纳米纤维素基泡沫材料在包装领域的研究进展

纳米纤维素作为天然可降解材料,具有优良的力学性能、高比表面积、大长径比等特性。为研究基于纳米纤维素开发的泡沫材料在包装领域的应用,对近年来纳米纤维素基泡沫材料的制备方法及其缓冲、隔热、阻燃、抗菌、疏水等性能进行总结,概括了纳米纤维素泡沫材料在纳米纤维素制备、湿泡沫发泡和泡沫成型干燥等领域的进展。但由于现阶段纳米纤维素制备工艺的复杂性,以及干燥过程中较高的能耗和较长的周期,作为包装材料的关键性能指标还有进一步提升的空间,实现规模化生产仍有一些问题有待解决。通过综述纳米纤维基泡沫材料在包装领域的研究进展,以期为可持续包装材料的发展提供理论支持。     

纳米纤维素在气体阻隔包装材料中的应用进展

目的介绍纳米纤维素在包装中的应用与国内外的研究现状,阐述纳米纤维素在改善包装材料气体阻隔性能方面的作用机理、作用方式及作用效果,并对纳米纤维素在气体包装材料领域中的应用前景进行展望。方法归纳整理国内外文献,简单介绍纳米纤维素的基本性能和制备,以及纳米纤维素复合材料的制备方法,并重点整理分析纳米纤维素复合材料在阻隔包装材料领域的应用与进展。结果纳米纤维素具有来源广泛、可降解、可再生以及高结晶度等优良特性,在包装材料中加入纳米纤维素可以显著提高包装材料的气体阻隔性能。结论随着对纳米纤维素研究的不断深入,纳米纤维素在气体阻隔包装材料中的应用会越来越广泛。     

Torsion of a fiber reinforced hyperelastic cylinder for which the fibers can undergo dissolution and reassembly

In previous work, the authors have developed a theory for treating microstructural changes in fiber reinforced hyperelastic materials. In this theory, fibers undergo dissolution as a result of increasing elongation and then reassemble in a direction defined as part of the model. Processes in which the fibers reassemble in the direction of maximum principal stretch of the matrix were specifically considered. This model was previously illustrated for various cases of homogeneous deformation. The present work studies the implications of the model during the non-homogeneous deformation of axial stretch and torsion of a circular solid cylinder composed of an isotropic matrix and families of helically wound fibers. It is shown that the process of fiber dissolution and reassembly produces complex morphological changes in the fibrous structure and hence, in the response of the cylinder. Such events can give rise to an outer layer of material in which the fibers have undergone dissolution and reassembly. The interface between this region and the as yet unaltered core material can then move radially inward as axial stretch and/or twist increase. Gradual reassembly of the fibers with increasing stretch and twist changes their contributions to the torque and axial force and their helical orientation. Different sequences of axial stretch and twist result in different morphologies in the fibrous structure.     

Influence of composition and curing on drying shrinkage of aerated concrete

The process of drying of many materials is accompanied by dimensional changes, which induce cracks in the structure. This phenomenon is particularly significant in acrated concrete owing to its high total porosity and specific surface of pores. The factors influencing drying shrinkage of aerated concrete are widely different from that of normal concrete because of the presence of coarse aggregates in the latter. This paper discusses the results of statistically designed experiments conducted to ascertain the influence of composition on the drying shrinkage of non-autoclaved and autoclaved aerated concrete. Detailed single factor experiments were conducted to assess the influence of basic constituents of the mix on drying shrinkage whereas fractional factorial experiments were used for the interaction effects and the influence of some additives. It was observed that increase in lime-cement ratio and fly ash content increases drying shrinkage. Significant shrinkage reduction is obtained by autoclaving, suggesting that drying shrinkage is predominantly a function of the physical structure of the hydration product.     

