Effects of pretreatments and drying air temperature on drying behaviour of peach slice

In this study, the effect of pretreatments (potassium meta bisulphite and ascorbic acid) and drying air temperature (55 and 65 °C) on drying behaviour of peach slices were investigated. The peach slices were dried in a cross-flow tunnel dryer. Drying of peach occurred in falling rate period. Pretreated samples had higher drying rate. To select a suitable drying curve, six thin-layer drying models were fitted to the experimental data. The logarithmic model best described the drying behaviour of peach slices with high correlation coefficient values. The effective moisture diffusivity of treated samples was higher than the untreated samples.     

Dehydration of apple slices by sequential drying pretreatments and airborne ultrasound-assisted air drying: Study on mass transfer,profiles of phenolics and organic acids and PPO activity

Pretreatments of either water blanching or NaCl immersion and airborne ultrasound-assisted air drying were combined to dehydrate apple slices. The drying time was found to be reduced by 1.6–69.0% compared with air drying without any pretreatment and sonication. Meanwhile, it was found that sequential water blanching coupled with air drying with sonication gave the shortest drying time. A modified diffusional model incorporating temperature-dependent moisture diffusivity (D_eff) could simulate the apple drying process well. Water blanching pretreatment and airborne sonication were found to lower the activation energy required for the enhancement of moisture diffusive ability, and intensify water exchange on apple surface to speed up the drying process. Both water blanching and NaCl immersion significantly increased the amounts of procyanidin B2 in dehydrated apple slices. However, airborne sonication promoted the loss of procyanidin B2 in apple slices with pretreatments during air drying. In addition, sonication had no obvious influences on apple PPO activity and individual organic acids throughout drying. Overall, the sequential NaCl immersion pretreatment (or water blanching pretreatment) and drying with airborne sonication are effective to improve the quality of dried apple slices.     

多功能热泵干燥装置恒温干燥模式性能研究

为了推广应用热泵干燥技术,设计了一种多功能热泵干燥装置,并搭建了相应的实验台对其恒温干燥模式进行了性能测试。以湿棉布为研究对象,通过控制系统对热泵干燥装置的送风温度和干燥介质旁通率进行调节,在不同运行条件下进行干燥试验。结果表明,热泵干燥系统的单位能耗除湿量(SMER)随干燥温度升高而减小,随旁通率的增大而增大,最大值为2.47kg/(kW·h),而性能系数(COP)呈现相反的规律,最大值为4.24,且不同状态的干燥介质存在不同的最佳旁通率。     

Effect of temperature on thermal properties of 'Record' potatoes

Heating methods were used to measure the thermal diffusivity, specific heat and density of potatoes (c.v. Record U.K.), from 40 to 90°C and for moisture contents of 72 to 79%. Thermal conductivities were calculated: maximum thermal diffusivity was at about 70°C.     

Modelling and kinetic study of microwave assisted drying of ginger and onion with simultaneous extraction of bioactive compounds

Food Science and Biotechnology - Onion and ginger are rich sources of bioactive compounds which are lost during conventional drying process. The present study was designed to optimize the novel...     

Composition‐Based Prediction of Temperature‐Dependent Thermophysical Food Properties: Reevaluating Component Groups and Prediction Models

Prediction of temperature‐dependent thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, density, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity) is an important component of process design for food manufacturing. Current models for prediction of thermophysical properties of foods are based on the composition, specifically, fat, carbohydrate, protein, fiber, water, and ash contents, all of which change with temperature. The objectives of this investigation were to reevaluate and improve the prediction expressions for thermophysical properties. Previously published data were analyzed over the temperature range from 10 to 150 °C. These data were analyzed to create a series of relationships between the thermophysical properties and temperature for each food component, as well as to identify the dependence of the thermophysical properties on more specific structural properties of the fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Results from this investigation revealed that the relationships between the thermophysical properties of the major constituents of foods and temperature can be statistically described by linear expressions, in contrast to the current polynomial models. Links between variability in thermophysical properties and structural properties were observed. Relationships for several thermophysical properties based on more specific constituents have been identified. Distinctions between simple sugars (fructose, glucose, and lactose) and complex carbohydrates (starch, pectin, and cellulose) have been proposed. The relationships between the thermophysical properties and proteins revealed a potential correlation with the molecular weight of the protein. The significance of relating variability in constituent thermophysical properties with structural properties––such as molecular mass––could significantly improve composition‐based prediction models and, consequently, the effectiveness of process design.     

