Bioactive composition and sensory evaluation of blended jambolan (Syzygium cumini) and sugarcane alcoholic fermented beverages

The consumption of wine has increased considerably in recent years, which has aroused consumer interest in the consumption of alternative wines produced from various fruits. This study evaluates polyphenolic composition, identifies bioactive compounds and assays the total antioxidant capacity of four different formulations of jambolan (Syzygium cumini) and sugarcane fermented beverages (100:0, 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70), as well as their physical and chemical characteristics and also the sensory profile of the beverages. Significant levels of different phenolic compounds were found in the fermented alcoholic beverages. Beverages with higher jambolan content had the greatest content of phenolic compounds. The product produced with 100% jambolan presented 2.99 g gallic acid equivalents per litre of phenolic compounds, 0.67 g Cy3Glu L^?1 of anthocyanins, 0.92 g tannic acid equivalents per litre of tannins and a DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of 85.24%. The phenolic compounds found in higher amounts in the beverages were caffeic, chlorogenic and gallic acid. Treatments elaborated with 100, 70 and 50% of jambolan pulp received the best overall feedback from consumers. The results suggest that jambolan fruit (currently not consumed fresh or used in other ways) could serve as a source of bioactive compounds and therefore be of interest to the food industry. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Aqueous extraction kinetics of phenolic compounds from jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) seeds

In this study, aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds from jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) seed was undertaken. The effects of various parameters such as extraction temperature (34.8–85.2°C), extraction time (49.8–100.2 min), and liquid-to-solid ratio (9.8–60.2 mL/g) on the extraction yield, extract purity (i.e., total polyphenol content), and its antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrlthydrazyl free radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power) were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimum extraction conditions (49.2°C, 89.4 min, and 51.6:1 mL/g) produced an extract with 17.3% extraction yield, high total polyphenol content (415 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract) and significant antioxidant activity (IC₅₀: 35.4 ± 0.7 µg/mL). The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of seed extract revealed the presence of gallic acid (90.8 mg/g dried extract), ellagic acid (36 mg/g dried extract), caffeic acid (26.07 mg/g dried extract), p-coumaric acid (0.26 mg/g dried extract), catechin (9.05 mg/g dried extract), epicatechin (0.42 mg/g dried extract), and quercetin (1.54 mg/g dried extract). Tannic acid (188.5 mg/g dried extract) was also identified as a major phenolic compound. The extraction kinetics was also studied and experimental data were fitted to four kinetic models such as first-order model, second-order model, Peleg’s model, and Minchev and Minkov model, to evaluate their applicability.     

海南蒲桃原花青素DPPH自由基清除活性及稳定性的初步研究

从海南蒲桃果实提取原花青素,研究了原花青素清除DPPH自由基的活性及温度、光照及pH对海南蒲桃原花青素清除DPPH自由基活性的影响。结果:海南蒲桃原花青素对DPPH自由基的半抑制剂量IC50为5.9077μg/mL。20～80℃处理8h原花青素DPPH自由的清除率与初始值差异不显著,90℃处理3h和100℃处理2hDPPH自由的清除率与1h间差异显著。120℃及130℃处理30min分别较初始的DPPH自由基清除率低5.68%和20.46%;pH1～9处理8d对原花青素自由基清除活性无显著降低,pH10处理2d及pH11～12处理1d原花青素DPPH自由基清除活性较初始值显著下降。光照度3418lx以下照射8d自由基清除率较初始值无显著差异,45～70klx太阳光处理8h自由基的清除率降低14.80%。     

海南蒲桃色素性质研究

以海南蒲桃成熟果实为原料提取天然色素,并对其理化性质进行了分析研究。同时比较了D-072、D-401、D-301-G、D-101、D-110、DF01六种树脂对该色素的静态吸附情况及不同极性解吸剂对吸附色素的树脂洗脱的效果,从中选择吸附和解吸附效果最好的树脂以及适合的解吸剂。研究表明:该色素在酸性条件下对热、金属离子和常用食品添加剂均具有较好的稳定性,对光稳定性稍差;D-072大孔吸附树脂对海南蒲桃色素吸附效果最好,色素吸附率达90.7%;解吸剂用含0.2%三氟乙酸的50%酸化乙醇,色素可被充分洗脱下来。此研究结果为以海南蒲桃成熟果实为原料来生产食用色素提供了理论依据。     

海南蒲桃果色素的提取及理化性质的研究

从海南蒲桃果中提取天然色素的工艺条件是:以体积分数为0.3%盐酸-90%乙醇溶液作为提取剂,原料与提取剂配比为1∶4（g/mL）,温度为60℃,时间为4h。对该色素的理化性质研究结果表明,海南蒲桃果色素有一定的耐热性,但耐光性、耐氧化性和耐还原性差;柠檬酸和果糖使色素增色;Cu2+、Fe3+、Zn2+、K+和Al3+使色素变色,Ca2+、Na+和Mg2+对色素无不良影响。      

Influence of jambolan (Syzygium cumini) and xanthan gum incorporation on the physicochemical,antioxidant and sensory properties of gluten‐free eggless rice muffins

