Chemistry and Biological Activities of Processed Camellia sinensis Teas: A Comprehensive Review

Tea is a typical processed beverage from the fresh leaves of Camellia sinensis [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] or Camellia assamica [Camellia sinensis var. assamica (Mast.) Kitamura] through different manufacturing techniques. The secondary metabolites of fresh tea leaves are mainly flavan‐3‐ols, phenolic acids, purine alkaloids, condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, saponins, flavonols, and their glycoside forms. During the processing, tea leaves go through several steps, such as withering, rolling, fermentation, postfermentation, and roasting (drying) to produce different types of tea. After processing, theaflavins, thearubigins, and flavan‐3‐ols derivatives emerge as the newly formed compounds with a corresponding decrease in concentrations of catechins. Each type of tea has its own critical process and presents unique chemical composition and flavor. The components among different teas also cause significant changes in their biological activities both in vitro and in vivo. In the present review, the progress of tea chemistry and the effects of individual unit operation on components were comprehensively described. The health benefits of tea were also reviewed based on the human epidemiological and clinical studies. Although there have been multiple studies about the tea chemistry and biological activities, most of existing results are related to tea polyphenols, especially (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate. Other compounds, including the novel compounds, as well as isomers of amino acids and catechins, have not been explored in depth.     

Changes in antioxidant phytochemicals and volatile composition of Camellia sinensis by oxidation during tea fermentation

Monomeric flavonoids (flavan 3-ols or tea catechins) present in Camellia sinensis leaf are transformed to polymeric theaflavin and thearubigin by oxidation occurring during tea fermentation. The distinctive colour, decreased bitterness and astringency, and characteristic flavour are derived from the fermentation process giving fermented teas a marked distinction from non-fermented green tea. Even though teas are available in many different fermentation levels from green to black, the difference in phytochemicals and volatile compounds in teas with different degrees of fermentation has not been fully investigated yet within the same tea leaf. The objective of this study was to observe non-volatile phytochemicals including polyphenolic and volatile compounds changes by oxidation under strict processing control and to evaluate the degree of fermentation for the maximum antioxidant capacity with the same tea material. Harvested tea leaf was immediately processed to different degrees of oxidative fermentation (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%). Tea infusions brewed with each processed tea leaf were analysed for polyphenolic profile, total soluble phenolics, antioxidant capacity, and volatile profile using LC–MS, HPLC, Folin–Ciocalteu assay, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), and GC–MS analyses. The flavonoids in non-fermented green tea were significantly lessened during the oxidative fermentation process and the decreased monomeric flavonoids were transformed to polymeric theaflavin and thearubigin as the leaves were more processed. Total soluble phenolics and antioxidant capacity were significantly higher as tea leaves were less processed with a high correlation with individual polyphenolic changes. Volatile compounds present in tea leaf were analysed by GC–MS to observe changes due to processing and were utilised to create a model to differentiate fermentation based on volatile composition. Twenty-four compounds were used to build an initial model which was optimised to 16 compounds with complete separation of the groups using discriminant function analysis. The data suggested that fermentation diminished antioxidant capacity of tea and could result in lowering potential health benefits from flavonoids. This result should be considered for tea manufacturing and the development of functional foods desiring maximum potential health benefits from antioxidant flavonoids in tea.     

不同氨基酸对普洱茶发酵过程中多酚类物质转化及品质的影响

通过添加外源氨基酸的渥堆发酵方法,探讨了外源氨基酸对普洱茶发酵过程中茶多酚、儿茶素和茶色素等的影响。结果表明:同对照组相比,实验组在发酵前期(二翻之前)堆温能达到较高水平,发酵过程中茶多酚和儿茶素有较大幅度减少;茶黄素和茶红素的含量一直处于较低水平,茶褐素有较快的积累,且在三翻时含量达到最大值,四翻时有所下降。回归分析表明:茶褐素同茶多酚、儿茶素和茶红素成极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.658、-0.921、-0.670,茶褐素与儿茶素和茶黄素之间有极显著的线性关系,回归方程为:Y=6.764-0.077 X2+1.992 X3。通过感官评定和茶汤色的光学特性分析,确定在添加外源氨基酸的条件下,发酵19d(三翻后1d)实验组产品即可达到陈年普洱茶汤色红亮,滋味醇和回甘的特点。     

