整车排放试验污染物瞬态质量测量方法研究

针对整车排放开发试验中直采排放测量设备不能直接测量出污染物瞬态质量的问题,采用了在袋采排放测量系统中增加稀释空气流量计SAO或者示踪CO2分析仪的方法,将袋采和直：采测量设备关联起来,实现了污染物的瞬态质量测量。采用SAO方法时,通过测量混合前稀释空气的瞬态流量,计算出汽车排气的瞬态体积,再用直采系统测出污染物的瞬态体积浓度值就可以换算成汽车排气污染物的瞬态质量值。采用TraceCO2方法时,通过比较稀释管道中混合气的CO2瞬态体积浓度值与稀释前尾气的CO2体积浓度,得出了动态稀释比,从而间接计算出了汽车排气的瞬态体积,进而计算出污染物瞬态质量值。试验结果证明,加装稀释空气流量计SAO和示踪CO2分析仪的排放测量系统,能够有效测量出汽车排气中污染物的瞬态质量值。     

A study of signal noise reduction of the mass air flow sensor using the flow conditioner on the air induction system of heavy-duty truck

The mass air flow meter is a critical sensor that works based on thermal hot wire technology, used to determine the fuel to be injected into the cylinder and calculate the fuel-air ratio. In order to measure the airflow rate accurately, the flow should be uniform and smooth upstream of the sensor. The flow disturbance with a short straight length upstream of the flow meter results in the noise of the sensor signal. This noise causes unstable mass flow measurement on the system. Flow conditioners can be used to smooth the velocity profile of the flow. In this study, experimental and numerical methods were used to characterize the performance and operating accuracy of the mass flow meter used in heavy-duty truck applications. The flow conditioners were implemented to smooth the velocity profile around the mass flow meter that was disrupted by bends. The flow structures with and without flow conditioner were examined using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to measure the time-averaged velocity. As well as the validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model provides data to understand the flow uniformity effect of the conditioner on the mass airflow (MAF) sensor. The optimization study was performed using a full factorial design of experiment (DOE) for flow conditioner design. A robust methodology was developed for the flow conditioner characteristics and mass airflow sensor implementation on the air induction system.     

基于单V锥节流装置的湿气气液流量在线测量

提出采用两相质量流量系数对V锥节流装置湿气测量误差进行修正,试验研究洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数、气体密度弗鲁德数以及气液密度比对V锥节流装置两相质量流量系数的影响规律。V锥节流装置的节流比为0.55,试验介质为压缩空气和水,气液密度比为0.002 445~0.006 083,气体密度弗鲁德数为0.3~2.0,洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数为0.01~0.34。结果表明,两相流量系数随洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数增加而线性增大,同时还受气体密度弗鲁德数和气液密度比的影响。获得了两相质量流量系数与洛克哈特-马蒂内利参数、气体密度弗鲁德数和气液密度比的定量关系,建立湿气流量测量的半经验关联式。利用V锥节流装置前后锥体对湿气具有不同的差压响应特性,获得了其差异性的影响规律,建立单节流元件双差压的湿气气液流量双参数测量方程。在试验范围内,测得的气相质量流量相对误差小于±5.0%,平均误差为2.2%;液相质量流量相对误差小于±20.0%,平均误差为9.8%。该方法具有系统简单、成本低廉、精度较高的特点。     

Novel mass air flow meter for automobile industry based on thermal flow microsensor. II. Flow meter,test procedures and results

A prototype of mass air flow meter for automobile industry was developed on the basis of thermal flow microsensor. Design and manufacturing technology of the flow meter are described. Test procedure and results are presented. Developed prototype of flow meter can diagnose gas flow rates in a wide range.     

A V-Cone meter measurement correlation in low pressure wet gas based on Chisholm model

To gain a deeper understanding of the performance of V-Cone meter in low pressure wet gas measurement, the over-reading of the V-Cone meter was experimentally investigated in the present study. The equivalent diameter ratio of the V-Cone meter is 0.55. The experimental fluids were air and tap water. The operating pressure and the gas volume fraction ranged from 0.1 MPa to 0.4 MPa and 97.52%–100%, respectively. The results showed that the existing V-Cone wet gas correlation, which was developed for the medium and high pressure wet gas cannot be well extended to the low pressure conditions. The Chisholm exponent monotonically decreased with the ratio of liquid-to-gas mass flow rate increasing, and was almost not affected by the gas to liquid density ratio and the gas densiometric Froude number in the present test ranges. A measurement correlation dedicated for the low pressure wet gas was developed. In the present cases, the relative deviation of the gas mass flow rate predicted by the new correlation was within ±4.0% and ±3.0% under the 95% and 90% confidence level, respectively; the average relative deviation was 0.046%. Our results provide insights into the measurement performance of V-Cone meter in low pressure wet gas and may help to develop a more comprehensive wet gas correlation.     

