基于AVMD和WDK的风电齿轮箱轴承复合故障诊断方法研究

针对强背景噪声下轴承微弱复合故障特征提取困难的问题,提出一种基于自适应变分模态分解（AVMD）和优化的Wasserstein距离指标（WDK）的风电齿轮箱轴承复合故障诊断方法。首先,引入自适应学习粒子群优化算法（ALPSO）,以平均包络熵作为ALPSO的适应度函数来搜索变分模态分解的最佳影响参数,从而构造AVMD;其次,结合Wasserstein距离（WD）和峭度优点,提出WDK指标筛选有效模态分量,并对筛选的有效模态分量进行重构;然后,通过对重构信号进行包络谱分析实现轴承复合故障的诊断;最后,将所提AVMD-WDK方法应用于某风场2 MW风电齿轮箱轴承振动信号的故障诊断。结果表明,该方法能有效提取轴承的微弱故障特征,实现轴承复合故障的精确诊断。     

基于连续平均谱负熵改进经验小波变换的风力机齿轮箱故障诊断

针对经验小波变换（Empirical Wavelet Transform,EWT）对强噪声环境下风力机齿轮箱轴承轻微故障特征提取不足的问题,利用滑移窗口提取子带的连续平均谱负熵（Continuous Average Spectral Negentropy,CASN）对EWT算法进行改进。通过CASN-EWT方法分解风力机齿轮箱轴承故障信号,采用峭度准则对所得分量进行筛选并重构,再开展包络分析,准确提取出故障特征。结果表明：CASN-EWT方法在保留EWT算法自适应性和有效避免模态混叠效应与端点效应优点的同时,能够极大提高EWT分解算法对噪声影响的鲁棒性,有利于准确提取故障特征频率,实现故障精确识别。     

Data‐driven multiscale sparse representation for bearing fault diagnosis in wind turbine

With the increase of the wind turbine capacity, failures occur on the drivetrain of wind turbines frequently. Since faults of bearings in the wind turbine can lead to long downtime and even casualties, fault diagnosis of the drivetrain is very important to reduce the maintenance cost of the wind turbine and improve economic efficiency. However, the traditional diagnosis methods have difficulty in extracting the impulsive components from the vibration signal of the wind turbine because of heavy background noise and harmonic interference. In this paper, we propose a novel method based on data‐driven multiscale dictionary construction. Firstly, we achieve the useful atom through training the K‐means singular value decomposition (K‐SVD) model with a standard signal. Secondly, we deform the chosen atom into different shapes and construct the final dictionary. Thirdly, the constructed dictionary is used to sparsely represent the vibration signal, and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) is performed to extract the impulsive component. The proposed method is robust to harmonic interference and heavy background noise. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by numerical simulation and two experimental cases including the bearing fault of the wind turbine generator in the field test. The overall results indicate that compared with traditional methods, the proposed method is able to extract the fault characteristics from the measured signals more efficiently.     

基于AEWT-KELM的风电机组轴承故障诊断策略

针对风力发电机组轴承故障振动信号传递路径复杂多变,且故障信号易受到背景噪声的严重干扰,传统方法对故障特征难以准确提取的问题,提出一种自适应经验小波变换（AEWT）与奇异值分解（SVD）的特征提取方法,并结合核极限学习机（KELM）实现风电机组轴承的故障诊断,该方法同时考虑轴承不同故障类型及不同损伤等级的情况。其中,自适应EWT为两阶段调整过程：基于尺度空间法固有模态函数（IMF）分解-确保EWT分解的有效性、基于相关系数最大的敏感分量提取-实现相关特征最大化和冗余信息的消除。通过相关实验结果可明显发现,所提AEWT的分解效果优于EMD、EEMD、CEEMDAN、LMD等方法。对提取敏感分量利用SVD计算奇异值,构建故障特征向量;最后将特征向量作为KELM的输入,建立KELM轴承状态识别模型。通过西储大学平台轴承振动信号和实际风场采集的轴承振动信号对算法进行验证,结果表明,相比SVM、ELM、KNN等识别模型,该方法能有效识别出不同故障类型及不同损伤等级下的轴承故障,整体识别率达99%。     

A new noise-controlled second-order enhanced stochastic resonance method with its application in wind turbine drivetrain fault diagnosis

