有弯度翼型垂直轴风力机的数值模拟研究

应用计算流体动力学有限体积法SIMPLE算法,配合SST k-ω湍流模型和滑动网格技术模拟分析了有弯度翼型4叶片垂直轴风力机的气动特性,以其作为有弯度翼型垂直轴风力机设计的参考依据。研究结果发现,在入口流速为10 m/s,尖速比为1.6时,该种风力机单个叶片的瞬时力矩系数为-0.03～0.18,并且在一个转动周期内正的瞬时力矩系数历时较长;整个风轮的的力矩系数在尖速比为1.6左右时达到最大值,功率系数在尖速比为1.7左右时达到最大值。     

Numerical analysis of the characteristics of vertical axis tidal current turbines

Tidal current is considered to be one of the promising alternative green energy resources. Tidal current turbines are devices used for harnessing tidal current energy. The development of a standard for tidal current turbine design is a very important step in the commercialization of tidal current energy as the tidal current industry is growing rapidly, but no standard for tidal current turbines has been developed yet. In this paper, we present our recent efforts in the numerical simulation of the characteristics (e.g., power output, torque fluctuation, induced velocity, and acoustic emission) of tidal current turbines related to the development of the standard. The relationship between the characteristics and the parameters of an example turbine are extensively discussed and quantified. The findings of this paper are expected to be helpful in developing the standards for tidal current turbines in the near future.     

垂直轴风力机三维效应的数值模拟研究

文章针对二维和三维垂直轴风力机的数值模拟的差异,提出了风力机的三维效应是造成模拟差异的主要原因。运用计算流体力学方法对某直线翼垂直轴风力机模型进行了二维和三维的数值模研究。通过比对实验得到的风力机功率系数,发现三维模拟结果与实验值吻合。观察尖速比为1.5时二维和三维垂直轴风力机的速度型分布曲线、流向速度云图和涡量云图,研究了阻塞效应、叶梢涡、支撑结构和塔架对数值模拟结果的影响。研究发现:在二维的数值模拟中,风力机没有受阻塞效应影响,功率系数被严重高估;三维的数值模拟能够模拟出全部的流畅细节,受叶梢涡和支撑结构的影响,风力机的功率系数明显降低。     

Influence of blade deformation and yawed inflow on performance of a horizontal axis tidal stream turbine

For a better design of tidal stream turbines operated in off-design conditions, analyses considering the effects of blade deformation and yawed inflow conditions are necessary. The flow load causes deformation of the blade, and the deformation affects the turbine performance in return. Also, a yawed inflow influences the performance of the turbine. As a validation study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was carried out to predict the performance of a horizontal axis tidal stream turbine (HATST) with rigid blades. The numerical uncertainty for the turbine performance with blade deformation and a yawed inflow was evaluated using the concept of the grid convergence index (GCI). A fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis was carried out to estimate the performance of a turbine with flexible composite blades, with the results then compared to those of an analysis with rigid blades. The influence of yawed inflow conditions on the turbine performance was investigated and found to be important in relation to power predictions in the design stages.     

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of the aerodynamics of a high solidity,small‐scale vertical axis wind turbine

A computational fluid dynamics simulation was performed for a small‐scale, high solidity (σ = 0.48) H‐type Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine. Two‐dimensional unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations were solved for the turbine numerical model, which has a large stationary domain and smaller rotating subdomain connected by a sliding mesh interface. The simulation results were first validated against steady‐state airfoil data. The model was then used to solve for three rotating blades with constant ambient flow velocity (Re = 360,000) over numerous blade speed ratios. The high solidity and the associated low blade speed ratio and rotational speed of the turbine result in complex flow–blade interaction mechanisms. These include dynamic stall resulting in vortex shedding, vortex impingement on the source blade and significant flow momentum extraction causing reduced power production from the downstream blade pass. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance analysis of a HAT tidal current turbine and wake flow characteristics