基于非靶向代谢组学分析茯砖茶发花过程代谢产物变化

为了解茯砖茶“发花”过程中代谢物特征及变化，采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法对发花0 d、7 d和14 d三个时间点代谢物丰度进行测定，将代谢物数据进行主成分分析（PCA）和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析（OPLS-DA）。结果表明：茯砖茶发花不同时期样本存在较大代谢差异，共检测到1 316个物质信号峰，其中发花0 d和7 d、7 d和14 d以及0 d和14 d之间筛选出的代谢差异物分别为260、229和506个，这些物质属于生物碱、氨基酸及其衍生物、黄酮类、茶多酚及儿茶素、有机酸及其衍生物等。进一步对影响茯砖茶品质和功能的主要代谢物质进行分析发现，发花改变了茯砖中茶多酚及儿茶素、黄酮和氨基酸等主要代谢物的组成，降低了茯砖茶的苦涩味，促进了醇和口感和红浓汤色的形成，且肉毒碱、异喹啉、相思子碱、长春质碱等生物碱在发花过程中的上调有助于提升茯砖茶降脂、降压和抗炎等功效。发花是改变茯砖茶代谢谱的关键过程，对于形成茯砖茶独特的品质和保健功能具有重要作用，这为揭示茯砖茶风味和保健功能的形成机制提供了依据。     

绿茶酒发酵工艺优化及主要成分变化分析

目的：研究绿茶发酵酒工艺优化及发酵过程中茶多酚、儿茶素、香气成分含量的变化分析。方法：采用正交试验优化绿茶酒发酵工艺,利用高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱法测定儿茶素和香气成分变化。结果：绿茶酒发酵工艺参数为：绿茶用量4 g/L、蔗糖20%、蜂蜜50 g/L、葡萄酒酵母接种量5 g/L,发酵温度28 ℃,发酵10 d后过滤陈酿得绿茶酒;绿茶酒发酵过程中6 种儿茶素组分含量均有所增加,表没食子儿茶素、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、没食子酸、表儿茶素增加较为缓慢,儿茶素和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯增加迅速,分别增加了10.88 倍和17.33倍;发酵初始、发酵结束及陈酿的绿茶酒分别检测出香气成分87、88种和94种,各占检测出挥发性成分相对含量的92.93%、98.26%和91.87%;香气成分种类和相对含量在发酵过程中均变化明显,体现绿茶酒由茶香到酒香的变化。结论：绿茶可以发酵茶酒,发酵后绿茶酒的保健成分儿茶素含量增加,酒体醇香。     

基于代谢组学分析工夫红茶发酵过程中代谢物的变化

以保靖黄金茶为原料,按照工夫红茶工艺进行加工,采用基于代谢组学的液质联用技术（LC-MS/MS）对发酵过程中的茶样进行检测,分析工夫红茶发酵过程中代谢产物的动态变化。结果表明,在发酵过程中,茶叶中代谢物呈现规律性动态变化;共筛选到493种差异代谢物,且这些差异代谢物的变化趋势以发酵2 h为节点可分为两个阶段,即发酵前期和发酵后期。发酵前期代谢物变化明显,物质代谢活跃,而发酵后期差异代谢物明显少于发酵前期,物质代谢减弱,且整个发酵过程中上调的差异代谢物数量均大于下调的差异代谢物数量;此外,对鉴定出的90种差异代谢物进行分析,结果显示,在红茶发酵过程中呈涩味的代谢物下调表达,可溶性糖、茶黄素类呈甜醇、鲜爽滋味的代谢物显著上调表达。本实验为探究工夫红茶发酵过程中的物质代谢调控机制提供了重要参考。     

基于代谢组学的不同年份晒青红茶化学成分分析

为探究红茶在贮藏过程中化学成分的变化规律,以贮藏时间为0、1、3 a和4 a的晒青红茶为代表样品,采用基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆轨道阱质谱的代谢组学方法对其研究.结果表明,在不同年份晒青红茶中共鉴定出82种化合物,包括儿茶素类6种、二聚儿茶素类9种、氨基酸类5种、生物碱类8种、酚酸类8种、有机酸类3种、香气糖苷类2种、...     

