Sunflower Acid Oil-Based Production of Rhamnolipid Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Application in Liquid Detergents

Utilization of industrial waste as substrates for the rhamnolipid synthesis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a worthy alternative for conventionally used vegetable oils and fatty acids to reduce the production cost of rhamnolipid. Sunflower acid oil (SAO), a by-product of the oil industry, contains 70% 18:0 fatty acid, with oleic acid as a major component. In this scope, production and analysis of rhamnolipid was successfully demonstrated using SAO as a new substrate. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced rhamnolipid (a glycolipid biosurfactant) at a maximum concentration of 4.9 g L⁻¹ with 60 g L⁻¹ of SAO in the medium. Structural properties of rhamnolipid biosurfactant are confirmed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Further surface-active properties of the crude rhamnolipid were evaluated by measuring surface tension and emulsification properties. The synthesized rhamnolipid reduced the surface tension of water to 30.12 mN m⁻¹ and interfacial tension (against heptane) to 0.52 mN m⁻¹. Moreover, rhamnolipid shows the highest emulsification index (above 80%) for vegetable oils. This study confirms the use of SAO as a potential substrate for rhamnolipid production. The synthesized rhamnolipid was incorporated in liquid detergent formulation along with alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES). The performance properties including foaming and cleaning efficiency of liquid detergent were compared.     

Superior enhancement of imbibition recovery by novel surfactant mixtures with a large hydrophobic group combined with nanosilica

Low interfacial tension (IFT) drainage and imbibition are effective methods for improving oil recovery from reservoirs that have low levels of oil or are tight (i.e., exhibit low oil permeability). It is critical to prepare a high efficient imbibition formula. In this work, a novel 2,4,6-tris(1-phenylethyl)phenoxy polyoxyethylene ether hydroxypropyl sodium sulfonate (TPHS) surfactant was synthesized and evaluated for imbibition. Its structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the interfacial tension (IFT) of the crude oil/0.07% TPHS solution was 0.276 mN/m. When 0.1 wt% TPHS was mixed with 0.2 wt% alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS), the IFT was lowered to 6 × 10⁻² mN/m. The synergy between nanoparticles (NPs) and TPHS/AOS mixed surfactant was studied by IFT, contact angle on sandstone substrates, zeta potential, and spreading dynamics through microscopic methods. The results show that the surfactant likely adsorbs to the NP surface and that NP addition can help the surfactant desorb crude oil from the glass surface. With the addition of 0.05 wt% SiO₂ NPs (SNPs), the imbibition oil recovery rate increased dramatically from 0.32%/h to 0.87%/h. The spontaneous imbibition recovery increased by 4.47% for original oil in place (OOIP). Compared to flooding by TPHS/AOS surfactant solutions, the oil recovery of forced imbibition in the sand-pack increased by 12.7% OOIP, and the water breakthrough time was delayed by 0.13 pore volumes (PV) when 0.05% SNPs were added. This paper paves the way for enhanced oil recovery in low-permeability sandstone reservoirs using novel TPHS/AOS surfactants and SNPs.     

Synthesis,Physico-Chemical Properties and Enhanced Oil Recovery Flooding Evaluation of Novel Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactants

In this work, a novel series of zwitterionic gemini surfactants with different hydrophobic tails were synthesized and characterized. The physico‐chemical properties of these products (such as surface tension, oil/water interfacial tension, foaming ability, and the wetting ability of paraffin‐coated sandstone) were fully studied. The CMC of the synthesized surfactants ranged from 2.17 × 10^?4 mol L^?1 to 5.36 × 10^?4 mol L^?1 and corresponding surface tension (γ_CMC) ranged from 26.49 mN m^?1 to 29.06 mN m^?1, which showed excellent efficiency among the comparison surfactants. All the products can reduce the interfacial tension to a relatively low level of about 0.1–1.0 mN m^?1. Additionally, results from applying different hydrocarbons suggested that the synergy will be clearer and oil/water interfacial tension will be lower if the oil components are similar to the surfactants. Contact angle and foaming measurements indicated that the surfactants exhibited good wetting and foaming abilities. The results of oil flooding experiments using an authentic sandstone microscopic model showed that C‐12 and CA‐12 could effectively improve the displacement efficiency by 21–29 %.     