Steady-State and Transient Conductivity of Colloidal Solutions of Gold Nanobeads

Steady-state and transient conductance measurements of gold nanobeads solutions deposited on top of interdigitated electrodes have been performed. It is shown that the application of an electric field of moderate value between electrodes during the drying process of the droplet makes the resulting steady-state conductance value to increase significantly. The dynamics of the gold nanobeads in the solution has been studied by means of transient current measurements during the drying process and the effects correlated to the changes in the morphology of the association of the gold nanobeads when they reach the substrate. It is seen that the application of the electric field foster the formation of gold beads monolayers, chains, and dendritic associations which, in combination with the humidity conditions of the sample surface, are believed to be the reasons for the conductance increase.     

The Potential of NanoCellulose in the Packaging Field: A Review

Nanocellulose has potential applications across several industrial sectors and allows the development of innovative materials, as well as the enhancement of conventional materials properties. The nanocellulose particles can be utilized as fillers, in composites manufacture, as coating and as self‐standing thin films, achieving always very interesting and promising properties. Very few of the several reviews that recently appeared on this topic in the scientific literature, however, summarized the potential of cellulose in nanoform specifically for the packaging field rather focusing on different aspects, ranging from the chemistry and the morphology of nanocellulose particles to the preparation methods, the industrial applications and the patents released. In the present review, the remarkable chemical and physical properties of nanocellulose are introduced and discussed with specific reference to the packaging needs. First, the cellulose resources and structure are introduced, then the process methods to reach the nanoscale, the corresponding morphologies and nomenclatures are summarized, mentioning also the possible chemical modifications of nanocellulose and, finally, its practical and potential applications for packaging materials, especially food packaging materials, are tentatively proposed and discussed. Although the review might not cover every aspect on nanocellulose, yet the key points, particularly those related to safety and biodegradability issues, are regarded and considered. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Jet printing of colloidal solutions – Numerical modeling and experimental verification of the influence of ink and surface parameters on droplet spreading

Ink jet printing of functional materials promises an efficient route for the manufacturing of future low cost and large-area electronics applications. The effect of capillary flow of thin liquid films, the control of droplet spreading by suitably influencing the wetting properties of surfaces, the rheology of the ink and the process design play a relevant role in improvement of ink jet printed patterns. This work presents the experimentally based numerical study of the shape of single ink jetted droplets controlled by homogeneous contact angle distributions. The dynamics of the fluid on the substrate surface is treated in the frame of the lubrication theory using the concept of a precursor film and modeling the equilibrium contact angle by a disjoining pressure. The model describes the spreading of axisymmetric droplets considering different material and process parameter configurations. It is shown that the spreading process can be modeled separately from the drying process within a certain range of contact angles.     

Beneficiation of pulp and paper mill sludge: production and characterisation of functionalised crystalline nanocellulose

The beneficiation of sludge from pulp and paper mills to produce high-value products such as crystalline nanocellulose will alleviate the challenges associated with conventional methods of sludge disposal, such as landfilling and incineration. In addition, the use of sludge will reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials in the synthesis of nanocellulose which is usually produced from high-purity cellulose pulps. In this study, fibres were cleaned and separated from sludge and then converted to crystalline nanocellulose using ammonium persulphate under optimised oxidative conditions. To extend potential applications of the crystalline nanocellulose produced, the crystalline nanocellulose was functionalised with zinc oxide, silver and hydroxyapatite to prepare crystalline nanocellulose-zinc oxide, crystalline nanocellulose-silver and crystalline nanocellulose-hydroxyapatite nano- and micro-composites powders using the sol–gel process. Transmission electron microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetric analysis were used to investigate the properties of crystalline nanocellulose and functionalised crystalline nanocellulose. The transmission electron microscope and field-emission scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of crystalline nanocellulose, and inorganic nanoparticles. Functionalised samples (crystalline nanocellulose-zinc oxide, crystalline nanocellulose-silver and crystalline nanocellulose-hydroxyapatite) showed better thermal stability than pure crystalline nanocellulose. This implies that the modified inorganic crystalline nanocellulose composites could be used in applications where thermal stability is desirable. The cost of production is economically viable as the raw material cost is cheaper compared to the use of wood pulp.     