基于代谢组学研究不同花色种类云南白茶的化学成分差异

以云白毫、白牡丹（包括月光白一级和月光白二级）、云寿为云南白茶的代表性样品,采用基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆轨道阱质谱的代谢组学方法对不同花色种类云南白茶的化学成分差异进行研究。共鉴定出120 个化合物,包括儿茶素类、二聚儿茶素类、氨基酸类、生物碱类、酚酸类、有机酸类、香气糖苷类、N-乙基-2-吡咯烷酮取代的儿茶素类、黄酮糖苷类、脂质类等。偏最小二乘法判别分析和热图分析分别表明不同花色种类云南白茶的化学成分存在较大差异,共得到76 个化合物具有组间显著性差异（P＜0.05）,其中儿茶素类、二聚儿茶素类、生物碱类、酚酸类、茶氨酸等化合物随云南白茶原料嫩度的降低,含量下降;部分氨基酸和杨梅素苷在白牡丹中含量相对较高;芹菜素苷、山柰酚苷、槲皮素苷、脂质类化合物在云寿中含量相对较高。本研究可为云南白茶感官品质和营养价值的研究以及等级判别提供理论依据。     

金花白茶加工过程中主要滋味物质的动态变化

以2017年福建寿眉散茶为原料,按照渥堆、汽蒸、压制定型、发花、干燥等加工工艺制成金花白茶。通过对加工过程中8个有代表性的工艺节点取样检测,以探明金花白茶加工过程中茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸、水浸出物、可溶性糖、黄酮、茶三素等主要滋味物质含量的动态变化,并探究各类滋味物质的动态变化对其滋味品质的影响。结果表明,金花白茶加工过程中,茶多酚、儿茶素、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶黄素及茶红素含量均逐渐降低,金花白茶较原料降幅分别为24.26%、52.89%、27.44%、9.38%、48.83%及30.96%。黄酮总量、没食子酸及茶褐素含量逐渐增加,金花白茶较原料增幅分别为20.46%、10.92%及77.31%。水浸出物、咖啡碱、茶氨酸含量略有增加,增幅为2.89%、7.70%、8.63%。这些变化有利于金花白茶滋味浓醇厚不苦涩,汤色红浓明亮品质的形成。同时结合感官审评发现,茶多酚、茶黄素、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸及茶褐素均与金花白茶滋味品质显著或极显著相关。     

红茶汁液态发酵生成的泡沫组成分析与调控

为明确红茶汁液态发酵过程中生成的泡沫组成,对通气发酵过程的泡沫进行分离,采用分光光度计和高效液相色谱仪分析茶多酚、氨基酸和茶皂素、儿茶素、茶黄素等非挥发性化合物,并采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析挥发性化合物的含量分布。结果表明：红茶汁匀浆和通气过程产生的泡沫中茶皂素、茶多酚、咖啡碱、部分儿茶素和茶黄素的质量浓度较隔离泡沫的茶汁中高,挥发物总量和癸醛、柠檬醛、芳樟醇、香叶醇和β-紫罗兰酮5 种呈甜花香化合物,己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、苯乙醛、水杨酸甲酯和(E)-2-己烯醛5 种呈青气化合物也有提高,这表明产生的泡沫会带走较多的品质成分。为保留品质成分,向红茶汁发酵液中添加消泡剂防止泡沫形成,发现体积分数0.2%的消泡剂可有效控制泡沫形成,对茶多酚、氨基酸的质量浓度无显著影响,对发酵进程无不利影响,而且可促进茶汁中挥发物的释放。     

云南高山普洱茶渥堆过程滋味和汤色品质的动态变化研究

摘 要：目的 探究云南高山普洱茶渥堆过程滋味和汤色品质的动态变化。方法 采用云南省高海拔地区生产的普洱茶为研究样本,通过理化成分测定、色差测定和感官审评的方法对普洱茶渥堆过程中主要品质成分及茶汤色差值变化进行分析,并结合相关性分析探讨了相应指标与滋味、汤色品质之间的关系。结果 在整个渥堆过程中,茶多酚、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、水浸出物、儿茶素等物质含量均显著降低,咖啡碱含量变化不明显。以茶多酚为主体,生成的茶黄素和茶红素含量先升后降,茶褐素含量显著增加。渥堆过程中,茶汤 L*（明亮度）逐渐降低,红（a*）和黄（b*）色调增强。相关性分析结果显示,茶多酚、大多数儿茶素、水浸出物等物质与滋味品质呈负相关,茶褐素可以正向促进普洱茶的滋味和汤色品质。结论 茶多酚和茶褐素是普洱茶渥堆过程中滋味和汤色品质形成的关键因子。     

茶黄素抗菌活性研究进展

茶黄素是红茶发酵过程中儿茶素类组分氧化聚合的产物,是红茶品质优劣的标志性成分之一。茶黄素具有独特的苯骈卓酚酮结构和更多的酚羟基团,具有多种功能活性,在抑菌性能方面有时优于儿茶素和其他多酚类成分。本文梳理了近年来国内外在茶黄素抑菌活性领域的研究进展,从抑菌谱系(细菌、真菌、病毒)、作用机制、应用范畴等方面进行了系统综述和分析总结,发现茶黄素作为天然来源的广谱抑菌剂,在与人类相关的多种致病菌干预方面具有潜在的应用价值。从天然抑菌剂终端价值开发角度对其可能应用途径进行了展望,以期为茶叶次生代谢产物应用技术研究深入开展提供技术依据。     