Synthesis and Properties of Novel Phenylenediamine Gemini Surfactants

In the present work, a two-step method was adopted to synthesize a series of novel Gemini surfactants using N,N-dimethylalkyl amines (alkyl length = C₁₂, C₁₆ and C₁₈), epichlorohydrin, and n-phenyllenediamine as starting materials. The products were characterized using mass spectroscopy (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR). Systematic experiments were conducted to evaluate their surface activity, foaming properties, and antibacterial performance. Results showed the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of the C₁₂-based, C₁₆-based, and C₁₈-based phenylenediamine surfactants were 3.295 × 10⁻³, 2.532 × 10⁻⁴, and 3.140 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ at 298 K, respectively, with corresponding surface tension (γ_cmc) values of 28.24, 31.95, and 35.06 mN m⁻¹ under the same conditions. The Gemini surfactants showed not only good surface activity and foaming properties, but also demonstrated good antimicrobial performance against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi.     

Synthesis and Surface Properties of Polyether-Based Silicone Surfactants with Different Siloxane Groups

A series of polyether-based silicone surfactants with different hydrophobic chains (trimethylsiloxy, triethylsiloxy, and triisopropylsiloxy) were synthesized. The molecular structures were confirmed using ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ¹³C NMR, ²⁹Si NMR, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effect of the siloxane groups on the physicochemical properties, surface tension (γ), critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC (γ_CMC ), adsorption efficiency (pC₂₀), surface pressure at the CMC (π_CMC ), maximum surface excess (Γ_max ), single silicone surfactant molecule at the air/water interface (A_min ), and the standard free energy of adsorption (), of the polyether-based silicone surfactants was investigated. Results indicate that the polyether-based silicone surfactants can reduce the surface tension of water to approximately 25–31 mN m⁻¹ and the surface activity of silicone surfactants is enhanced with increasing branched trimethylsiloxyl and sterically hindered siloxane groups.     

Biosurfactant Production by Bacillus tequilensis ZSB10: Structural Characterization,Physicochemical, and Antifungal Properties

A new biosurfactant was obtained from a moderately halophilic bacterium identified as Bacillus tequilensis ZSB10 that was isolated from a saline water pond located in Tehuacan-Cuicatlan valley, Mexico. A kinetic analysis of the bacterial growth of the ZSB10 strain showed a maximum growth at 24 h regardless of the initial pH (5, 7.4, and 9). The best results were found at pH = 7.4 in terms of bacterial growth, besides which the produced biosurfactant showed emulsifying and surfactant properties with an emulsification index (E₂₄) and surface tension change (ΔST) of 54 ± 0% and 26 mN m⁻¹, respectively. Extracted ZSB10 crude biosurfactant had a yield of 106 ± 6 mg L⁻¹, an E₂₄ = 58.4 ± 0.2%, and a ΔST = 26 mN m⁻¹ with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 44.82 mg L⁻¹. Also, its structure was characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a surfactin, iturin A, and fengycin mixture whose main isoform was leu/ile-7 C₁₅ surfactin [M + Na]⁺. Finally, the ZSB10 crude biosurfactant showed antifungal activity against Helminthosporium sp., with a 79.3% growth inhibition and an IC₅₀ of 1.37 mg per disc. Therefore, this biosurfactant could be used as biopesticide.     

Glycine Surfactants Derived from Dodecenyl Succinic Anhydride

We report the synthesis and properties of two surfactants with a novel head group based on glycine. A monocarboxylic surfactant N-glycine methyl ester (2-dodecen-1-yl succinamic acid) (I) was prepared by ring opening of an n-alkyl succinic anhydride. Hydrolysis of the ester functionality yields a dicarboxylic acid II. The sodium salts of I and II were effective surfactants at neutral pH giving a low minimum surface tension (<30 mN m⁻¹ at 20 °C). At high pH (~12) the surface activity of both surfactants is reduced compared to neutral pH, indicating that at neutral pH an ‘acid soap’ is formed. The pK _a of the acid form of the surfactants was determined. Addition of calcium ions reduced the CMC of II but did not reduce the surface tension above the CMC. The resistance of II to calcium ion precipitation was measured at pH 7.     