A Novel Method for Simultaneous and Continuous Determination of Thermal Properties during Phase Transition Applied to Calanus finmarchicus

Abstract: The thermal properties of a product are the most important parameters for practical engineering purposes and models in food science. Calanus finmarchicus is currently being examined as a marine resource for uncommon aquatic lipids and proteins. Thermal conductivity, specific heat, enthalpy and density were measured over the temperature range from −40 to +20 °C. The initial freezing point was determined to be −2.3 °C. The thermal properties were recorded continuously on 4 samples using a new method, and the results were compared with predictive models. The accuracy of the new method is demonstrated by different calibration runs. Significant differences in the thermal conductivity of the frozen material were found between the parallel-series model and the data, whereas the model of Pham and Willix (1989) or the Maxwell–Euken adaption showed better agreement. The measured data for specific heat, enthalpy, and density agreed well with the model. Practical Application: The thermal data obtained can be used directly in food engineering and technology applications, for example, in a thin layer model for freezing food for which precise thermal data for each layer are now available, enabling the more accurate prediction of freezing times and temperature profiles. Dimensionless numbers (such as the Biot number) can also be based on measured data with minor deviations compared to more general modeled thermal properties. Future activities will include the generation of a comprehensive database for different products.     

Thermal and physical properties of bakery products

This article reviews the measurement techniques, prediction models, and data on thermo-physical properties of bakery products: specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and density. Over the last decade, investigation has focused more on thermo-physical properties of nonbread bakery products. Both commonly used and new measurement techniques for thermo-physical properties reported in the publication are presented with directions for their proper use. Data and prediction models are tabulated for the range of moisture content and temperature of the bakery products.     

Interactions between proteins and phenolics: effects of food processing on the content and digestibility of phenolic compounds

Phenolic compounds have recently become one of the most interesting topics in different research areas, especially in food science and nutrition due to their health-promoting effects. Phenolic compounds are found together with macronutrients and micronutrients in foods and within several food systems. The coexistence of phenolics and other food components can lead to their interaction resulting in complex formation. This review article aims to cover the effects of thermal and non-thermal processing techniques on the protein–phenolic interaction especially focusing on the content and digestibility of phenolics by discussing recently published research articles. It is clear that the processing conditions and individual properties of phenolics and proteins are the most effective factors in the final content and intestinal fates of phenolic compounds. Besides, thermal and non-thermal treatments, such as high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, cold plasma, ultrasonication, and fermentation may induce alterations  in those interactions. Still, new investigations are required for different food processing treatments by using a wide range of food products to enlighten new functional and healthier food product design, to provide the optimized processing conditions of foods for obtaining better quality, higher nutritional properties, and health benefits. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Impact of pretreatment and freezing conditions on the microstructure of frozen carrots: Quantification and relation to texture loss

The textural quality of carrots subjected to pretreatments affecting the pectin structure in combination with different freezing conditions was studied. Carrot samples frozen under different conditions were extensively studied by light microscopy quantifying the freezing damage based on the analysis of different parameters (number, area, perimeter, and shape factor of tissue particles) associated with carrot tissue damage. The reduced texture loss of rapidly or cryogenically frozen carrots, compared to slowly frozen samples, was associated with the reduction in cell wall damage in the carrot tissue. In case no pretreatment was used, carrot texture was only slightly improved by using high-pressure shift freezing instead of slow freezing. Detailed analysis of the different steps involved showed that severe tissue damage occurred during the completion of the high-pressure freezing process at atmospheric pressure. However, tissue damage, and thus texture loss, of high-pressure frozen carrots could be minimized by applying pretreatments consisting of a thermal treatment at 60 °C and a high-pressure treatment at 300 MPa and 60 °C.     