Condition monitoring of a wind turbine is important to extend the wind turbine system's reliability and useful life. However, in many cases, to extract feature components becomes challenging and the applicability of information drops down due to the large amount of noise. Stochastic resonance (SR), used as a method of utilising noise to amplify weak signals in nonlinear systems, can detect weak signals overwhelmed in the noise. Therefore, a new noise-controlled second-order enhanced SR method based on the Morlet wavelet transform is proposed to extract fault feature for wind turbine vibration signals in the present study. The second-order SR method can obtain better denoising effect and higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of resonance output by means of twice integral transform compared with the traditional SR method. Morlet wavelet transform can obtain finer frequency partitions and overcome the frequency aliasing compared with the classical wavelet transform. Therefore, through Morlet wavelet transform, the noise intensity of different scales can be adjusted to realize the resonance detection of weak periodic signal whatever it is a low-frequency signal or high-frequency signal. Thus the method is well-suited for enhancement of weak fault identification, whose effectiveness has been verified by the practical vibration signals carrying fault information. Finally, the proposed method has been applied to extract feature of the looseness fault of shaft coupling of wind turbine successfully.     

风电机组滚动轴承复合故障诊断研究

针对在强风电机组背景噪声下进行滚动轴承复合故障诊断时,由于故障之间的相互联系、交叉影响使得多种故障特征混叠在一起,易造成漏诊、误判等问题,提出一种基于多点最优调整的最小熵解卷积(multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted,MOMEDA)与1.5维能...     

基于优化经验小波变换与改进支持向量机的齿轮箱故障检测策略

针对强噪声背景下风力机齿轮箱振动信号易被掩盖、难以提取的难题,基于频域谱负熵（Frequency-domain Spectral Negentropy,FSN）改进经验小波变换（Empirical Wavelet Transform,EWT）提出优化经验小波变换方法（Improved Empirical Wavelet Transform,IEWT）,并采用改进灰狼算法（Improved Grey Wolf Optimization,IGWO）优化支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）惩罚系数α及核参数σ。基于NREL GRC风力机齿轮箱数据验证所提方法的有效性。结果表明：IEWT-IGWO-SVM可有效提取故障信息并进行故障识别,分类准确率高达99.66%。     

An engineering condition indicator for condition monitoring of wind turbine bearings

Condition monitoring (CM) of wind turbine becomes significantly important part of wind farms in order to cut down operation and maintenance costs. The large amount of CM system vibration data collected from wind turbines are posing challenges to operators in signal processing. It is crucial to design sensitive and reliable condition indicator (CI) in wind turbine CM system. Bearing plays an important role in wind turbine because of its high impact on downtime and component replacement. CIs for wind turbine bearing monitoring are reviewed in the paper, and the advantages and disadvantages of these indicators are discussed in detail. A new engineering CI (ECI), which combined the energy and kurtosis representation of the vibration signal, is proposed to meet the requirement of easy applicability and early detection in wind turbine bearing monitoring. The quantitative threshold setting method of the ECI is provided for wind turbine CM practice. The bearing run‐to‐failure experiment data analysis demonstrates that ECI can evaluate the overall condition and is sensitive to incipient fault of bearing. The effectiveness in engineering of ECI is validated though a certain amount of real‐world wind turbine generator and gearbox bearing vibration data.     

Fault diagnosis of low-speed rolling bearing based on weighted reconstruction of vibration envelopes

The main bearing supports the rotation of the main shaft of a wind turbine. It bears heavy dead weights as well as variable speed dynamic loading during operations; thus, it is a vulnerable part in a wind turbine drive train. Because of the low speed and time-varying operations of the main bearing, vibrations generated by bearing faults are often weak in response amplitudes, low in frequency range, and smeared in damage feature energy. As a result, the applicability of the conventional acceleration envelope analysis (AEA) technique, a traditionally effective technology for bearing fault diagnosis, is limited in such cases. In order to resolve this, a modified AEA method specially designed for bearings with low and variable speed operation is proposed in this paper. First, the structural response is decomposed by means of variational mode decomposition (VMD) for the low frequency components to form a series of band-limited intrinsic mode functions (BLIMFs). Next, weighting factors are determined for the BLIMFs by defined energy ratios. Finally, a new envelope is reconstructed by weighting the envelopes of each BLIMF for bearing fault diagnosis. The effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method for the diagnosis of main bearing faults in wind turbines is verified through the analysis of measured data from a wind turbine in the field. The proposed method provides an effective way for bearing fault diagnosis at low and variable rotational speeds.     

