Approach for Acoustic Transit Time flow measurement in sections of varying shape: Theoretical fundamentals and implementation in practice

This paper focuses on the generalization of the Acoustic Transit Time (ATT) flow measurement method currently embodied in ultrasonic flow meters. First, the existing theoretical fundamentals that cover flow measurement in regular conduits are presented and relevant design features of typical ultrasonic flow meters are described. A detailed derivation of a measurement method for the generalized theoretical fundamentals of multipath ATT flow is then presented. This generalization consists of extending the existing theoretical background in the case of an irregular section, which is defined as a section that has a non-standard shape and/or a varying shape and size, e.g. one that has transition from a rectangular to a circular section. On the basis of the derived generalized theory, the approach for flow measurement in such irregular sections is developed. This approach is then tested numerically using an example of a converging measurement section that represents the water intake of the Kaplan unit. During the test of the new approach, the flow rate and flow profile at the inlet were varied to investigate the effect of such variations on the accuracy of flow rate determination. Results for a significant flow profile and flow rate variations show that the overall error dispersion of the flow rate evaluation is of the order of 0.5%.     

Effect of wall roughness changes on ultrasonic gas flowmeters

A theoretical flow model has been developed to describe accurately a fully developed velocity profile of a gas flow in pipe lines with wall roughness as parameter. The model applies the Colebrook and White skin friction correlation which has been adjusted based on experimental data from Princeton SuperPipe facilities. This has resulted in a flow profile model in line with the latest views. The model has shown a significant flow profile variation for wall roughness changes. An ultrasonic ray propagation model of a single path meter has been developed to study the influence of the mentioned flow profile variations on ultrasonic meters. The model has been applied for various cases with different Reynolds number and wall roughness. The results of the study confirm field data that ultrasonic meters are affected by wall roughness changes. To quantify the effect for multipath ultrasonic meters the flow meter algorithm and path position is required.     

Ultrasonic tomography based temperature distribution measurement method

The temperature distribution information plays an important role in industrial applications. Owing to the advantages such as non-intrusive sensing and low cost, the ultrasonic tomography (UT) is considered to be a promising method for temperature field visualization. The ultrasonic time-of-flight (TOF) measurement and the reconstruction algorithm are crucial for practical applications of the UT measurement. In this paper, a dual-threshold measurement method is proposed to ensure a high-quality TOF measurement. In view of the inaccurate nature of the reconstruction model and TOF data, a new reconstruction method that integrates the advantages of the Tikhonov regularization method and the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) is proposed to improve the reconstruction quality. The experimental results were compared against thermocouple measurements and the results show that the temperature distribution can be reconstructed with the error of 1.3%, which validates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed Tikhonov-LSSVM reconstruction algorithm.     

基于电压调幅的超声波流量计研究

针对非稳态流场中流体测量时存在的问题,在超声波流量计过零点检测判定渡越时间的基础上,采用电压调幅的方法产生超声波换能器激励信号,然后通过检测接收信号的幅值变化特征点定位波形。针对流场中流速不稳定可能导致的波形不稳定情况,采用中值滤波的方法减小误差。为避免ADC芯片位数和AD转换速率限制导致渡越时间测量误差问题,在数字波形特征点判定基础上,采用过零点检测从模拟波形上获得渡越数据。实验结果表明,该方法具有一定的可行性,可以达到对超声波脉冲序列准确处理、定位的目的,测量误差可以控制在在1.5%以内,可以达到二级精度仪表的要求水平。     

基于场景几何特征的ETC识别范围预测方法

超高频(UHF)射频识别(RFID)系统具有标签成本低、识别距离远等优点,在电子不停车收费(ETC)等智能交通领域具有应用潜力。受电波的随机多径传播制约,实际应用中难以准确估计标签识别范围。针对ETC应用场景具有几何共性的特点,基于电波传播的几何光学方法,通过对标签接收多径射线的构成进行分析,融入场景几何特征和天线射频特征参数,提出了一种标签识别范围的预测方法。实际场景测试与仿真表明,能较精确预测标签在三维空间中的接收功率分布和识别范围,且精确性高于对数正态等经验模型,而复杂性低于电磁场的商用仿真软件。     