Conception of a test bench to generate known and controlled conditions of refrigerant mass flow

Refrigerant compressor performance tests play an important role in the evaluation of the energy characteristics of the compressor, enabling an increase in the quality, reliability, and efficiency of these products. Due to the nonexistence of a refrigerating capacity standard, it is common to use previously conditioned compressors for the intercomparison and evaluation of the temporal drift of compressor performance test panels. However, there are some limitations regarding the use of these specific compressors as standards. This study proposes the development of a refrigerating capacity standard which consists of a mass flow meter and a variable-capacity compressor, whose speed is set based on the mass flow rate measured by the meter. From the results obtained in the tests carried out on a bench specifically developed for this purpose, it was possible to validate the concept of a capacity standard.     

Theoretical and experimental investigation for developing a gas-liquid two-phase flow meter

Despite the intricacy, inline metering of two-phase flow has a significant impact in multitudinous applications including fusion reactors, oil, nuclear, and other cryogenic systems. Since measurement of individual flow rate is prominent in various systems, it warrants the establishment of a flow meter system that can monitor the mass flow rates of liquid. In this regard, an approach was taken towards the development of a two-phase flow meter system in the present study. The concept involves two-phase flow through narrow parallel rectangular channels resulting in laminar, stratified flow with a slope at the liquid-vapor interface. The height of the liquid column at specific channel locations is measured for determining the flow rate. However, the geometric configurations of the channels and fluid properties are pivotal in ensuring accurate measurement. Consequently, theoretical and experimental studies are performed to investigate the correspondence between flow rate and change in liquid height. Based on the governing equations, a theoretical model is established using MATLAB®. The model investigated the intricate influence of various flow and fluid properties in the estimation of the mass flow rate. The experimental investigation was done with various conditions under different liquid and vapor volume flow rates for validating the proposed supposition and the theoretical model. Both the theoretical and experimental analyses showed fair correspondence. The proposed system estimated the mass flow rate within a tolerance of ±10% and showed potential towards the development of the cryogenic two-phase flow meter.     

Performance evaluation of Coriolis mass flow meter in laminar flow regime

In many fluid flow applications, mass flow rate is preferred over volume flow rate, as it is more beneficial in terms of cost and material balance calculations. Coriolis mass flow meter (CMFM) is accepted widely for mass flow measurement owing to its accuracy and reliability. However, it has been found to under-read the mass flow rate in laminar flow region [1], thus limiting its application in this region. The secondary flow in the curved tube section influences the generated Coriolis force and leads to a deviation in meter readings. Commercial CMFMs are available with various curved tube configurations and need to be analyzed for their application in laminar region. This paper presents comprehensive experimental and numerical investigations performed to evaluate the influence of tube configuration and other meter parameters, such as drive frequency, amplitude of vibration, and sensor position, on the performance of the CMFM in laminar region. The findings of this study have put forth a suitable combination of tube configuration, drive frequency, and sensor position while using the CMFM in laminar flow regime.     

Sheathed probe thermal gas mass flow meter heat transfer analysis

The thermal gas mass flow meter is an important meter used in industrial measurement. When the environmental temperature changes, the measured gas physical parameters change correspondingly and the thermal gas mass flow meter output signal is affected, causing large measurement error. The influence of gas temperature on the sheathed probe measurements is analyzed in this paper based on experiments and heat transfer theory using a three dimensional probe and gas heat transfer mathematical model based on the heat conduction equation. The probe heat transfer process is analyzed under convection heat transfer coupling conditions. The experimental data were analyzed and compared against the theoretical results, with a maximum average relative error of only 4.56%. The rationality of the theoretical method is thus verified.     