Having very strong current on the west coast with up to 10 m tidal range, there are many suitable sites for the application of tidal current power (TCP) in Korea. The turbine, which initially converts the tidal energy, is an important component because it affects the efficiency of the entire system. To design a turbine that can extract the maximum power on the site, the depth and duration of current velocity with respect to direction should be considered. To extract a significant quantity of power, a tidal current farm with a multi-arrangement is necessary in the ocean. The interactions between devices contribute significantly to the total power capacity. Thus, the study of wake propagation is necessary to understand the evolution of the wake behind a turbine. This paper introduces configuration design of horizontal axis tidal current turbine based on the blade element theory, and evaluating its performance with CFD. The maximum efficiency of the designed turbine was calculated as 40% at a tip speed ratio (TSR) of 5. The target capacity of 300 kW was generated at the design velocity, and the performance was stable over a wide range of rotating speeds. To investigate the wakes behind the turbine, unsteady simulation was carried out. The wake velocity distribution was obtained, and velocity deficit was calculated. A large and rapid recovery was observed from 2D to 8D downstream, followed by a much slower recovery beyond. The velocity was recovered up to 86% at 18D downstream.     

Starting torque improvement using J-shaped straight-bladed Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine by means of numerical simulation

In this study a 3 kW straight–bladed Darrieus type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) is investigated numerically using OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamic package. The newly proposed J-Shaped profile is used as the blade airfoil in the simulation. The J-Shaped profile is designed by means of eliminating a fraction of pressure side of Du 06-W-200 airfoil. The main purpose of this investigation is the improvement of the VAWT starting torque using J-shaped profile. The power curves for both conventional and J-shaped profiles are calculated and the torque variation is obtained at different azimuth angles. In addition, the vorticity and pressure field surrounding the wind turbine is presented. The results indicate that the performance of turbine is optimized for J-shaped profile which eliminates the pressure side of airfoil from the maximum thickness toward the trailing edge. Moreover, by employing this J-Shaped profile, the wind turbine performance is intensified TSRs and self-starting of turbine is improved.     

驱动热泵的垂直轴风力机风轮气动特性数值分析

根据风能热泵系统的工作环境及匹配特性,针对给定供热面积的系统各参数选取方法以及垂直轴风力机风轮设计进行了探讨,在此基础上初步完成了额定功率为300 W的风轮设计,并利用二维数值模拟方法对不同叶尖速比下的性能曲线进行计算,分析得到了额定风速9.00 m/s时,驱动压缩机的最佳风轮转速为350~375r/min。结果表明,300 W垂直轴风力机的输出特性可满足风能热泵机组的工作要求,该数值分析结果可为风能供热技术的应用示范提供理论支撑。     

On the wake deflection of vertical axis wind turbines by pitched blades

Wake losses are a critical consideration in wind farm design. The ability to steer and deform wakes can result in increased wind farm power density and reduced energy costs and can be used to optimize wind farm designs. This study investigates the wake deflection of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) experimentally, emphasizing the effect of different load distributions on the wake convection and mixing. A trailing vortex system responsible for the wake topology is hypothesized based on a simplified vorticity equation that describes the relationship between load distribution and its vortex generation; the proposed vorticity system and the resulting wake topology are experimentally validated in the wind tunnel via stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements of the flow field at several wake cross-sections. Variations in load distribution are accomplished by a set of fixed blade pitches. The experimental results not only validate the predicted vorticity system but also highlight the critical role of the streamwise vorticity component in the deflection and deformation of the wake, thus affecting the momentum and energy recoveries. The evaluation of the various loading cases demonstrates the significant effect of the wake deflection on the wind power available to a downwind turbine, even when the distance between the two turbines is only three diameters.     

Investigating the influence of dimensional scaling on aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine using CFD simulation

Wind turbines are used in a variety of applications with different performance requirements. Investigating the influence of scaling on wind turbine characteristics can pave the way to utilize the experience gained from a smaller turbine for a larger one. In this paper, the effects of wind turbine size on aerodynamic characteristics of a rotor blade are examined using CFD simulation. NREL phase VI wind turbine rotor was simulated in order to validate the results and ensure the accuracy of the CFD model. A 2 MW wind turbine was then chosen as a large turbine and a scaled down model of its rotor was simulated numerically. The results of the simulation were introduced to Similarity Theory relations in order to predict the aerodynamic characteristics of the 2 MW wind turbine. The 2 MW turbine was also simulated and the results of the simulation were compared to predictions of Similarity Theory. It was observed that the results of the simulation completely follow the values predicted by Similarity Theory. Both Similarity Theory predictions and simulation results demonstrated that the torque increases with the cube of change in rotor diameter whereas the thrust value and aerodynamic forces grow with the square of change in diameter.     

