同轴双浮体波能装置最优获能研究

该文以同轴双浮体波能装置为研究对象,通过理论分析建立运动方程,求解线性能量摄取(PTO)作用下的最优阻尼系数及最大输出功率。同时探究了装置能量捕获的影响因素及控制策略,提出一种具有普遍意义的最优获能估算公式。研究结果表明:双浮体波能装置可通过调节PTO阻尼力使得获能最大化,且较单浮体装置具有更宽的能量俘获频率范围;不同PTO控制策略及水体粘性阻尼均对该类装置获能影响显著。     

Testing and control of a power take-off system for an oscillating-water-column wave energy converter

The paper concerns the development of the PTO (power take-off) control of an OWC (oscillating-water-column) spar-buoy wave energy converter. The OWC spar-buoy is an axisymmetric device consisting of a submerged vertical tail tube open at both ends, rigidly fixed to a floater that moves essentially in heave. The oscillating motion of the internal free surface relative to the floater-tube set, produced by the incident waves, makes the air flow through a novel self-rectifying air turbine: the biradial turbine. To reduce the losses of the PTO system at partial load, an electrical generator with a rated power twice the maximum expected average power conversion of the buoy was adopted. The control of the turbine-generator set under highly energetic sea-state conditions was experimentally investigated by means of tests performed in a PTO test rig. In the reported tests, the hydrodynamics of the OWC spar-buoy and the aerodynamics of the air turbine were numerically simulated in real-time and coupled with the experimental model of the turbine/electrical generator set in a hardware-in-the-loop configuration. The experimental results allowed the dynamic behaviour of the PTO to be characterized and provided validation of the proposed control algorithms that ensure operation within safe limits.     

An investigation of the impacts of climate change on wave energy generation: The Wave Hub,Cornwall, UK

In this paper a generic methodology is presented that allows the impacts of climate change on wave energy generation from a wave energy converter (WEC) to be quantified. The methodology is illustrated by application to the Wave Hub site off the coast of Cornwall, UK. Control and future wave climates were derived using wind fields output from a set of climate change experiments. Control wave conditions were generated from wind data between 1961 and 2000. Future wave conditions were generated using two IPCC wind scenarios from 2061 to 2100, corresponding to intermediate and low greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC scenarios A1B and B1 respectively). The quantitative comparison between future scenarios and the control condition shows that the available wave power will increase by 2–3% in the A1B scenario. In contrast, the available wave power in the B1 scenario will decrease by 1–3%, suggesting, somewhat paradoxically, that efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions may reduce the wave energy resource. Meanwhile, the WEC energy will yield decrease by 2–3% in both A1B and B1 scenarios, which is mainly due to the relatively low efficiency of energy extraction from steeper waves by the specific WEC considered. Although those changes are relatively small compared to the natural variability, they may have significance when considered over the lifetime of a wave energy farm. Analysis of downtime under low and high thresholds suggests that the distribution of wave heights at the Wave Hub will have a wider spread due to the impacts of climate change, resulting in longer periods of generation loss. Conversely, the estimation of future changes in joint wave height-period distribution provides indications on how the response and power matrices of WECs could be modified in order to maintain or improve energy extraction in the future.     

Numerical simulation of a submerged cylindrical wave energy converter

In this study, a numerical model based on the complete solution of the Navier–Stokes equations is proposed to predict the behavior of the submerged circular cylinder wave energy converter (WEC) subjected to highly nonlinear incident waves. The solution is obtained using a control volume approach in conjunction with the fast-fictitious-domain-method for treating the solid objects. To validate the model, the numerical results are compared with the available analytical and experimental data in various scenarios where good agreements are observed. First, the free vibrations of a solid object in different non-dimensional damping ratios and the free decay of a heaving circular cylinder on the free surface of a still water are simulated. Next, the wave energy absorption efficiency of a circular cylinder WEC calculated from the model is compared with that of the available experiments in similar conditions. The results show that tuning the converter based on the linear theory is not satisfactory when subjected to steep incident waves while the numerical wave tank (NWT) developed in the current study can be effectively employed in order to tune the converter in such conditions. The current NWT is able to predict the wave-body interactions as long as the turbulence phenomena are not important which covers a wide range of Reynolds and Keulegan-Carpenter numbers.     