Synthesis of Didodecylmethylcarboxyl Betaine and Its Application in Surfactant–Polymer Flooding

Enhanced crude oil recovery by chemical flooding has been a main measure for postponing the overall decline of crude oil output in China, and surfactant-polymer (SP) flooding may replace alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding in the future for avoiding the undesired effects of using alkali. In this paper the synthesis of a surfactant with a large hydrophobe, didodecylmethylcarboxyl betaine (diC₁₂B), and its adaptability in SP flooding were investigated. The results show that diC₁₂B can be synthesized by reaction of didodecylmethyl amine, a product commercially available, with chloroacetic acid in the presence of NaOH, with a resulting yield as high as 80?wt% under appropriate conditions. With double dodecyl chain diC₁₂B is highly surface active as displayed by its low CMC, 3.7?×?10^?6?mol?L^?1, low ??_CMC, 27?mNm^?1, as well as high adsorption and small cross section area (??0.25?nm²) at both air/water and oil/water interfaces at 25?°C. By mixing with conventional hydrophilic surfactants diC₁₂B can be well dissolved in Daqing connate water and reduce the Daqing crude oil/connate water interfacial tension to about 10^?3?mN?m^?1 at 45?°C in a wide total surfactant concentration range, from 0.01 to 0.5 wt%. And a tertiary oil recovery, 18?±?1.5?% OOIP, can been achieved by SP flooding using natural cores without adding any alkaline agent or neutral electrolyte. DiC₁₂B seems thus to be a good surfactant for enhanced oil recovery by SP flooding.     

Pressureless sintering of SiC ceramics with improved specific stiffness

The effects of B₄C content on the specific stiffness and mechanical and thermal properties of pressureless-sintered SiC ceramics were investigated. SiC ceramics containing 2.5 wt% C and 0.7–20 wt% B₄C as sintering aids could be sintered to ≥ 99.4% of the theoretical density at 2150 °C for 1 h in Ar. The specific stiffness of SiC ceramics increased from 136.1 × 10⁶ to 144.4 × 10⁶ m²‧s⁻² when the B₄C content was increased from 0.7 to 20 wt%. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of the SiC ceramics were maximal with the incorporation of 10 wt% B₄C (558 MPa and 3.69 MPa‧m^1/2, respectively), while the thermal conductivity decreased from ∼154 to ∼83 W‧m⁻¹‧K⁻¹ when the B₄C content was increased from 0.7 to 30 wt%. The flexural strength and thermal conductivity of the developed SiC ceramic containing 20 wt% B₄C were ∼346 MPa and ∼105 W‧m⁻¹‧K⁻¹, respectively.     

Sulfonated-polysulfone membrane surface modification by employing methacrylic acid through UV-grafting: Optimization through response surface methodology approach

Membrane surface modification through UV-grafting method was studied and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Sulfonated-polysulfone (SPS) membrane was modified through grafting process by employing methacrylic acid (MAA) monomer solution under the exposure of UV light. The parameters used were the concentration of MAA in the range of 0–6 wt% and UV activation time of 0–50 min. The optimized parameters from RSM were 2.61 wt% of MAA and 21.10 min of UV activation time. The optimized water permeability obtained was 8.75 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹, while the rejection percentages for humic acid, NaCl and MgSO₄ solution were 95.0%, 65.7% and 48.3%, respectively.     