不同潮水量条件下普洱茶渥堆过程化学成分的变化

通过设置不同潮水量进行实验室模拟普洱茶渥堆过程,系统地研究堆表与堆芯主要理化成分含量的变化规律,找出普洱茶快速模拟发酵的潮水量。结果表明：至渥堆结束,茶坯的茶多酚、儿茶素、茶黄素、茶红素、氨基酸的含量均呈减少趋势,水溶性糖、茶褐素、咖啡碱的含量则呈增加趋势。不同潮水量条件下渥堆茶样的堆温以及参与发酵的微生物的差异,显著地影响普洱茶的品质。结合感官评价得出,潮水量为45%的普洱茶表现出较佳的品质。     

Overview of antibacterial, antitoxin, antiviral, and antifungal activities of tea flavonoids and teas

Tea leaves produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of the plants against invading pathogens including insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These metabolites include polyphenolic compounds, the six so-called catechins, and the methyl-xanthine alkaloids caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. Postharvest inactivation of phenol oxidases in green tea leaves prevents oxidation of the catechins, whereas postharvest enzyme-catalyzed oxidation (fermentation) of catechins in tea leaves results in the formation of four theaflavins as well as polymeric thearubigins. These substances impart the black color to black teas. Black and partly fermented oolong teas contain both classes of phenolic compounds. A need exists to develop a better understanding of the roles of polyphenolic tea compounds in food and medical microbiology. This overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of activities of tea flavonoids and teas against foodborne and other pathogenic bacteria, virulent protein toxins produced by some of the bacteria, virulent bacteriophages, pathogenic viruses and fungi. Also covered are synergistic, mechanistic, and bioavailability aspects of the antimicrobial effects. Further research is suggested for each of these categories. The herein described findings are not only of fundamental interest, but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and animal and human health.     

黑毛茶不同产区发花对茯砖茶品质的影响

不同产区特定的气候环境影响茯砖茶发花微生物群落结构、代谢及风味物质的形成。以同批湖南黑毛茶为原料,分别在我国具有代表性的茯砖茶主产区(陕西、湖南和浙江)同时期制作茶样,研究黑毛茶在不同产区发花对茯砖茶品质的影响。感官审评表明:陕西和湖南产区加工的茯砖茶"金花"数量明显高于浙江产区,"菌花香"明显;但湖南和浙江产区加工的茯砖茶均略带青涩味。化学成分结果表明:茶多酚、酯型儿茶素、儿茶素总量及咖啡碱在湖南产区加工的茯砖茶中含量较高;氨基酸总量和茶氨酸在浙江产区加工的茯砖茶中保留量较多;有机酸在陕西产区的茯砖茶中含量较高。从3个产区加工的茯砖茶中共分离鉴定出57种香气成分,对茯砖茶"菌花香"具有重要贡献的萜烯醇、烯醛类和酮类等化合物含量在不同产区加工的茯砖茶中差异显著(P0.05)。结论:不同产区花过程中微生物种群结构、代谢方向及作用方式可能不同,对茯砖茶品质的形成具有重要影响。     

红紫芽熟茶适制性及渥堆发酵过程品质变化研究

目的 研究大叶种特异性品种红紫芽熟茶适制性及渥堆发酵过程中品质变化规律。方法 以红紫芽晒青茶为原料,分别以气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)、电子鼻、色差分析结合感官审评方法研究红紫芽熟茶适制性及渥堆发酵过程中品质变化。结果 红紫芽晒青茶共鉴定6大类28种香气物质,红紫芽出堆样共鉴定出9大类46种香气物质, Loading结果表明, 10个传感器中就有5个传感器(R8、R6、R10、R7和R9)对茶叶香气的响应明显,对区分贡献率最大,香气分析结果表明红紫芽叶制成熟茶香气物质丰富。随着翻堆序数增加, L~*和?L值总体呈下降趋势, a~*和?a值总体呈增加趋势b~*及?b值随着翻堆序数增加呈先增加后下降趋势,表明随着发酵进行,茶汤明亮度降低,茶汤变红变深,这与感官评价结果一致。随着渥堆序数增加,总儿茶素、茶多酚及氨基酸含量呈递减趋势,出堆样氨基酸、茶多酚含量低于晒青原料(P<0.05),水浸出物含量高于晒青原料(P<0.05),每一次翻堆样咖啡碱的含量变化幅度也不大(P>0.05)。感官审评结果表明...     

