基于双环控制的双馈风力发电机组控制策略

在分析了双馈风力发电机组运行特性的基础上,提出一种基于双环控制的变换器控制策略。在转子侧,变换器采用定子磁链定向矢量控制技术,推导出了用转子有功电流和无功电流独立解耦控制有功功率和无功功率的策略,并实现了风能的最大跟踪;在电网侧,变换器采用电网电压定向矢量控制技术,构建了电流内环、电压外环的双闭环PI控制系统。利用PSCAD/EMTDC软件,构建了双馈风力发电机组仿真模型。仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性和合理性     

Direct power control of wind‐turbine‐driven DFIG during transient grid voltage unbalance

In this paper, a direct power control (DPC) of a wind‐turbine‐driven doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) under unbalanced network voltage conditions is studied. Variations of the stator output active, reactive and electromagnetic powers are fully deduced in the presence of negative sequence supply voltage. The rotor side converter is controlled on the basis of DPC to eliminate the electromagnetic torque oscillations at double supply frequency under unbalanced stator supply. The rotor voltage references estimation requires only simple calculations without any integral operation. The proposed control scheme removes rotor current regulators and the decomposition processing of positive and negative sequence rotor currents. The performance of the proposed and conventional DPC schemes is compared under the same operating conditions. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are carried out for a 1.5 MW DFIG wind generation system to show the validity of the proposed scheme during unbalanced voltage supply. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A complete modeling and simulation of DFIG based wind turbine system using fuzzy logic control

The current paper talks about the variable speed wind turbine generation system (WTGS). So, the WTGS is equipped with a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and two bidirectional converters in the rotor open circuit. A vector control (VC) of the rotor side converter (RSC) offers independent regulation of the stator active and reactive power and the optimal rotational speed tracking in the power maximization operating mode. A VC scheme for the grid-side converter (GSC) allows an independent regulation of the active and reactive power to exchange with the grid and sinusoidal supply currents and keeps the DC-link voltage constant. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) is adopted as an alternative of the conventional proportional and integral (PI) controller to reject some uncertainties or disturbance. The performances have been verified using the Matlab/Simulink software.     

不平衡电压下双馈变速风电机组的控制策略

提出了不平衡电网电压下双馈发电机的控制策略,并建立了双馈发电机在正、反旋转坐标系下的数学模型。在此基础上推导和分析了电网电压不平衡条件下双馈发电机输出的瞬时有功、无功功率的组成。提出了4种可供选择的不平衡电压控制方案,并给出了不同控制目标下转子的正、负序电流目标值的计算原则。通过MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真验证了控制方案的有效性。     

A versatile method for computation of power pulsations in DFIG under grid imperfections

In the context of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) connected to the utility grid under unbalanced voltage conditions, the controller design needs to ensure additional challenges such as restricting the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in grid current, minimizing the pulsations in generated power, torque, dc link voltage etc. apart from facilitating the generator power control. Thus the schemes for generating reference currents for rotor converters need to incorporate a measure of power pulsations to what is required for steady state power flow control. This paper proposes a versatile scheme for computing the power pulsations in a DFIG connected to grid under unbalance voltage conditions. The active and reactive power oscillations are computed in a simple and straight forward manner using the measured stator voltage and currents in the positive d-q frame without using flux estimation. The scheme is free from flux integration or differentiation, rotor position computation and independent of machine parameters. Further, the worst case error in computation is bound within 3% considering 30% voltage dip, 7% of harmonics, ±10°phase jump or ±10% dc offset in the grid voltage. The effectiveness of the scheme is validated through PSCAD/EMTDC simulations and experimental results for a 2.3 kW DFIG test setup.     