Optimization of Dynamic Interfacial Tension for Crude Oil–Brine System in the Presence of Nonionic Surfactants

In this study, interfacial tension (IFT) is measured between brine and crude oil (a sample of heavy oil from an Iranian oil reservoir) in the presence of two nonionic surfactants, KEPS 80 (Tween 80) and Behamid D, at different concentrations in order to optimize the concentrations of the surfactants. The surface response method is used to design the IFT measurement experiments. The experimental design and optimization is performed using the IFT as an objective function and temperature, concentration, and time as independent variables. In addition to the IFT measurement, various experiments such as stability tests of the surfactants in NaCl brine solutions, adsorption experiments on the carbonated rock surface, and phase behavior tests are performed to investigate the behavior of KEPS 80 and Behamid D in the enhanced oil recovery process. At the end, a model using the response surface statistical technique is designed for optimization of the concentrations of the surfactants, and a surfactant molecular migration mechanism is used for explanation of the dynamic IFT variation versus time. In the case of IFT experiments, the effect of surfactant concentration (at 1000, 3000, and 5000 ppm) on the dynamic IFT is investigated. The experiments are performed at four temperatures (25, 40, 50, and 67°C). The results show that the oil–brine IFT values can be reduced to about 4 mN m⁻¹ in the presence of Behamid D and to about 1 mN m⁻¹ in the presence of KEPS 80 at low concentrations.     

Influence of process conditions on the sulfonation of methyl ester synthesized from used cooking oil: Optimization by Taguchi approach

Developing a robust and facile process route for fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate (MES) synthesis is of importance for industrial applications. Herein, Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) approach was used for the first time to establish the optimum process condition for the sulfonation of methyl esters (ME) with chlorosulfonic acid (CSA). According to the experimental design, the most significant parameter was sulfonation temperature, followed by CSA/ME molar ratio. Under the optimum sulfonation conditions (that is, 70°C sulfonation temperature, 2.0 h sulfonation time, 1.5:1 mol/mol CSA/ME molar ratio and 2.0 h aging time), the MES yield and the corresponding signal/noise ratio were 92.08 ± 0.28% and 39.28, respectively. The obtained FTIR and ¹H NMR data revealed spectra associated with methyl (CH₂ asymmetric and CH₂ symmetric stretching vibrations), esters (CO, C O, and O CH₃), and sulfonate (SO) groups in the MES sample synthesized under optimal conditions, thus confirming the target MES product. Surface tension measurements revealed that the optimal MES sample had a low critical miscelle concentration of 0.082 g/L at a surface tension of 51.2 mN/m, implying the possibility of better performance.     

Synthesis and Surface Activities of Novel Monofluoroalkyl Phosphate Surfactants

Two novel environmentally friendly fluorinated surfactants, disodium monofluoroalkyl phosphates were synthesized using phosphorus pentoxide, i.e. H(CF₂)₆CH₂OPO(ONa)₂ and H(CF₂)₆CH₂OCH₂CH₂OPO(ONa)₂. The novel synthesized fluorinated surfactants have a high thermal stability on the basis of Thermogravimetric Analysis. Their surface properties were also examined with the aim to have similar surface tensions of dilute aqueous solutions when compared with the conventional fluorocarbon surfactants, ammonium perfluorooctanoate. The two synthesized monofluoroalkyl phosphates can respectively reduce the surface tension of water to 23.73 mN/m at 78.3 mmol/L and 21.38 mN/m at 20.93 mmol/L. In addition, the Krafft points are both below 0 °C.     

The phenomenology and the mathematical modeling of the silicone‐supported chemical oxidation of aqueous sulfide to elemental sulfur by ferric sulphate

When pumping a sulfide solution through a silicone cylinder immersed in a solution of ferric sulfate, a cloud of elemental sulfur is formed in the ferric sulfate if the pH of the sulfide solution is below about 8.5. The elemental sulfur subsequently sediments as orthorhombic α‐sulfur particles. H₂S(aq) diffuses through the pores of the hydrophobic silicone membrane and simultaneously reacts to become sulfur. This was confirmed by a mass balance between the amount of sulfide removed from the sulfide solution and the amount of solid product formed in the ferric solution. During the experiment, the pH of the non‐buffered sulfide solution rises up to a maximum of 8.5; this is explained by the continuous protonation of HS caused by the removal of H₂S(aq). The pH of the strongly acidic (pH 1.5) ferric sulfate solution hardly decreased. A mathematical model has been developed to quantify the phenomena related to the removal of H₂S(aq). The model has been succesfully validated with the data of batch experiments. An Arrhenius‐like relationship was found between the process temperature and the overall mass transfer coefficient K. A sulfide oxidation rate of 2.5 g S dm⁻³ day⁻¹ was predicted for a plug flow reactor. The integration of the novel process with biological sulfate reduction was studied. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nano-Modification of the Polyvinyl Alcohol/Organic Acid-Modified Polyvinylidene Fluoride Thin-Film Composite Membrane and Its Application in the Nanofiltration Process