不同叶位芽叶在工夫红茶加工过程中理化品质的变化

本实验以福鼎大白茶茶树品种鲜叶为原料,通过叶片微观结构观察和理化指标测定,探究工夫红茶加工过程中不同叶位芽叶的理化品质变化。结果发现：不同叶位芽叶的色泽从揉捻开始由绿逐渐变红,但第二叶的红变程度弱于其他部分;叶片结构和酚类化合物分析结果表明,第一、二叶的叶肉细胞及叶绿体结构均在揉捻时被破坏,说明第一、二叶均从揉捻阶段开始发酵;在加工过程中茶多酚质量分数、儿茶素类含量均下降,茶黄素含量和茶红素含量先增后减,之后趋于稳定,茶褐素含量一直增加,且均在揉捻时含量变化最大;第一叶与第二叶的儿茶素类总量、表没食子儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、表儿茶素没食子酸酯的氧化率及茶黄素含量差异不显著（P>0.05）,说明不同叶位叶片的发酵程度无明显差异;叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量以及叶绿素类总量均下降,脱镁叶绿素、脱镁脱叶绿醇基叶绿素含量均上升;加工过程中第二叶的叶绿素组分含量均显著高于第一叶（P<0.05）。本研究结果可为加工优质工夫红茶、提高茶树鲜叶的利用率提供一定的理论依据。     

The dynamic change of oolong tea constitutes during enzymatic-catalysed process of manufacturing

To understand leaf enzyme-modulated dynamic changes of character constitutes during withering and turning-over steps of oolong tea manufacturing, complementary proteomic and metabolomic analyses were performed using the processed tea leaves from the two steps. A total of 778 metabolites and 6274 proteins were identified and quantified in this study. A biosynthetic pathway network of flavouring compounds was suggested in combination with the abundance of candidate enzymes. The free amino acids were necessary not only to the umami or sweet tastes of oolong tea, but also to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites responsible for the environmental stress. As the downstream derivatives of the phenylpropanoid pathway with phenylalanine as one of the upstream metabolites, the glycosides of isoflavonoids and anthocyanins showed decreasing trends during the enzymatic-catalysed process, potentially contributing to flavour of mellow and brisk. The formation of flavouring compounds in oolong tea production is a result of systematic responses to serious stress conditions, during which a series of defensing mechanisms in tea leaves were triggered to induce dynamic changes in various enzymes and metabolites.     

茯砖茶优势菌株分离鉴定及发酵低级绿茶分析

对湖南白沙溪茯砖茶中的优势菌株进行分离、纯化,并通过形态学分析和ITS序列比对进行鉴定.以云南大叶种低级绿茶为原料进行纯菌发酵,分析发酵液主要成分含量的变化.结果表明:从湖南白沙溪茯砖茶中分离得到的4株优势菌株,其中J1被鉴定为谢瓦曲霉(Aspergillus chevalieri);J2、J3和J4均被鉴定为冠突曲霉...     

绿茶加工中主要滋味物质动态变化及其对绿茶品质的影响

以茶树品种‘碧香早’春季一芽二叶为原料,按照摊放、杀青、揉捻、干燥工艺将其加工成绿茶,在分析绿茶加工中水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖、儿茶素等主要滋味物质质量分数动态变化基础上,通过酚/氨比、简单儿茶素/酯型儿茶素比以及感官品质分析,探讨绿茶加工中主要滋味物质的动态变化及其对滋味品质的影响。结果表明：绿茶加工过程中,水浸出物、茶多酚、儿茶素、氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖等滋味物质质量分数整体上均呈逐渐下降的趋势,其中水浸出物、氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖质量分数在摊放过程中呈上升趋势;这些滋味物质的动态变化使得酚/氨比在摊放阶段由11.45下降到6.21,在杀青阶段逐渐上升到8.01,在揉捻和干燥阶段趋于稳定;而简单儿茶素/酯型儿茶素比在摊放阶段由0.43上升至0.45,在杀青阶段由0.47下降到0.44,在揉捻和干燥过程中逐渐缓慢降低至0.35;同时,这些滋味物质质量分数与绿茶滋味品质明显相关,当酚/氨比为5.5～6.5、简单儿茶素/酯型儿茶素比为0.3～0.5时,绿茶滋味品质由粗淡、苦涩逐渐转化为醇厚、鲜爽。