Review of cellulose nanocrystals patents: preparation, composites and general applications

This review attempts to visualize the actual impact of nanocellulose-based materials in different areas. A detailed search in recent patent databases on nanocellulose showed the importance of this material, as well as relevant topics concerning its technological preparations to obtain versatile new composites materials, and the applications of nanocellulose in different domains. At the present moment, the most common techniques for nanocellulose preparation were found to be acid and enzymatic procedures, oxidation, electrospinning, high pressure homogenization, and steam explosion processes. Concerning nanocellulose composites, several aspects were found in recent patents ranging from simple to complex structures with different properties. As unique materials, nanocellulose can be used in different areas of expertise, such as in biomedical and technical applications. This review is a useful tool for researchers to provide an update on nanocellulose patents in an expanding and interesting field of nanotechnology.     

Nanocellulose for Energy Storage Systems: Beyond the Limits of Synthetic Materials

The ongoing surge in demand for high‐performance energy storage systems inspires the relentless pursuit of advanced materials and structures. Components of energy storage systems are generally based on inorganic/metal compounds, carbonaceous substances, and petroleum‐derived hydrocarbon chemicals. These traditional materials, however, may have difficulties fulfilling the ever‐increasing requirements of energy storage systems. Recently, nanocellulose has garnered considerable attention as an exceptional 1D element due to its natural abundance, environmental friendliness, recyclability, structural uniqueness, facile modification, and dimensional stability. Recent advances and future outlooks of nanocellulose as a green material for energy storage systems are described, with a focus on its application in supercapacitors, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), and post‐LIBs. Nanocellulose is typically classified as cellulose nanofibril (CNF), cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), and bacterial cellulose (BC). The unusual 1D structure and chemical functionalities of nanocellulose bring unprecedented benefits to the fabrication and performance of energy storage materials and systems, which lie far beyond those achievable with conventional synthetic materials. It is believed that this progress report can stimulate research interests in nanocellulose as a promising material, eventually widening material horizons for the development of next‐generation energy storage systems, that will lead us closer to so‐called Battery‐of‐Things (BoT) era.     

韭菜花酱热泵干燥特性及干燥数学模型研究

目的 研究韭菜花酱热泵干燥特性,并建立其干燥动力学模型。方法 以韭菜花酱为实验材料,对其进行热泵干燥处理,研究不同风温、风速、装载量、铺料厚度对韭菜花酱干燥时间和速率的影响,并根据实验数据对干燥模型进行非线性回归。结果 韭菜花酱热泵干燥过程无明显恒速阶段,当风温升高、风速增大时,干燥速率增大,干燥时间缩短,物料的色泽和气味会受到较大影响,干物料品质会降低;增大铺料厚度能显著地降低干燥速率,延长干燥时间。在所有实验工况下,Midilli模型预测的数据和实验数据拟合结果较好。结论 风温、风速、装载量和厚度均会不同程度地影响韭菜花酱热泵干燥过程,Midilli模型是描述韭菜花酱干燥过程中水分变化规律的最优模型。     

Kinetics Investigation of Sintering of Nanometer Size Metal Clusters： A Molecular Dynamics Study

The sintering process of nanometer size gold clusters is investigated by using molecular dynamics simulation in the frame of embedded atomistic method. Several molecular dynamics simulation techniques are used to observe and describe the evolution of the sintering process. The energy distribution for single cluster is examined and the snapshots of sintering process of two clusters are recorded. The evolution of sintering is also described by plotting the mass center changes with time for each cluster. The variations of kinetic and potential energy during the process of sintering are monitored and measured to analyze the dominant mechanisms of sintering from the energy point of view.     