This study was undertaken to prepare antioxidant‐rich gluten‐free eggless muffins from rice flour blended with varying amounts of jambolan fruit pulp (JFP) and xanthan gum (XG). The batters were evaluated for fundamental rheology, while muffins were analysed for physicochemical (colour, volume, water activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content), texture and sensory properties. The incorporation of JFP and XG increased batter viscoelasticity (increased G′ and G″ while decreased tan δ). JFP incorporation increased greenness (lower a* value), cohesiveness, resilience, water activity (a_w), total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH and ABTS inhibition of the muffins. Further, XG improved muffin quality characteristics (appearance, specific volume and resilience)_. Sensory analyses revealed that JFP incorporation improved the consumer acceptability of the muffins.     

黄皮核中N-甲基-桂皮酰胺的提取分离与鉴定

为了研究黄皮中的风味物质,用60％乙醇提取黄皮核粉,提取物经浓缩、真空硅胶柱层析,分离得到一种无色透明方块状结晶,经过UV,IR,MS,^1H NMR检测,确定其化学结构,为N-甲基-桂皮酰胺。该化合物具有果的典型香味。     

Chemical composition of beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus L.) plant parts

Samples of beach pea (Lathyrus maritimus L.) seeds and plant parts were analyzed for their chemical composition, total and free amino acids as well as minerals. The crude protein content of plant parts was from 10.7–28.0%, soluble proteins from 190–709 mg/100 g, lipid from 1.3–6.0%, ash 2.2–6.8%, crude fibre 10.7–35.5%, soluble sugars 0.1–12.2%, starch 0.8–26.5%, carbohydrate 55.8–81.5% and phenolic compounds from 0.5–3.0%. The amino acid profile of proteins of seeds and other plant parts of beach pea showed that they were deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids. Tryptophan was another limiting amino acid in plant parts, except in leaves (1.35 g/16 g N). The content of free amino acids was highest in branches plus stems (3148 mg/100 g) and lowest in pod shells (151 mg/100 g). Beach pea plant parts were a good source of minerals such as K, P, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Al and Zn.     

黄皮果、黄皮核中黄皮酰胺的测定

为了测定黄皮果肉、炮制黄皮果核、自然干燥黄皮果核及其20%食用酒精浸泡液中的黄皮酰胺含量,采用高压液相色谱法测定,测定条件为:KromasilC18色谱柱(5μm),流动相为乙腈-甲醇-水(21∶16.5∶62.5),流速:1.0mL/min;紫外检测器波长:257nm。测定结果表明,黄皮酰胺的保留时间为8.68～8.70min,自然干燥黄皮果核中的黄皮酰胺为0.174%,黄皮果肉、炮制黄皮果核及20%酒精浸泡的自然干燥黄皮果核溶液中均未检出黄皮酰胺。提示自然干燥的黄皮果核可以用作天然黄皮酰胺的原料。     

Roasting affects phenolic composition and antioxidative activity of hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.)

The potential effect of skin removal and roasting on individual and total phenolic content, and on antioxidative potential of 6 hazelnut cultivars were investigated. HPLC-MS identification of individual phenolics confirmed the presence of 7 flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin, 2 procyanidin dimers, and 3 procyanidin trimers), 3 flavonols (quercetin pentoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside), 2 hydrobenzoic acids (gallic acid, protocatechulic acid), and 1 dihydrochalcone (phloretin-2'-O-glucoside). Flavonols were only detected in whole hazelnut kernels. The content of individual phenolics, with the exception of gallic acid, was always highest in whole unroasted hazelnuts and was significantly reduced after skin removal. Similarly, total phenolic content and antioxidative potential decreased when skin was removed. Roasting had a significant negative effect on individual phenolics but not on the total phenolic content and antioxidative potential of kernels. From a health promoting phytochemical composition of hazelnuts the consumption of whole unroasted kernels with skins should be preferential to peeled kernels either roasted or unroasted. Practical Application: A significant reduction in the antioxidative potential and total phenolic content is detected after hazelnut skin removal but not after roasting, suggesting that hazelnut kernels should be consumed whole. In hazelnut skin, many phenolic compounds are located, which are not present in flesh and, therefore, the health properties of hazelnuts are strongly affected by skin removal. Thermal processing and roasting conditions used in this study had a lesser effect on the individual phenolic composition of the kernel and thus roasted and unroasted hazelnuts without skin contain comparable amounts of health promoting compounds.     

Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) extracts

Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of sumac extracts were investigated. Sumac was extracted in methanol and subjected to solvent–solvent partitioning to yield two fractions as ethyl acetate and aqueous. Methanol extract was further fractioned over Sephadex LH-20 column. Antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions were screened using ferric thiocyanate and DPPH radical scavenging methods. Phenolic composition of active fraction(s) was determined by HPLC–MS systems. Those fractions which exhibited strong antioxidant activity were rich in anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins. While gallic acid was the main phenolic acid in the extracts, anthocyanin fraction contained cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, and delphinidin glucosides and coumarates. Pentagalloyl glucose was abundant in the hydrolysable tannin fraction. Effective scavenging concentration (EC₅₀) on DPPH radical was 0.70 μg/mL both in ethyl acetate and tannin fractions, and 5.33 μg/mL in anthocyanin rich fraction. Same extracts and fractions showed moderate lipid peroxidation inhibition effect compared with the synthetic antioxidants. The findings demonstrate that sumac can be used as a natural antioxidant.     