Master-slave wave farm systems based on energy filter with smoothed power output

Wave energy is an important renewable energy source. Previous studies of wave energy conversion (WEC) have focused on the maximum power take-off (PTO) techniques of a single machine. However, there is a lack of research on the energy and power quality of wave farm systems. Owing to the pulsating nature of ocean waves and popular PTO devices, the generated electrical power suffers from severe fluctuations. Existing solutions require extra energy storage and overrated power converters for wave power integration. In this study, we developed a master-slave wave farm system with rotor inertia energy storage; this system delivers self-smoothed power output to the grid and reduces the number of converters. Two control methods based on the moving average filter (MAF) and energy filter (EF) are proposed to smooth the output power of wave farms. RTDS simulations show that the proposed systems and control methods facilitate simple and smooth grid integration of wave energy.     

Uncertainty in wave energy resource assessment. Part 2: Variability and predictability

The uncertainty in estimates of the energy yield from a wave energy converter (WEC) is considered. The study is presented in two articles. The first article considered the accuracy of the historic data and the second article, presented here, considers the uncertainty which arises from variability in the wave climate. Mean wave conditions exhibit high levels of interannual variability. Moreover, many previous studies have demonstrated longer-term decadal changes in wave climate. The effect of interannual and climatic changes in wave climate on the predictability of long-term mean WEC power is examined for an area off the north coast of Scotland. In this location anomalies in mean WEC power are strongly correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. This link enables the results of many previous studies on the variability of the NAO and its sensitivity to climate change to be applied to WEC power levels. It is shown that the variability in 5, 10 and 20 year mean power levels is greater than if annual power anomalies were uncorrelated noise. It is also shown that the change in wave climate from anthropogenic climate change over the life time of a wave farm is likely to be small in comparison to the natural level of variability. Finally, it is shown that despite the uncertainty related to variability in the wave climate, improvements in the accuracy of historic data will improve the accuracy of predictions of future WEC yield.     

基于风电场海域海况的波能浮子阵列发电功率优化

[目的]为了响应国家集约用海,发展清洁能源,助力碳中和,对海上风电-波浪能装置多能融合模式进行初步分析,对波能浮子进行优化设计,以获得更高的功率输出。[方法]依据势流理论,对漂浮式风机平台-波能浮子阵列进行仿真计算,分析浮子的外形尺寸和固有周期对浮子的输出功率的影响。[结果]仿真结果表明：同一固有周期下,波能浮子越扁平,波能浮子阵列的总发电功率越大,且浮子的经济性差异很小。对于海况下,不同固有周期的波能浮子阵列经济性差异较大,因此要综合分析考虑。[结论]在已知海域海况条件下,可以通过对波能浮子固有周期和外形尺度进行优化设计,使波能浮子获得更高的功率输出,提高单位海域能量产出。     

Power performance of wind energy converters characterized as stochastic process: applications of the Langevin power curve

The power performance of a wind energy converter (WEC) commonly refers to the relation between the input source and the electrical output, i.e. the input wind speed u and the electrical power output P. The International Electrotechnical Commission defined a so‐called power curve P(u) that quantifies this relation. Recently, a novel approach was introduced based on the short‐time dynamical response of the WEC to high‐frequency wind fluctuations. The dynamical behavior of the WEC is quantified by a drift field and the corresponding Langevin power curve (LPC). We present three applications of our method to wind energy based on the LPC. The first application consists of testing the power performance of WECs using LIDAR wind measurements. We then extend this test to the monitoring of the WEC performance over time. Finally, we apply the LPC to a simulation model for a WEC as a tool to characterize its performance. These applications illustrate the flexibility of the LPC as a relevant tool for performance testing and monitoring. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Uncertainty in wave energy resource assessment. Part 1: Historic data

The uncertainty in estimates of the energy yield from a wave energy converter (WEC) is considered. The study is presented in two articles. This first article deals with the accuracy of the historic data and the second article considers the uncertainty which arises from variability in the wave climate. Estimates of the historic resource for a specific site are usually calculated from wave model data calibrated against in-situ measurements. Both the calibration of model data and estimation of confidence bounds are made difficult by the complex structure of errors in model data. Errors in parameters from wave models exhibit non-linear dependence on multiple factors, seasonal and interannual changes in bias and short-term temporal correlation. An example is given using two hindcasts for the European Marine Energy Centre in Orkney. Before calibration, estimates of the long-term mean WEC power from the two hindcasts differ by around 20%. The difference is reduced to 5% after calibration. The short-term temporal evolution of errors in WEC power is represented using ARMA models. It is shown that this is sufficient to model the long-term uncertainty in estimated WEC yield from one hindcast. However, seasonal and interannual changes in model biases in the other hindcast cause the uncertainty in estimated long-term WEC yield to exceed that predicted by the ARMA model.     