Performance of PI controller for control of active and reactive power in DFIG operating in a grid-connected variable speed wind energy conversion system

Due to several factors, wind energy becomes an essential type of electricity generation. The share of this type of energy in the network is becoming increasingly important. The objective of this work is to present the modeling and control strategy of a grid connected wind power generation scheme using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by the rotor. This paper is to present the complete modeling and simulation of a wind turbine driven DFIG in the second mode of operating (the wind turbine pitch control is deactivated). It will introduce the vector control, which makes it possible to control independently the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the generator and the grid, based on vector control concept (with stator flux or voltage orientation) with classical PI controllers. Various simulation tests are conducted to observe the system behavior and evaluate the performance of the control for some optimization criteria (energy efficiency and the robustness of the control). It is also interesting to play on the quality of electric power by controlling the reactive power exchanged with the grid, which will facilitate making a local correction of power factor.     

计及RSC控制的DFIG短路电流直流分量解析表达

现有文献针对计及转子变流器(RSC)控制的双馈感应风电机组(DFIG)定子短路电流解析表达,将定子磁链当作一阶直流衰减分量或忽略功率外环控制。基于DFIG电压、磁链和RSC控制方程,得到定子电流关于定子电压和定子功率的传递函数,提出定子电流的精确解析表达式。基于RSC内、外环PI参数关系,推导直流分量衰减时间常数和角频率关于PI参数的表达式。分析了RSC内外环PI参数对定子电流直流衰减分量的影响。仿真结果验证了解析表达式的准确性,为PI参数选取和保护装置测量、整定提供依据。     

Power correlation for vertical axis wind turbines with varying geometries

In this paper, a new predictive model that can forecast the performance of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is presented. The new model includes four primary variables (rotor velocity, wind velocity, air density, and turbine power output) as well as five geometrical variables (rotor radius, turbine height, turbine width, stator spacing, and stator angle). These variables are reduced to include the power coefficient (C_p) and tip speed ratio (TSR). A power coefficient correlation for a novel VAWT (called a Zephyr Vertical axis Wind Turbine (ZVWT)) is developed. The turbine is an adaptation of the Savonius design. The new correlation can predict the turbine's performance for altered stator geometry and varying operating conditions. Numerical simulations with a rotating reference frame are used to predict the operating performance for various turbine geometries. The case study includes 16 different geometries for three different wind directions. The resulting 48 data points provide detailed insight into the turbine performance to develop a general correlation. The model was able to predict the power coefficient with changes in TSR, rotor length, stator spacing, and stator angle, to within 4.4% of the numerical prediction. Furthermore, the power coefficient was predicted with changes in rotor length, stator spacing, and stator angle, to within 3.0% of the numerical simulations. This correlation provides a useful new design tool for improving the ZVWT in the specific conditions and operating requirements specific to this type of wind turbine. Also, the new model can be extended to other conditions that include different VAWT designs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integrated power characteristic study of DFIG and its frequency converter in wind power generation

A doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is a variable speed induction machine. It is a standard, wound rotor induction machine with its stator windings directly connected to the grid and its rotor windings connected to the grid through a back-to-back AC/DC/AC PWM converter. The power generation of a DFIG includes power delivered from two paths, one from the stator to the grid and the other from the rotor, through the frequency converter, to the grid. The power production characteristics, therefore, depend not only on the induction machine but also on the two PWM converters as well as how they are controlled. This paper investigates power generation characteristics of a DFIG system through computer simulation. The specific features of the study are (1) a steady-state model of a DFIG system in d–q reference frame, (2) a simulation mechanism that reflects decoupled d–q control strategies, (3) power characteristic simulation for both generator and converter, and (4) an integrative study combining stator, rotor and converter together. An extensive analysis is conducted to examine integrated power generation characteristics of DFIG and its frequency converter under different wind and d–q control conditions so as to benefit the development of advanced DFIG control technology.     

Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generator Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions

Wind energy is often installed in rural, remote areas characterized by weak, unbalanced power transmission grids. In induction wind generators, unbalanced three-phase stator voltages cause a number of problems, such as overcurrent, unbalanced currents, reactive power pulsations, and stress on the mechanical components from torque pulsations. Therefore, beyond a certain amount of unbalance, induction wind generators are switched out of the network. This can further weaken the grid. In doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs), control of the rotor currents allows for adjustable speed operation and reactive power control. This paper presents a DFIG control strategy that enhances the standard speed and reactive power control with controllers that can compensate for the problems caused by an unbalanced grid by balancing the stator currents and eliminating torque and reactive power pulsations     

Direct power control of DFIG based on discrete space vector modulation

This paper presents a new direct power control (DPC) strategy for a double fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy generation system. Switching vectors for rotor side converter were selected from the optimal switching table using the estimated stator flux position and the errors of the active and reactive power. A few number of voltage vectors may cause undesired power and stator current ripple. In this paper the increased number of voltage vectors with application of the Discrete Space Vector Modulation (DSVM) will be presented. Then a new switching table in supersynchronous and subsynchronous frames will be proposed. Simulation results of a 2 MW DFIG system demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy during variations of active and reactive power, machine parameters, and wind speed.     

Low voltage ride through of doubly-fed induction generator connected to the grid using sliding mode control strategy

Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) connected to the grid is subjected to high transient currents at rotor side and rise in DC-link voltage during voltage sag at stator/grid side. To secure power system operation wind turbines have to meet grid requirements through the Low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability and contribute to grid voltage control during severe situations. This paper presents the modeling and control designs for WECS based on a real model of DFIG taking into account the effect of stator resistance. The non-linear control technique using sliding mode control (SMC) strategy is used to alter the dynamics of 1.5 MW wind turbine system connected to the grid under severe faults of grid voltage. The paper, also discusses the transient behavior and points out the performance limit for LVRT by using two protection circuits of an AC-crowbar and a DC-Chopper which follow a developed flowchart of system protection modes under fault which achieved LVRT requirements through results. The model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK for both rotor and grid side converters.     

Reactive power compensation and active filtering capability of WECS with DFIG without any over‐rating

This paper presents a novel approach for reactive power compensation and active filtering capability of a variable speed wind energy conversion system (WECS) with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), without any over‐rating. First, the WECS is capable of capturing maximum wind power under fluctuating wind speed. Second, depending on the available wind power value versus nominal WECS power, power quality can be improved by compensating the reactive power and the grid harmonic currents, without any system over‐rating. The proposed rotor side converter (RSC) control manages the WECS function's priorities, between main active power generation and power quality management. To ensure high filtering performances, we used an improved harmonic isolator in the time domain, based on a selective pass band filter (SPBF) developed in our laboratory. Moreover, we took advantage of the high amplification effect of the rotor side‐controlled DFIG to compensate harmonic currents. Consequently, no over‐rating is necessary for the proposed additional active filtering capability. Simulation results for a 2 MW WECS with DFIG confirm the effectiveness and the performances of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DFIG sliding mode control fed by back-to-back PWM converter with DC-link voltage control for variable speed wind turbine

This paper proposes an indirect power control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with the rotor connected to the electric grid through a back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM) converter for variable speed wind power generation. Appropriate state space model of the DFIG is deduced. An original control strategy based on a variable structure control theory, also called sliding mode control, is applied to achieve the control of the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the DFIG and the grid. A proportional-integral-(PI) controller is used to keep the DC-link voltage constant for a back-to-back PWM converter. Simulations are conducted for validation of the digital controller operation using Matlab/Simulink software.     

Reactive power capability of a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator

The aim of the work is to derive a steady state PQ‐diagram for a variable speed wind turbine equipped with a Doubly Fed Induction Generator. Firstly, the dependency between optimal rotor speed and wind speed is presented. Secondly, the limitations in reactive power production, caused by the rotor current, the rotor voltage and the stator current are derived. Thirdly, the influence of switching from Δ to Y coupling of the stator is investigated. Finally, a complete PQ diagram for a wind turbine is plotted. It is concluded that the limiting factor regarding reactive power production will typically be the rotor current limit, and that the limit for reactive power absorption will be the stator current limit. Further, it is concluded that the rotor voltage will only have a limiting effect at high positive and negative slips, but near the limitation, the reactive power capability is very sensitive to small changes in the slip. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Direct Power Control of DFIG With Constant Switching Frequency and Improved Transient Performance