水性紫外光固化聚氨酯丙烯酸酯的干燥与固化过程

采用聚氨酯丙烯酸酯为研究对象,分别对水溶性、水乳液型紫外光(UV)固化树脂的干燥和固化规律进行研究,考察了树脂分子结构、干燥固化条件等因素对干燥和固化的影响。通过对涂膜红外干燥过程的研究,发现红外辐射可以将UV固化聚氨酯丙烯酸酯乳液的干燥时间降至30 s左右。对涂膜固化过程的研究表明,固化条件、分子结构和添加物对固化时间都有重要影响,选择合适的条件,固化时间可以缩短至5 s以内。     

泥炭藓纳米纤维素的制备及其在海藻酸钠复合膜中的应用研究

目的 选取泥炭藓作为苔藓植物门的代表植物,探讨以泥炭藓为原料制备纳米纤维素的可行性,考察制得的泥炭藓纳米纤维素在海藻酸钠复合膜中的应用性能,拓宽苔藓化学内含物的应用范围。方法 采用烧碱法提取泥炭藓中的纤维素成分,通过硫酸水解法将提取到的纤维素转化为纳米纤维素。采用FTIR、XRD、热重、动态光散射、SEM及TEM技术对制备的泥炭藓纤维素(Sph-C)和泥炭藓纳米纤维素(Sph-NC)进行表征,检测制备的Sph-NC/海藻酸钠复合膜的力学性能。结果 FTIR分析显示,碱处理能够有效去除泥炭藓中的非纤维素杂质;XRD检测显示,Sph-C和Sph-NC中纤维素晶型均为纤维素I;热重分析显示,Sph-NC的热稳定性降低、固体残留率有所增加;TEM观察显示Sph-NC直径约为21.5 nm,属于纳米材料尺寸范畴。将Sph-NC用于海藻酸钠复合膜的制备,可将复合膜的抗张指数和耐破指数分别提高21.2%和15.7%。结论 泥炭藓可作为纤维素来源,用于制备纳米纤维素,制得的Sph-NC对海藻酸钠复合膜具有补强作用。     

多孔材料用于木材干燥过程中VOCs吸附的研究进展和探讨

木材干燥过程中会产生一系列有机挥发性气体(VOCs),这些气体对人体和环境都会带来巨大的危害。加强对木材干燥过程中产生VOCs的释放过程、释放控制和吸附的研究,即寻求环保高效的吸附剂是当前国内外研究的热点之一。在总结活性碳、活性碳纤维、活性碳纳米纤维、分子筛和蒙脱石基介孔材料等对VOCs吸附研究的基础上,探讨了新型MOFs材料在木材干燥工业过程中释放VOCs的应用可行性和发展前景。     

纳米纤维素基材料在柔性电子器件中的应用

目的 由于纳米纤维素基材料良好的柔韧性、热力学性能和高透明度,近年来在柔性电子产品中引起越来越多的关注。通过综述该领域的研究进展,将有助于研究人员更高效地开展研究。方法 综述3类纳米纤维素的制备方法及将纳米纤维素基材料应用在柔性电子产品中的研究进展。分别阐述纳米纤维素基材料应用于器件柔性衬底及绝缘材料的研究实例,并讨论纳米纤维素在各种应用方向中的优势以及存在的问题,最后对材料的未来应用前景进行展望。结论 纳米纤维素是天然纤维素与纳米技术结合的产物,可主要划分为纤维素纳米纤丝、纤维素纳米晶以及细菌纤维素3类。近年来,纳米纤维素基材料作为电子器件柔性衬底、绝缘材料等研究均有许多成果问世。虽然纳米纤维素基电子器件的开发还主要停留在实验室阶段,但是与传统的石油化工产品相比,纳米纤维素具有原材料丰富、环保可降解等优点。对纳米纤维素基新型材料的开发利用,有助于解决人类社会中日益严重的电子垃圾问题。     

Current international research into cellulose as a functional nanomaterial for advanced applications

This review paper provides a recent overview of current international research that is being conducted into the functional properties of cellulose as a nanomaterial. A particular emphasis is placed on fundamental and applied research that is being undertaken to generate applications, which are now becoming a real prospect given the developments in the field over the last 20 years. A short introduction covers the context of the work, and definitions of the different forms of cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) that are most widely studied. We also address the terminology used for CNMs, suggesting a standard way to classify these materials. The reviews are separated out into theme areas, namely healthcare, water purification, biocomposites, and energy. Each section contains a short review of the field within the theme and summarizes recent work being undertaken by the groups represented. Topics that are covered include cellulose nanocrystals for directed growth of tissues, bacterial cellulose in healthcare, nanocellulose for drug delivery, nanocellulose for water purification, nanocellulose for thermoplastic composites, nanocellulose for structurally colored materials, transparent wood biocomposites, supercapacitors and batteries.