人工鱼礁-波浪能模块化浮体耦合动力响应分析

为综合利用海洋空间资源、生物资源以及可再生能源,该文提出一种基于张力腿平台的新型六边形浮体、浮式人工鱼礁以及波浪能装置（WEC）的集成结构系统。基于势流理论,并考虑六边形浮体与浮式人工鱼礁之间的多体水动力耦合效应和机械耦合效应,建立该集成结构系统的耦合时域分析模型。对浮式人工鱼礁和波浪能装置的主要设计参数进行初步优化,重点研究该新型集成结构系统在典型海况下的动力响应和波浪能发电特征,揭示了外侧浮式人工鱼礁可有效减弱作用于内侧六边形浮体结构的波浪载荷,并产生可观的波浪能能源供给。此外,还进一步验证了该集成结构系统在极端海况下的安全性能。     

Numerical modeling of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator in a spar‐type floating wind turbine considering fault conditions and their effects on global dynamic responses

This paper deals with numerical modeling of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator and its effect on the dynamic responses of a floating spar‐type wind turbine under valve fault conditions. A spar‐type floating wind turbine concept is modeled and simulated using an aero‐hydro‐servo‐elastic simulation tool (Simo‐Riflex [SR]). Because the blade pitch system has the highest failure rate, a numerical model of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator with/without valve faults is developed and linked to SR to study the effects of faults on global responses of the spar‐type floating wind turbine for different faults, fault magnitudes, and environmental conditions. The consequence of valve faults in the pitch actuator is that the blade cannot be pitched to the desired angle, so there may be a delay in the response due to excessive friction and the wrong voltage, or slit lock may cause runaway blade pitch. A short circuit may cause the blade to get stuck at a particular pitch angle. These faults contribute to rotor imbalance, which result in different effects on the turbine structure and the platform motions. The proposed method for combining global and hydraulic actuator models is demonstrated in case studies with stochastic wind and wave conditions and different types of valve faults.     

Model predictive control of sea wave energy converters – Part II: The case of an array of devices

This paper addresses model predictive control (MPC) of highly-coupled clusters of sea wave energy converters (WECs). Since each WEC is not only a wave absorber but also a wave generator, the motion of each WEC can be affected by the waves generated by its adjacent WECs when they are close to each other. A distributed MPC strategy is developed to maximize the energy output of the whole array and guarantee the safe operation of all the WECs with a reasonable computational load. The system for an array is partitioned into subsystems and each subsystem is controlled by a local MPC controller. The local MPC controllers run cooperatively by transmitting information to each other. Within one sampling period, each MPC controller performs optimizations iteratively so that a global optimization for the whole array can be approximated. The computational burden for the whole array is also distributed to the local controllers. A numerical simulation demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed control strategy. For the WECs operating under constraints explored, it is found that the optimized power output is an increasing function of degree of WEC–WEC coupling. Increases in power of up to 20% were achieved using realistic ranges of parameters with respect to the uncoupled case.     

单浮筒振荡浮子式波浪能装置的动力特性分析

针对振荡浮子式波浪能利用技术,提出一种单浮筒式波浪转换设计方案,对单浮筒随波浪的运动特性展开研究,将波浪能转换为振荡浮筒的摆动机械能,传递给PTO能量转换系统。通过采用Star-CCM流体仿真软件分析浮筒装置在不同PTO能量转换系统参数下的运动特性及受力情况,得到不同弹簧阻尼工况下浮筒装置的运动特性,以期为波浪能技术的装置结构优化及真实海况运行提供理论基础。     

Adaptability of a generic wave energy converter to different climate conditions

This study evaluates the influence of wave climate tunability on the performance of a generic Wave Energy Converter (WEC) for different climate scenarios. The generic WEC is assumed to be composed of an array of heaving, floating cylinders. In this study, two natural periods for the cylinders of 4 s and 8 s (typical of enclosed seas and the mean Atlantic swell, respectively) and a location-tunable cylinder are considered to evaluate the influence of tuning on the power performance of the cylinder. The WEC power matrix is computed using a frequency domain model, and the performance of the WEC is evaluated along the global coasts; the met-ocean data originated from the global reanalysis database (GOW) from Reguero et al. (2012). The performance of the WEC is evaluated using two parameters: the capture width ratio (CWR), which evaluates the efficiency of the converter at each location, and the kW/Ton (KWT) parameter, which evaluates the efficiency of the converter using “economic” terms. Tuning a converter for each location displayed a positive CWR; however, the KWT was low after WEC tuning because of the weight of the structures required to tune the converter that experiences high peak periods.     