In this study, a novel thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane is developed consisting of a cross-linked nano-modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) selective layer on an organic acid-modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. The nano-modification of the PVA layer is performed via incorporating different amounts of the amine-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-NH₂) into the PVA matrix. The effect of citric acid on the chemical structure and morphology of the PVDF support is also investigated. The performance of the resultant membranes in the nanofiltration (NF) of MgSO₄ and acid yellow-17 aqueous solutions is also studied. The results indicate that the modification of the support with 0.5 wt% of citric acid increased the water permeance from 1.59 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹ (LMH/bar) for PVA/PVDF to 4.49 LMH/bar for the PVA/modified PVDF membrane. Furthermore, the optimum value of MWCNT-NH₂ (0.6 wt%) increases the permeance of the resultant TFN membrane to 4.94 LMH/bar while maintaining a high rejection. Interestingly, the incorporation of MWCNT-NH₂ into the PVA layer and citric acid into the PVDF solution results in a membrane with the highest permeance of 6 LMH/bar.     

Preparation and surface-active properties of telomer-type anionic surfactants from maleic anhydride

Maleic acid alkyl ester and N-alkyl maleamic acid monomers (R_nMa and R_nMaAm; n is alkyl chain length; n=6, 8, 10, 12, 14) were synthesized by the reaction of maleic anhydride with alkyl alcohol or alkylamine. The telomerization of R_nMa or R_nMaAm in the presence of alkanethiol as a chain transfer agent gave telomer-type anionic surfactants (xR_nMa, xR_nMaAm; x is total average number of alkyl chains; x=2.8–3.3) having multialkyl chains and multicarboxylate groups. Their surface-active properties were investigated by several techniques such as surface tension, foaming property, and emulsification power measurements. Critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of xR_nMa were 1/110–1/14 of those of R_nMa with the same alkyl chain length. xR_nMa and xR_nMaAm gave higher efficiencies in lowering the surface tension than R_nMa and R_nMaAm in aqueous solutions. In particular, the surface tension of 3.2R₁₂MaAm was 24.4 mN m⁻¹ at the CMC. Foaming abilities and foam stabilities of xR_nMa and xR_nMaAm were higher than those of R_nMa and R_nMaAm. The addition of 300 ppm of Ca²⁺ to the aqueous solutions rendered the telomers less surface active. Shaking the aqueous solutions of telomers with toluene emulsified them. The highly stable oil-in-water type emulsion was formed by using 3.0R₁₀MaAm and 3.2R₁₂MaAm, and the degree of emulsification was kept at a level of about 80% after 60 min of standing. Thus, telomer-type surfactants showed excellent surface activities that were superior to the corresponding monomers as well as to conventional surfactants. The relationship between alkyl chain length of the telomers and the properties of surface tension, foaming, and emulsification was unclear.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Nonylphenol Ethoxylate(10) Sulfoitaconate Esters

Two sodium nonylphenol ethoxylate(10) sulfoitaconate ester surfactants, namely disodium nonylphenol ethoxylate(10) sulfoitaconate monoester (DNE(10)SIM) and sodium nonylphenol ethoxylate(10) sulfoitaconate diester (SNE(10)SID), were synthesized through the esterification and sulfonation reactions with nonylphenol ethoxylate(10) ester, itaconic acid and sodium sulfite as the raw materials. The chemical structures of the prepared surfactants were confirmed by FTIR and ¹H NMR. The surface tension of the synthesized surfactants was measured at 25 °C and the surface active properties were characterized. The DNE(10)SIM had better surface activity. The CMC was 1.77 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ and γ_CMC was 35.45 mN m⁻¹. The CMC and γ_CMC for the SNE(10)SID were 5.42 × 10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ and 37.67 mN m⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, the emulsification power of SNE(10)SID was better.     