Near wake flow analysis of a vertical axis wind turbine by stereoscopic particle image velocimetry

The development of the near wake of a vertical axis wind turbine is investigated by stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. The experiments are conducted in an open-jet wind tunnel on an H-shaped rotor, operated at a tip speed ratio of 4.5 and at an average chord-based Reynolds number of 1.7 × 10⁵. Phase-locked measurements are acquired at the turbine mid span in order to study the horizontal wake dynamics at the symmetry plane. Results show the evolution of the vorticity shed by the blade, how it organizes in large scale vortical structures at the edges of the wake and the resulting asymmetric induction field in the wake. The evolution of the blade tip vortices and the 3D wake geometry are detailed by a second set of measurements acquired at several vertical planes aligned with the free stream. The dynamics of the system of tip vortices, their vertical motion and interactions are discussed and related to the geometry and the recovery of the wind turbine wake. The experimental data are made publicly available for research purposes.     

A comparative study on dynamic responses of spar‐type floating horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines

Interest in the exploitation of offshore wind resources using floating wind turbines has increased. Commercial development of floating horizontal axis wind turbines (FHAWTs) is emerging because of their commercial success in onshore and near‐shore areas. Floating vertical axis wind turbines (FVAWTs) are also promising because of their low installation and maintenance costs. Therefore, a comparative study on the dynamic responses of FHAWTs and FVAWTs is of great interest. In the present study, a FHAWT employing the 5MW wind turbine developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and a FVAWT employing a Darrieus rotor, both mounted on the OC3 spar buoy, were considered. An improved control strategy was introduced for FVAWTs to achieve an approximately constant mean generator power for the above rated wind speeds. Fully coupled time domain simulations were carried out using identical, directional aligned and correlated wind and wave conditions. Because of different aerodynamic load characteristics and control strategies, the FVAWT results in larger mean tower base bending moments and mooring line tensions above the rated wind speed. Because significant two‐per‐revolution aerodynamic loads act on the FVAWT, the generator power, tower base bending moments and delta line tensions show prominent two‐per‐revolution variation. Consequently, the FVAWT suffers from severe fatigue damage at the tower bottom. However, the dynamic performance of the FVAWT could be improved by increasing the number of blades, using helical blades or employing a more advanced control strategy, which requires additional research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimisation of design and operation of generators for offshore vertical axis wind turbines

A process for optimizing both the design and operation of the generator for a large offshore vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is developed. The objectives of the optimization process are to minimize additional costs and losses in the generator to allow for a fair evaluation of the impact of the VAWT environment on the powertrain. A spectrum of torque control strategies was tested based on the ratio, q, of the allowed electrical torque variation to the inherent mechanical torque variation. Equations relating q to the generator losses were established. The effect of q on the energy extracted by the rotor was also investigated and incorporated into the optimization process. This work shows that a variable q strategy with respect to wind speed can improve turbine performance across the range of operational wind speeds depending on the torque loading from the rotor blades. In turn, this also allows for the torque rating of the generator to be reduced from the peak torque rating that would otherwise be expected, creating an opportunity to downscale the generator size, reducing costs. The optimization of powertrain design and operation should be carried out at as high level as is possible, ideally using the fully factored cost of energy (COE) to guard against unexpected losses because of excessive focus in one COE factor (for example reducing upfront cost but in turn reducing availability).     

安装于跨海桥梁下部结构的竖轴潮流能水轮机水动力性能研究

文章采用物理模型实验和基于Fluent的二维数值模拟方法研究了竖轴水轮机安装在典型桥梁下部结构(单圆桩、圆端形墩台、四圆桩)且相对尺寸发生变化时,水轮机水动力性能的变化情况.研究结果表明:与桥梁下部结构组合后,竖轴水轮机的能量输出显著提升,单圆桩提升幅度最大,圆端形墩台次之,四圆桩最小;单圆桩和圆端形墩台相对水轮机尺寸...     