聚乙烯针织物的热湿舒适性能

为研究织物结构参数对聚乙烯针织物热湿舒适性能的影响,选取3种规格的聚乙烯长丝织成双罗纹针织物,并选用涤纶、凉感涤纶长丝制备相同结构双罗纹织物作为对比试样,研究构成织物的原料种类、未充满系数、捻度对织物孔隙率、透气性、导热及导湿性能的影响。结果表明:在织物结构相同的情况下,构成织物的原料、未充满系数与织物透气、导湿、导热等热湿舒适性能显著相关;纱线捻度与织物的导热及导湿性能显著相关;与涤纶、凉感涤纶织物相比,聚乙烯长丝表面存在沟壑,结晶度、取向度较高,其织物具有优良的透气、导湿和导热性能,是制备凉爽舒适功能纺织品良好原材料。     

A kinetic study on extraction and transformation phenomena of phenolic compounds during red wine fermentation

The aim of this work was both to model the kinetics of the extraction and transformation of phenolic compounds during fermentation and to propose an index to compare fermentation procedures. Six lots of Sangiovese grapes from five vineyards were used for red wine fermentation tests on lab and industrial scale during 2005 and 2006 vintages. Total phenol index, colour parameters, anthocyanin and pigmented polymer contents were measured during fermentations as variables related to phenolics. Microvinifications performed during vintage 2005 were used to model the evolution of total phenol index at 280 nm, malvidine content, colour parameter a* and pigmented polymer content during fermentation. Vinifications performed during vintage 2006 were used to validate the models. A specific adimensional number, called equivalent index, was set up to specify the operating conditions of red wine fermentation being a function of the extraction and transformation phenomena of phenolic compounds.     

闭式热泵干燥介质温湿度演化及对能耗的影响

目的:解析闭式热泵干燥过程中物料脱水、干燥介质温湿度与耗能间的交互作用。方法:在60℃、10%RH的控制参数下,通过试验确定物料脱水特性、干燥介质温湿度演化及系统组件耗能。结果:干燥前期物料脱水速率较快,干燥1.5 h后物料脱除了整个干燥过程96%的水分;该阶段空气介质的相对湿度维持在24%以上,水分经蒸发器表面快速冷凝并排出,除湿能耗比最高可达1.03 kg/kW;热泵机组是干燥过程的主要耗能部件,其功耗随干燥介质温度的升高而升高;受干燥介质相对湿度降低和外部循环排热的影响,除湿能耗比在干燥后期迅速下降,在2 h后仅为0.004 kg/kW。结论:热泵干燥的能量利用与介质温湿度有密切关系,在物料含水率较高时干燥具有高除湿能耗比,而在干燥后期会随介质相对湿度值迅速下降;恒定的温湿度控制方法不利于闭式热泵系统在干燥后期的节能。     

不同温度条件下烟丝—发烟剂体系热物性研究

采用瞬态平面热源法对加热非燃烧烟草制品的烟丝-发烟剂(丙三醇与丙二醇质量比51)体系的热物性进行研究,分析含水率和发烟剂含量对再造烟叶丝和烤烟丝热物性的影响。结果表明,随温度(22~75℃)的升高,烟草物料导热系数增大[再造烟叶丝0.06~0.12 W/(m·K)、烤烟丝0.06~0.16 W/(m·K)],热扩散系数减小(再造烟叶丝0.33~0.05mm2/s、烤烟丝0.40~0.09mm2/s),体积热容增大[再造烟叶丝0.17~2.70 MJ/(m3·K)、烤烟丝0.15~1.45 MJ/(m3·K)];随含水率(湿基含水率0%~13%)的增大,烟草物料导热系数增大、热扩散系数减小、体积热容增大;随发烟剂含量(0%~25%)的增大,烟草物料导热系数呈增大趋势,但变化很小[再造烟叶丝增大0.005 W/(m·K),烤烟丝增大0.006 W/(m·K)],热扩散系数减小(再造烟叶丝减小0.069mm~2/s,烤烟丝减小0.069 mm2/s),体积热容增大[再造烟叶丝增大0.106 MJ/(m3·K),烤烟丝增大0.138 MJ/(m3·K)]。     

聚苯硫醚织物的制备及热学性能研究

通过制备相同经纬密度不同织物组织的样布,对聚苯硫醚机织物的耐热性能、热稳定性能以及导热性能进行测试分析.根据实验数据可知,聚苯硫醚织物具有良好的耐热性能和热稳定性能,以及极佳的热防护性能;1/2斜纹相比于平纹和其他三种斜纹织物组织是更适合于防护服外层面料的组织.