Optimization and Characterization of Biosurfactant Rhamnolipid Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from an Artificially Contaminated Soil

Biosurfactants are surfactants biologically produced by microorganisms, presenting several advantages when compared to synthetic surfactants. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for producing rhamnolipids, considered one of the most interesting types of biosurfactants due to their high yields, when compared to other types. In this work, the production of rhamnolipid from P. aeruginosa was optimized. At first, the Plackett–Burman design was used to select most significant variables affecting the biosurfactant production yield among nine variables—carbon–nitrogen ratio, carbon concentration, nitrogen source, pH, cultivation time, potassium and magnesium concentrations, agitation, and temperature. Then, using main variables, a central point experimental design aiming to optimize rhamnolipid production was performed. The maximum biosurfactant concentration obtained was 0.877 mg L⁻¹. The rhamnolipid also displayed a great emulsification rate, reaching approximately 67%, and the ability to reduce water surface tension from 72.02 to 35.26 mN m⁻¹ at a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 127 mg L⁻¹, in addition to presenting a good stability when exposed to wide pH and salinity ranges. The results suggest that rhamnolipids are promising substitutes for synthetic surfactants, especially due to lower impacts on the environment.     

Elucidation of Interactions between l-Ascorbic Acid and Mixed Micellar Aggregates of Catanionic {Sodium Dodecylsulfate + Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide} Surfactants via Physicochemical and Spectroscopic Studies

Surfactant micelles mimic the microenvironment present in biological systems and can act as a medium for antioxidant studies. Moreover, the thermodynamic profile of micellization and spectroscopic studies provides very good information about interactions in these systems. Thus, the mixed micellar behavior of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at varying mole fractions of SDS was studied in (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) mol kg⁻¹ ʟ-ascorbic acid_(aq) solutions with the aid of various techniques viz., conductivity, density and sound velocity, and spectroscopy. From the CMC values of the mixed surfactants, the degree of ionization (β) and thermodynamic parameters (, , and ) were evaluated at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. The UV absorption spectra were recorded in (1–3) × 10⁻⁴ mol kg⁻¹ ʟ-ascorbic acid_(aq) solutions at various mole fractions of SDS. The proton (¹H) NMR spectra of mixed (SDS + CTAB) surfactants were studied in (0.01–0.03) mol kg⁻¹ ʟ-ascorbic acid solutions. Hydrodynamic diameters (D_h) of mixed micellar aggregates were obtained from the dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies. The present studies suggest the predominance of ionic-hydrophilic interactions between the ionic head groups {O-SO₃⁻ or N⁺ (CH₃)₃} of surfactants and the polar (–OH, –C=O and –O–) sites of ʟ-ascorbic acid.     

Synthesis,Characterization, Surface,and Thermodynamic Studies of Alkyl Tetrachloroferrates: Performance Evaluation of Their Nanostructures as Biocides

Decyl and dodecylamino tetrachloroferrates were synthesized and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The surface properties of the cationic surfactants including critical micelle concentration, effectiveness, minimum surface area, and maximum surface excess were determined using surface tension measurements. The effectiveness of surface tension reduction (π_cmc) was found to increase as the hydrophobic chain length increases with values of 30 and 34 mN m⁻¹ for C₁₀ and C₁₂, respectively. Moreover, the effect of temperature on micellization was determined over the range of 35–55 °C. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔS°, and ΔH°) were calculated and the results indicate a spontaneous process for both micellization and adsorption. The nanoparticles (NC₁₀ and NC₁₂) of the prepared surfactants were obtained using the ball mill technique. The particle size and morphology of the nanoparticles were determined using transmission electron microscope measurements. The antibacterial study of the nanoparticle surfactants revealed their strong efficiency against fungi and different pathogenic bacteria compared with the original surfactants.