的风电功率预测模型。算例结果表明,所提方法风功率预测精度更高。     

风电场风速及风电功率预测方法研究综述

由于风能的随机性以及电力系统的非线性等原因,预测风电功率时需要考虑众多的不确定因素影响。现有预测方法主要包括物理预测方法、统计预测方法以及学习预测方法、综合预测法等。基于数字天气预报(NWP-numerical weather prediction)的物理预测方法模型复杂、计算量大,较少用于短期预测;统计预测方法模型简单,数据需求量少,较适合于数据获取有一定困难的情况;人工智能预测方法不依赖于对象的精确模型,适合于随机非线性系统;综合预测方法可一定程度地扬长避短。本文主要就风电场风速及风电功率预测方法研究进行了综合阐述,并在总结前人研究的基础上提出了一些可进一步研究的问题。