This paper proposes a new direct power control (DPC) strategy for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine system. The required rotor control voltage, which eliminates active and reactive power errors within each fixed time period, is directly calculated based on stator flux, rotor position, and active and reactive powers and their corresponding errors. No extra power or current control loops are required, simplifying the system design, and improving transient performance. Constant converter switching frequency is achieved that eases the design of the power converter and the ac harmonic filter. Rotor voltage limit during transients is investigated, and a scheme is proposed that prioritizes the active and reactive power control such that one remains fully controlled while the error of the other is reduced. The impact of machine parameter variations on system performance is investigated and found negligible. Simulation results for a 2 MW DFIG system demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy during variations of active and reactive power, machine parameters, and wind speed     

滞环矢量控制在双馈风力发电机中的应用

滞环电流控制方法以其动态响应速度快,电路跟踪性能好的优点而获得了广泛的应用和发展。基于双馈发电机数学模型,采用定子磁场定向的矢量控制．转子侧选用改进型滞环电流控制,建立了有功功率、无功功率解耦的控制策略。利用PSCAD软件．建立了仿真控制模型并进行了仿真计算。仿真结果表明,该控制系统能有效地实现双馈发电机有功、无功功率的解耦,验证该控制方案的正确性和有效性。     

Power decoupling control of DFIG rotor-side PWM converter based on auto-disturbance rejection control

In this paper, double PWM converter AC excitation system of the variable speed constant frequency doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind power generation is taken as the research object. At present, most vector control systems of rotor-side PWM converter adopt feedforward compensation to realize the purpose of power decoupling control. The decoupling effect is greatly affected by the power changes. A power decoupling control strategy based on auto-disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed. The decoupling control between active power and reactive power is realized by observing the coupling term and the total disturbance of the d-axis and q-axis components of the stator current and the stator voltage with the extended state observer and compensating. Simulation analysis and experimental test show that, on the basis of vector transformation, the rotor-side PWM converter power decoupling control based on ADRC has a small overshoot and fast dynamic response when tracking the change of wind turbine input power, which can achieve the decoupling control between active power and reactive power well. The system has strong robustness and adaptability.     

电压跌落时带有Crowbar电路的双馈感应发电机的瞬态分析

为了研究双馈感应发电机对电网电压跌落的适应能力,以及其实现低电压穿越的功能,文章通过将由向量法求出的瞬态电流与由等效电路法求出的稳态电流进行叠加而得出的定子、转子故障电流的近似解析式,来分析在定子端三相对称电压跌落、转子侧变换器断开、投入Crowbar电路情况下的双馈感应发电机内部的电磁关系变化过程。此外,在理论分析的基础上,文中建立了2　MW双馈感应发电机的PSCAD模型,且在7.5 kW双馈风力发电测试平台上进行了实验验证。仿真和实验结果表明,这种通过瞬态电流和稳态电流进行叠加的方法而求得的双馈感应发电机故障电流的近似解析表达式可以准确地反映出双馈感应发电机磁链和电流的瞬态变化。     

Methodology for Smooth Connection of Doubly Fed Induction Generators to the Grid

A systematic methodology for smooth connection of wind-turbine-driven doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) to the grid is presented. Synchronization of the voltage induced in the DFIG open stator to that of the grid, which needs to be accomplished prior to connection, is thoroughly examined. A particular grid-voltage-oriented rotor control scheme is considered for this purpose. Generic tuning equations for the rotor current integral–proportional (I-P) controllers involved in this scheme are also derived. Transition between the control configurations devoted to synchronization and normal operation—active power generation and reactive power interchange with the grid—at the instant of connection is studied in detail. Mainly due to the reference frame selected for synchronization, the greater part of this transition takes place naturally. However, given that the rotor current dynamics vary significantly depending on whether the DFIG stator is connected to the grid or not, the parameters of the I-P controllers involved in both schemes will accordingly be different. Consequently, a “bumpless” strategy is provided that preserves the smoothness of the connection. A simple method for initial rotor positioning, required when performing vector control based on an incremental encoder, is also suggested. The resulting overall methodology is validated on a 7-kW DFIG-based laboratory-scale test bench.