动态计量散装系统在砂浆生产线应用探析

本文通过对冲板流量计的工作原理、使用工况等分析,提出在成品库与散装机之间增加一套动态计量装置——冲板流量计来测量其瞬时流量和累计流量,实现精准装车目的。     

基于DSP的超声波流量计的设计

主要介绍了一种用专门的数据处理芯片TMS320LF2407型DSP作为控制处理芯片的超声波流量计的设计,并重点介绍该流量计的工作原理、硬件系统构成、软件控制流程以及高频声波信号的控制处理方法.流量计采用时差测量法,根据所测得的时差计算出流体的瞬时流量,再通过积分求得累积流量.由于流量计对测量系统的精确性和实时性要求较高,所以采用专门的数据处理芯片和数字鉴相技术.     

恒电压式热式质量流量计的研究

本文介绍了热式质量流量计的测量原理及恒流式、恒温差式两种测量方法。根据热式流量计的测试原理。提出了用于小流量测量的恒电压式热式质量流量计的设计方案并进行了实验验证。实验表明在严格控制电压的条件下，流量计具有良好的性能。     

TDC-GP21在超声波热量表中的应用

介绍了基于增强型高精度时间数字转换芯片TDC-GP21的超声波热量表的具体设计方案。流量测量采用超声波时差法原理,利用MSP430F4152单片机控制TDC-GP21进行超声波传播时间和流体温度差的测量,提高了系统的测量精度,大幅降低了系统的功耗和成本。通过流量标定,系统测量结果可达热量表行业标准2级表要求。     

Flow-sensorless control valve: neural computing approach

Flow measurements using conventional flow meters for feedback on the flow-control loop cause pressure drop in the flow and in turn lead to the usage of more energy for pumping the fluid. This paper presents an alternative approach for determining the flow rate without flow meters. The restriction characteristics of the flow-control valve are captured by a neural network (NN) model. The relationship between the flow rate and the physical properties of the flow as well as flow-control valve, that is, pressure drop, pressure, temperature, and flow-control valve coefficient (valve position) is found. With these accessible properties, the NN model yields the flow rate of fluid across the flow-control valve, which acts as a flow meter. The viability of the methodology proposed is illustrated by real flow measurements of compressed air which is widely used in pneumatic systems.     

A comparative study of flow rate characteristics of an averaging Pitot tube type flow meter according to H parameters based on two kinds of differential pressure measured at the flow meter with varying air temperature

A new averaging Pitot tube flow meter that has a shape similar to an Annubar® type flow meter was designed and its flow rate characteristic was evaluated. The air temperature supplied to the developed flow meter was maintained at a constant by controlling electric power supply to an electric heater during the calibration. Two kinds of differential pressure measured at the flow meter were used in calculating the H parameters, which represent characteristics of the developed flow meter. One H parameter (H_ΔP1) which was newly proposed in this research was calculated based on the difference between upstream pressure (stagnation pressure) at the flow meter and static pressure of the measured flow. The differential pressure is equivalent to the dynamic pressure of the flow. The other H parameter (H_ΔP2) which is used in a typical Annubar® type flow meter was calculated based on the difference between upstream and downstream pressure at the developed flow meters. Relationship curves between the two H parameters and the mass flow rate at the developed flow meter were obtained. The curves based on the H_ΔP2 parameter, which uses the difference between up and down stream pressure, show different gradients for varying the controlled air temperature. However, the other curve, based on the other H_ΔP1 parameter, which uses the dynamic pressure, can be represented by one linear curve even with varying air temperature.     

Development of a flow meter for instantaneous flow rate measurements of anaesthetic liquids

An instrument has been developed for instantaneous flow rate measurements of anaesthetic liquids. For periodically time-varying flows, the instantaneous flow rate is reconstructed from the axial velocity time series measured on the centre-line of a pipe. The theoretical background for the method is given and it is demonstrated that fast variations of flow rate can be measured. The instrument is based on a laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) to record the instantaneous velocity on the axis of a capillary; an ultraviolet laser permits velocity measurements with good signal-to-noise ratio from tracer particles in the submicrometer range present in anaesthetic liquids.     

Field experience of well testing using multiphase Coriolis metering

A previously described Net Oil & Gas Skid (Henry et al., 2013) [1] combines a multiphase Coriolis mass flow meter with a water cut meter to generate on-line estimates of oil, water and gas flow rates, with an update rate of one second. This system has received approval from GOST, the Russian standards agency, for use in upstream oil and gas applications. The NOG system has been applied to well testing, where the output of an individual well is measured, typically over several hours. The conventional equipment used for this task is a test separator; however, a separator only provides the totalised flows of oil, water and gas over the test period. By contrast, the NOG system is able to provide time series of each flow rate, thus allowing more detailed characterisations of well behaviour. This paper draws on the results of several hundred well tests carried out in Russia to illustrate the different types of well behaviour observable using the Net Oil & Gas Skid.     