风电机组传动链典型故障特征提取方法

为解决风电机组传动链易发生故障的问题,文章阐述了风电机组齿轮箱特征频率的计算方法和基于振动信号分析的故障特征提取方法。结合实际情况,以行星级齿轮磨损、中间轴小齿轮崩齿、高速轴齿轮崩齿和发电机轴承电腐蚀等典型故障为例,通过齿轮箱特征频率和传动链典型故障振动信号基本特征分析,可较好地完成故障识别。结果表明,采用经典信号处理方法能对上述典型故障进行特征提取,验证了经典方法对单一、明显故障特征提取的有效性,为深入开展传动链故障特征提取方法研究奠定了基础,为风电机组故障检修维护提供了技术支撑。     

基于小波变换的风电机组滚动轴承故障KPI计算及故障诊断

风电机组一般采用滚动轴承支撑结构,滚动轴承不同故障模式对应的振动冲击间隔频率存在差异。为了准确地从振动信号中提取滚动轴承故障征兆,在分析风电机组滚动轴承故障机理、信号特征的基础上,提出了基于小波变换的风电机组滚动轴承故障KPI计算方法,首先对风电机组的振动信号进行小波变换及阈值去噪,并计算振动信号的小波能量谱分布图,然后以小波能量谱分布图的统计参数作为滚动轴承故障诊断的KPI,采用椭圆型判决函数法实现滚动轴承的故障诊断,现场实测信号的诊断结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于小波变换的风电机组滚动轴承故障KPI计算及故障诊断

风电机组一般采用滚动轴承支撑结构,滚动轴承不同故障模式对应的振动冲击间隔频率存在差异。为了准确地从振动信号中提取滚动轴承故障征兆,在分析风电机组滚动轴承故障机理、信号特征的基础上,提出了基于小波变换的风电机组滚动轴承故障KPI计算方法,首先对风电机组的振动信号进行小波变换及阈值去噪,并计算振动信号的小波能量谱分布图,然后以小波能量谱分布图的统计参数作为滚动轴承故障诊断的KPI,采用椭圆型判决函数法实现滚动轴承的故障诊断,现场实测信号的诊断结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于增强形态滤波与三阶累积量对角切片谱的风力发电机滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对大型风力发电机滚动轴承的故障信号受到强背景噪声干扰不易识别的问题,提出一种基于增强形态滤波与三阶累积量对角切片谱相结合的故障诊断检测方法。该方法首先在研究基本形态学算子的基础上,构建一种新的增强型形态学算子（EMDO）;随后利用特征能量因子（FEF）选择出EMDO算子的最优结构元素尺度;最后利用三阶累积量对角切片谱的消噪性能来进一步增强EMDO算子对风力发电机轴承故障信息的特征提取能力。仿真和对比实验结果表明,所提方法能有效消除高斯白噪生的干扰,对提取风力发电机轴承的故障特征信息起到增强的效果。     

基于多层深度互信息变分网络的风电机组轴承故障预警方法

针对变工况复杂环境下风电机组轴承的早期故障潜隐性高且故障阈值设置困难的问题,提出一种基于多层深度互信息变分网络的轴承故障超前预警方法。该网络在变分自编码器的架构上进行多层编码拓展,采用解码信号的二次编码增强了变分网络对输入信号中噪声的鲁棒性,通过隐层变量与输入信号间最大化互信息以及与二次编码特征间的最大化互信息,提高了网络对轴承正常状态空间的建模能力。以二次编码特征与隐层变量的重构误差为基础,构建健康指数,结合三次递推指数加权移动平均模型设置与风电机组轴承工况环境相适应的健康基线。在2个风电机组轴承故障检测试验中的应用结果表明,该方法对比传统的基于模型重构的轴承早期故障检测方法,具有更高故障预警准确率和抗干扰能力。     

Application of the ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transform to pedestal looseness study of direct-drive wind turbine

The fault signal problems of wind turbine are non-linear and non-stationary, thus it is difficult to obtain the obvious fault features. In this study, a time-frequency method based on EEMD (ensemble empirical mode decomposition) and Hilbert transform is presented to investigate the bearing pedestal looseness fault of direct-drive wind turbine. The real vibration signals are analyzed using IMFs (intrinsic mode functions) extracted by ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectrum in the proposed method. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is effective to extract the fault features of bearing pedestal looseness of wind turbine. And the results also demonstrate that fault features of front bearing pedestal looseness are different from rear bearing pedestal looseness with the same looseness gap. The fluctuation of rotational frequency increases with the occurrence of front bearing pedestal looseness fault, especially the half rotational frequency and high-frequency components, and the shaft orbit is complex. Besides, we found that when the rear bearing pedestal is loosen, the fluctuation of rotational frequency also increases, and the half rotational frequency component can be found. But for the high-frequency components, it is not obvious, and the shaft orbit is an approximate ellipse. Although the fault features of front and rear bearing pedestal looseness are obvious, the powers generated by wind turbine generator only change slightly.     