行波波长及波速对获能特性的影响

在一定的运动参数条件下,行波运动可以从流水或风中吸取能量。以NACA0012翼型作为行波运动鱼体二维简化模型的原始翼型,采用数值模拟的方法研究波长及波速对行波运动获能特性的影响。结果表明：当波长不变时,随着无量纲波速的增大,行波运动从流水中吸收的能量（无量纲侧向功率）和能量利用率先增大后减小,并存在一个最佳波速使得无量...     

Application of the time-dependent mild-slope equations for the simulation of wake effects in the lee of a farm of Wave Dragon wave energy converters

Time-dependent mild-slope equations have been extensively used to compute wave transformations near coastal and offshore structures for more than 20 years. Recently the wave absorption characteristics of a Wave Energy Converter (abbreviated as WEC) of the overtopping type have been implemented in a time-dependent mild-slope equation model by using numerical sponge layers. In this paper the developed WEC implementation is applied to a single Wave Dragon WEC and multiple Wave Dragon WECs. The Wave Dragon WEC is a floating offshore converter of the overtopping type. Two wave reflectors focus the incident wave power towards a ramp. The focussed waves run up the ramp and overtop in a water reservoir above mean sea level. The obtained potential energy is converted into electricity when the stored water drains back to the sea through hydro turbines. The wave reflectors and the main body (ramp and reservoir) are simulated as porous structures, exhibiting the same reflection, respectively absorption characteristics as obtained for the prototype Wave Dragon WEC. The wake effects behind a single Wave Dragon WEC are studied in detail for uni- and multidirectional waves. The shadow zone indicating the wake effect is decreasing with increasing directional spreading. The wake in the lee of a farm of five Wave Dragon WECs, installed in a staggered grid (3 WECs in the first row and 2 WECs in the second row), is calculated for three in-between distances of respectively D, 2D and 3D, with D the distance between the tips of the wave reflectors of a single WEC. As a result, a farm of five Wave Dragon WECs installed in a staggered grid with an in-between distance of 2D is preferred, when taking cost and spatial considerations into account.     

直管型中心管波能模型的数值计算和实验研究

中心管波浪能模型利用浮体自身振荡运动吸收波浪能,使管内水柱产生相对运动,通过外加气动阻尼转换俘获的波浪能.运用HydroStar水动力学软件计算了直管型中心管模型在不同波况下的水动力学性能,对比分析了不同外加气动阻尼对模型俘获宽度比的影响,得到了最佳气动阻尼;研究了模型在3种不同总质量下的性能,得到了最佳响应波周期与模...     

基于逆变器直流电压模式波能装置并网接入方法

针对采用蓄电池提供直流母线电压难于满足波能装置装机容量不断增长需求的问题,提出基于逆变器直流电压模式的多液压发电机组并网接入方法。逆变器为液压发电机组直接提供直流母线电压,组建成波能装置无蓄电池组支撑的直流纳电网。建立了逆变器直流电压模式电路拓扑和直流电压外环控制回路。通过多液压发电机组波能装置基于逆变器直流电压模式仿真试验,验证了无蓄电池组波能装置并网接入方法的可行性。该研究成果已应用到500 kW“长山号”波能装置中,为大功率波能装置并网系统研究奠定了基础。     

Experimental study of the functionality of a semisubmersible wind turbine combined with flap-type Wave Energy Converters

In the present paper the functionality of the Semisubmersible wind energy and Flap-type wave energy Converter (SFC) is examined experimentally. In order to study the functionality of the SFC, the focus is on operational environmental conditions. SFC is a combined concept that utilizes offshore wind energy and ocean wave energy for power production. Details are presented as far as the physical modelling of the wind turbine with the use of a redesigned small-scale rotor and of the Power Take-Off mechanism of the Wave Energy Converters (WECs) with the use of a configuration that is based on a mechanical rotary damper. Tests with quasi-static excitation, motion decay, regular and irregular waves without and with wind that is uniform are conducted on an 1:50 scale physical model. The experimental data are compared with numerical predictions obtained by a fully coupled numerical model using Simo/Riflex tool. A good agreement is observed between experimental and numerical predictions. The combined operation of WECs doesn't affect the tension of mooring lines nor the acceleration of nacelle and the bending moment in tower's base. The produced power of the WECs of the SFC and consequently the functionality of the SFC is estimated.