Experimental investigation of an oscillating circular piston positive displacement flowmeter: I – Piston movement and pressure losses

Tests of an oscillating circular piston positive displacement flowmeter are described which focused on the effect on pressure drop across the meter of variation in key parameters. These included flow rate, liquid density and viscosity, mass of piston and length of connecting pipes. In addition to the average pressure loss, the pressure loss variation during the oscillation cycle was measured and found to vary with an amplitude dependent on the various parameters. A companion paper reviews data on leakage and wear.     

Two-phase flow metering of heavy oil using a Coriolis mass flow meter: A case study

The use of Coriolis mass flow metering for two-phase (gas/liquid) flow is an emerging theme of both academic research and industrial application. The key issues are maintaining flow-tube operation, and modelling and correcting for the errors induced in the mass flow and density measurements. Experimentally-derived data is used to illustrate that these errors vary most notably with gas void fraction (GVF) and liquid flow rate, but other factors such as flow-tube geometry and orientation, and fluid properties such as viscosity are also influential. While undoubtedly a universal two-phase flow correction model is the ultimate research goal, there is currently no obvious candidate to explain the range of behaviours observed. This paper describes and demonstrates an empirical methodology that has proven effective in developing good correction models for a given choice of Coriolis flow-tube and flow mixture.

A growing proportion of the world’s oil reserves may be described as “heavy”, implying high density and high viscosity. Of the various metering challenges heavy oil poses, one of the most significant is its ready entrainment of gas, and the difficulties entailed in separating gas from the oil. Accurate two-phase measurement of heavy oil is therefore an especially desirable technical goal.

Trials were carried out at the National Engineering Laboratory (NEL), Scotland on a 75 mm flowmeter using a high viscosity oil. Flowrates from 1 kg/s to 10 kg/s were examined, with gas void fraction (GVF) up to 80%. The resulting models were tested online in a commercial Coriolis mass flow meter and demonstrated good performance for both steady and slugging two-phase flows, with the corrected measurements typically within 1%–5% of the nominal mass flow and density.

Field trials in Venezuela have confirmed the performance of this two-phase solution.

While research continues into the development of a generic two-phase correction, this case study demonstrates that the current state of the art can provide, for economically important fluids, tailored models with good two-phase flow performance.     

Accurate mass flow and density of bubbly liquids using speed of sound augmented Coriolis technology

Speed of sound augmented Coriolis technology utilizes a process fluid sound speed measurement to improve the accuracy of Coriolis meters operating on bubbly liquids. This paper presents a theoretical development and experimental validation of speed of sound augmented Coriolis meters. The approach utilizes a process fluid sound speed measurement, based on a beam-forming interpretation of a pair of acoustic pressure transducers installed on either side of a Coriolis meter, to quantify, and mitigate, errors in the mass flow, density, and volumetric flow reported by two modern, dual bent-tube Coriolis meters operating on bubbly mixtures of air and water with gas void fractions ranging from 0% to 5%. By improving accuracy of Coriolis meters operating on bubbly liquids, speed of sound augmented Coriolis meters offer the potential to improve the utility of Coriolis meters on many existing applications and expand the application space of Coriolis meters to address additional multiphase measurement challenges.The sources of measurement errors in Coriolis meters operating on bubbly liquids have been well-characterized in the literature. In general, conventional Coriolis meters interpret the mass flow and density of the process fluid using calibrations developed for single-phase process fluids which are essentially incompressible and homogeneous. While these calibrations typically provide sufficient accuracy for single-phase flow applications, their use on bubbly liquids often results in significant errors in both the reported mass flow, density and volumetric flow. Utilizing a process fluid sound speed measurement and an empirically-informed aeroelastic model of bubbly flows in Coriolis meters, the methodology developed herein compensates the output of conventional Coriolis meters for the effects of entrained gas to provide accurate mass flow, density, volumetric flow, and gas void fraction of bubbly liquids.Data presented are limited to air and water mixtures. However, by influencing the effective bubble size through mixture flow velocity, the bubbly liquids tested exhibit decoupling characteristics which spanned theoretical limits from nearly fully-coupled to nearly fully-decoupled flows. Thus, from a non-dimensional parameter perspective, the data presented is representative of a broad range of bubbly liquids likely to be encountered in practice.