Feature extraction method of wind turbine based on adaptive Morlet wavelet and SVD

Analyzing the vibration signals of wind turbine usually requires feature extraction. However, in many cases, to extract feature components becomes challenging and the applicability of information drops down due to the large amount of noise. In this paper, a new denoising method based on adaptive Morlet wavelet and singular value decomposition (SVD) is applied to feature extraction for wind turbine vibration signals. Modified Shannon wavelet entropy is utilized to optimize central frequency and bandwidth parameter of the Morlet wavelet so as to achieve optimal match with the impulsive components. The time-frequency resolution can be adapted to different signals of interest. Then, an improved matrix construction method is used to construct matrix of the wavelet coefficient, and the scale periodical exponential (SPE) spectrum is obtained by SVD for selecting the appropriate transform scale. Experimental analysis and application into signal denoising indicate that the proposed method has better denoising performance than other wavelet transforms. The results of the experimental analysis in rolling bearing and the application in planetary gearbox show that the proposed method is an effective approach to detecting the impulsive feature components hidden in vibration signals and performs well for wind turbine fault diagnosis.     

基于VMD和卷积深度信念网络的风电机组行星齿轮箱故障检测

针对传统的故障诊断方法面对风力发电机组行星齿轮箱振动信号时处理范围有限的问题,提出了一种基于VMD和卷积深度信念网络相结合的智能诊断方法,首先利用VMD对原始信号进行分解,基于峭度准则提取出冲击含量较大的本征模态函数,将特征信息明显的分量融合在一起组成多通道的输入,然后利用卷积深度信念网络进行特征提取,最后将特征输入到...     

基于优化的VMD融合信息熵和FA＿PNN的风电机组齿轮箱故障诊断

针对风电机组齿轮箱在故障信号处理、特征提取和故障诊断存在的问题,提出一种基于优化的变分模态分解(VMD)融合信息熵和萤火虫优化的概率神经网络(FA_PNN)的风电机组齿轮箱故障诊断方法。首先利用皮尔逊相关系数法来确定VMD的分解数量和惩罚因子,并利用VMD分解齿轮箱振动信号获取多个固有模态分量,在此基础上融合时域、频域及时频域等信号故障特征熵,最后用FA_PNN网络进行故障识别分类,仿真结果验证了所提出算法在风电机组齿轮箱早期故障诊断研究中的有效性和可行性。     

基于EEMD-LSTM的汽轮机转子碰磨故障诊断模型及其工程应用

汽轮机转子与静子间的碰磨严重影响着机组的安全运行。为了解决汽轮机转子发生在早期和中期的碰磨故障难以通过基于振动信号检测诊断方法进行有效识别的问题,本文提出一种基于EEMD-LSTM的汽轮机转子碰磨故障诊断方法。首先,该方法通过声发射技术监测汽轮机转子的碰磨故障信号;然后,利用EEMD信号分解方法处理获取的声发射信号,并提取能量特征参数和相关的时域特征参数,从而获得碰磨故障特征数据集;最后,利用划分的数据集对LSTM神经网络进行训练与测试,从而获得碰磨故障诊断模型。工程应用结果表明,本文提出的方法能够有效识别机组在不同转速时期的早期碰磨故障,且故障诊断的准确率较高。     

一种改进的MRVM方法及其在风电机组轴承诊断中的应用

针对风力机电组轴承故障难以诊断的问题,提出一种基于改进多分类相关向量机(MRVM)的风力机电组主轴轴承概率性智能故障诊断方法。首先,为了减少人为设定核参数的主观性以提高其分类性能,提出MRVM最优核参数自适应选取方法;然后,通过仿真实验结果验证所提方法的有效性及优越性;最后,以风电机组主轴滚动轴承故障诊断为实例,提取小波包能量为故障特征输入到改进后的MRVM中进行故障识别。实验结果表明,该方法可提高故障诊断准确率及效率,同时可输出故障诊断结果的概率信息,为实际检修人员提供更多参考信息。此外,通过与其他方法的对比实验进一步表明该方法在智能故障诊断方面的优越性。