Unsteady Aerodynamics of a Savonius wind rotor: a new computational approach for the simulation of energy performance

When compared with of other wind turbine the Savonius wind rotor offers lower performance in terms of power coefficient, on the other hand it offers a number of advantages as it is extremely simple to built, it is self-starting and it has no need to be oriented in the wind direction. Although it is well suited to be integrated in urban environment as mini or micro wind turbine it is inappropriate when high power is requested. For this reason several studies have been carried-out in recent years in order to improve its aerodynamic performance. The aim of this research is to gain an insight into the complex flow field developing around a Savonius wind rotor and to evaluate its performance. A mathematical model of the interaction between the flow field and the rotor blades was developed and validated by comparing its results with data obtained at Environmental Wind Tunnel (EWT) laboratory of the “Polytechnic University of Marche”.     

Combined effects of stress and temperature on hydrogen diffusion in non-hydride forming alloys applied in gas turbines

Hydrogen plays a vital role in the utilisation of renewable energy, but ingress and diffusion of hydrogen in a gas turbine can induce hydrogen embrittlement on its metallic components. This paper aims to investigate the hydrogen transport in a non-hydride forming alloy such as Alloy 690 used in gas turbines inspired by service conditions of turbine blades, i.e. under the combined effects of stress and temperature. An appropriate hydrogen transport equation is formulated, accounting for both stress and temperature distributions of the domain in the non-hydride forming alloy. Finite element (FE) analyses are performed to predict steady-state hydrogen distribution in lattice sites and dislocation traps of a double notched specimen under constant tensile load and various temperature fields. Results demonstrate that the lattice hydrogen concentration is very sensitive to the temperature gradients, whilst the stress concentration only slightly increases local lattice hydrogen concentration. The combined effects of stress and temperature result in the highest concentration of the dislocation trapped hydrogen in low-temperature regions, although the plastic strain is only at a moderate level. Our results suggest that temperature gradients and stress concentrations in turbine blades due to cooling channels and holes make the relatively low-temperature regions susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement.     

相同叶尖速比不同转速的垂直轴风力机气动性能分析

在不考虑连杆、转轴及叶尖损失的简化模型基础上,利用Fluent软件采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程与k-ωSST湍流模型对直叶片垂直轴风力机进行了数值模拟.对比了相同叶尖速比λ=4,叶轮半径r分别为1 m和2 m的垂直轴风力机的气动性能.结果表明,在来流风速V∞和叶尖速比λ相同的情况下,不同半径的垂直轴风力机具有十分相似的翼型表面压力分布,对应位置处的升、阻力系数相差不大.     

向心透平内部流动的数值分析及叶轮的改进设计

本文对一微型燃气轮机向心透平内部的三维流场进行了数值研究。在流场模拟的基础上对原结构的内部流场进行了分析探讨,指出原设计中可以改进的地方并成功的对叶轮进行了改进设计,使向心式透平效率提高了二点几个百分点。     

Numerical modeling of the electrohydrodynamic effect to natural convection in vertical channels

The electrohydrodynamic effect to natural convection inside the vertical channels is numerically investigated by computational fluid dynamics technique. The range of parameters considered are 10⁴ = Ra = 10⁷, 7.5 = V₀ = 17.5 kV, and 2 = aspect ratio = 10. Flow and temperature distributions are affected with supplied voltage at the wire electrodes, and the heat transfer enhancement is significantly influenced at low Rayleigh number. The augmented volume flow rate of fluid is indicated in relation with the number of electrodes. Moreover, heat transfer enhancement also depended on the electrode arrangement while the number of electrodes is initially fixed. The relation between channel aspect ratio and number of electrodes that performs the maximum heat transfer is expressed incorporating with the optimum concerning parameters.     

一种升阻复合型垂直轴风力机

提出了一种基于活固叶片的新型升阻复合型垂直轴风力机。分析了这种风力机的空气动力学原理,阐述了其整体结构,设计并制造了一台扫风面积为0.49 m2的样机。在7 m/s的风速下,对其进行了性能测试:当负载扭矩为3.6 Nm时,风力机仍能可靠自启动,其功率系数曲线具有阻力型垂直轴风力机和升力型垂直轴风力机的双重特点;当负载扭矩为1.5 Nm时,其功率系数接近30%。