     

Freestanding hierarchical porous carbon film derived from hybrid nanocellulose for high-power supercapacitors

Nanocellulose is a sustainable and eco-friendly nanomaterial derived from renewable biomass.In this study,we utilized the structural advantages of two types of nanocellulose and fabricated freestanding carbonized hybrid nanocellulose films as electrode materials for supercapacitors.The long cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) formed a macroporous framework,and the short cellulose nanocrystals were assembled around the CNF framework and generated micro/mesopores.This two-level hierarchical porous structure was successfully preserved during carbonization because of a thin atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al2O3 conformal coating,which effectively prevented the aggregation of nanocellulose.These carbonized,partially graphitized nanocellulose fibers were interconnected,forming an integrated and highly conductive network with a large specific surface area of 1,244 m2·g-1.The two-level hierarchical porous structure facilitated fast ion transport in the film.When tested as an electrode material with a high mass loading of 4 mg·cm-2 for supercapacitors,the hierarchical porous carbon film derived from hybrid nanocellulose exhibited a specific capacitance of 170 F.g-1and extraordinary performance at high current densities.Even at a very high current of 50 A·g-1,it retained 65％ of its original specific capacitance,which makes it a promising electrode material for high-power applications.     

Computational Studies on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotube Based Nanostructures

The excellent set of properties of carbon nanotube and carbon nanotube-based nanostructures has been established by various studies. However the claimed property values and trends have not been unanimously agreed upon. Using state of the art molecular dynamics and ab initio methods, we have extensively studied the mechanical, thermal and structural properties of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube based nanostructures. Additionally this study aims to address the approaches used in various studies to assess the validity and influence of various definitions used for determining the physical properties as reported in earlier experiments and theoretical calculations. We have come up with equations, which quantitatively address the wide differences in trend and values of nanotube axial modulus available across the literature. Applying a novel bond rearrangement scheme, we have found similar values in twist modulus of zigzag and armchair nanotubes. This opposes the claim of difference that was shown to be valid only at finite limit in our study. We have shown that the contribution of van der Waals energy in a multi-wall nanotube is powerful enough to make it hexagonal in shape but negligible in affecting the axial modulus. These insights will also help in designing micromechanics model of materials made from carbon nanotube or nanotube like structures. In particular, we have calculated the mechanical properties (young modulus, bending modulus and twist modulus) of isolated and bundled nanotubes, single and multi-wall nanotubes and single and multi-wall carbon nanotube based tori. We also report studies on thermal variation of moduli and thermal expansion of nanotubes. The result obtained by first principles calculation based interatomic potential agrees well with the experimental results.     

纳米纤维素增强淀粉食品包装材料的研究进展

目的 为了解决纯淀粉材料力学性能低、脆性大等缺点,探索纳米纤维素对淀粉膜材料的影响,为食品包装材料领域和替代传统石油基的高分子材料方向提供新的思路。方法 通过跟进国内外纳米纤维增强淀粉相关研究和应用进展,概括3种纳米纤维素的性能,介绍淀粉食品包装材料未来将面临的挑战和机遇,重点分析纳米纤维素对淀粉膜性能的影响。结论 纤维素纳米纤维（CNF）、纤维素纳米晶（CNC）和微晶纤维素（MCC）对淀粉进行增强后,淀粉复合材料的力学性能、阻隔性能和热学性能均得到改善,纳米纤维素增强淀粉食品包装材料在未来食品包装领域将得到扩展。