Seasonal variation in phenolic composition and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi

Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi (Lamiaceae) is a small culinary and medicinal aromatic herb, native to the Mediterranean region, traditionally used for its diaphoretic, expectorant, febrifuge and stomachic properties. In order to carry out a thorough chemical and biological screening of the plant and to explore phenophase influence on its polyphenol content, samples of the plant were collected at different phases during its life cycle (July/October 2012 and January/April 2013). Each sample, previously extracted using a hydroalcoholic solution, was analyzed for its phenol contents through LC–DAD–ESI-MS/MS techniques. Acacetin and caffeic acid derivatives were the main constituents and the relative abundance of each identified metabolite seemed to be strongly collection time dependent. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the investigated hydroalcoholic extracts was carried out performing different tests. Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index (RACI) was also calculated. Although extract from the summer collection exerted the highest antioxidant capability in cell-free systems, when cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed, extract from the winter collection was the most active sample. In particular, it was capable to inhibit COX-2 synthesis by 40.10%; dexamethasone, used as positive control, exerted a similar activity. Comparing phenol profiling data to bioactivity ones, it was highlighted that the winter extract contained an amount of acacetin and its derivatives nearly four times than those of caffeic acid derivatives.     

Dehydration of Malay Apple (Syzygium malaccense L.) Using Ultrasound as Pre-treatment

This work examined the influence of the ultrasonic pre-treatment prior to air drying on dehydration of jambo (Syzygium malaccense L.) also known as Malay apple. This study allowed the estimation of water loss and sugar gain during the pre-treatment and the effective water diffusivity in the air-drying process for jambo subjected to ultrasonic pre-treatment. Results showed that during the ultrasonic treatment, in distilled water, the Malay apples lost sugar, so such a pre-treatment stage can be a practical process to produce dried fruits with lower sugar content. The water effective diffusivity increased by 28.1% (best result) after application of ultrasound, which caused a reduction of about 27.3% in the total drying time.     

Variations in the phenolic composition of fruit juices with different treatments

 In this work we have determined the variations in the composition of phenolic compounds of natural peach and apple juice with different thermal and enzymatic treatments. The following phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in samples of treated and untreated fruit juices: cinnamic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids), cinnamic derivatives (chlorogenic and p-coumarylquinic acids and feruloylglucose), flavonols (quercetin glycosides), dihydrochalcones (phloretin glycosides), flavan-3-ols [(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin], and procyanidins (dimer B₂, trimer C₁ and tetramer T₄). Furfural derivatives, compounds widely used as indicators of prior thermal treatment, were also studied using these samples. The results indicate that the different processes tested gave rise to a series of changes in composition that may make it possible to identify the type of treatment employed on the basis of the composition of phenolic compounds in the fruit juices. Received: 18 March 1996     

Characterization of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and total phenolic contents in medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruit during ripening and over ripening

Characterization of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) enzyme and determination of total phenolic concentrations during fruit ripening and over ripening in medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) were determined. During ripening, PPO substrate specificity, optimum pH and temperature, optimum enzyme and substrate concentrations were determined. Among the five mono- and di-phenolic substrates examined ((p-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, catechol, 4-methylcatechol and tyrosine), 4-methylcatechol was selected as the best substrate for all ripening stages. A range of pH 3.0–9.0 was also tested and the highest enzyme activity was at pH 7.0 throughout ripening. The optimum temperature for each ripening stage was determined by measuring the enzyme activity at various temperatures over the range of 10–70 °C with 10 °C increments. The optimum temperatures were found to be 30, 20 and 30 °C, respectively, for each ripening stage. Optimum enzyme and substrate concentrations were found to be 0.1 mg/ml and 40 mM, respectively. The V_max and K_m value of the reaction were determined during ripening and found to be 476 U/mg protein and 26 mM at 193 DAFB (days after full bloom) – stage 1, 256 U/mg protein and 12 mM at 207 DAFB – stage 2, 222 U/mg protein and 8 mM at 214 DAFB – stage 3. For all ripening stages sodium metabisulfite markedly inhibited PPO activity. For stage 1 of ripening, Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺ and Al³⁺, for stage 2, Cu²⁺ and Hg²⁺, and for stage 3, Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺, Al³⁺ and Ca²⁺ strongly inhibited diphenolase activity. Accordingly, it can be concluded that as medlar fruit ripen there is no significant changes in the optimum values of polyphenoloxidases, although their kinetic parametres change. As the fruit ripening progressed through ripe to over-ripe, in contrary to polyphenoloxidase activity, there was an apparent gradual decrease in total fruit phenolic concentrations, as determined by using the aqueous solvents and water extractions.