零件轮廓测量机安全监测系统的设计

为适应现代先进制造业质量检测自动化的需要,研究开发能够在线非接触、高精度自动检测的智能三坐标测量机已经成为制造业发展的必然趋势,其中机器视觉检测技术的应用为实现复杂自由曲面的自动化检测提供了技术支持。介绍了零件轮廓测量机的工作原理,分析了回转工作台和偏心调整机构在回转体零件测量系统中的作用。采用合理的图像处理技术,完成了包括测量工位上异常物体的检测、工件类型识别和工件位置检测等功能在内的图像识别系统的设计。     

Improved numerical integration method for flowrate of ultrasonic flowmeter based on Gauss quadrature for non-ideal flow fields

Multipath ultrasonic flowmeters with large diameter are widely used in industry. And their measurement performances are sensitive to velocity profiles in conduits. Gauss–Jacobi and Optimized Weighted Integration for Circular Sections (OWICS) method are commonly applied in flow measurement of multipath ultrasonic flowmeters, both of which assume ideal flow in pipes. They are not proper for non-ideal flow measurement. Therefore, an improved numerical integration method for flowrate based on Gauss quadrature is proposed. With this method, optimum relative path heights and corresponding weights are determined according to specific disturbed flows. By comparison Gauss–Jacobi, OWICS with the improved method, the validity of the proposed method is verified for typical disturbed flows based on both theoretical analysis and experiments, and measurement performances of ultrasonic flowmeters are improved significantly.     

基于ICA和SVM的混合通信信号调制方式识别

本文提出了一种基于独立分量分析(ICA)和支持向量机(SVM)的混合通信信号调制方式识别的方法,针对接收的信号多为混叠信号、先验知识少、分离困难等特点,采用独立分量分析的方法,将这些独立的信号分离开来。然后引入基于SVM的信号调制方式识别方法,从通信信号的瞬时幅度、相位、频率等特性中提取了6个特征参数,并用SVM调制识别器进行识别。仿真结果证明,在信噪比不低于10dB时,算法的识别率可以达到95%以上,证明了此方法的可行性。     

An autonomous phase-boundary detection technique for colloidal hard sphere suspension experiments

Colloidal suspensions of monodisperse spheres are used as physical models of thermodynamic phase transitions and as precursors to photonic band gap materials. Current techniques for identifying the phase boundaries involve manually identifying the phase transitions, which is very tedious and time-consuming. In addition, current image analysis techniques are not able to distinguish between densely packed phases within conventional microscope images, which are mainly characterized by degrees of randomness or order with similar grayscale value properties. We have developed an intelligent machine vision technique that automatically identifies colloidal phase boundaries. The technique utilizes intelligent image processing algorithms that accurately identify and track phase changes vertically or horizontally for a sequence of colloidal hard sphere suspension images. This technique is readily adaptable to any imaging application wherein regions of interest are distinguished from the background by differing patterns of motion over time.     

动平衡机气体驱动研究

设计了一种动平衡机驱动装置,采用气体作为动力源驱动涡轮叶片转子,为测量提供稳定的转速,来确保动平衡测量的精度。阐明驱动原理和相应的结构,分析了流量与转速的关系,建立了流量与转速的数学模型,并对比分析了气体驱动与带圈驱动的转速波动和两种驱动在不同试重下不平衡量的误差。根据实验数据得出,在一定流量的范围内,气体驱动的转速波动更小;且在涡轮转子具有相同试重的情况下,气体驱动在一定范围内相较带圈驱动具有更高的测量精度。     

Identification of oil–gas two-phase flow pattern based on SVM and electrical capacitance tomography technique

The correct identification of two-phase flow patterns is the basis for the accurate measurement of other flow parameters in two-phase flow measurement. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a new visualization measurement technique for two-phase/multi-phase flows. The capacitance measurements obtained from the ECT system contain flow pattern information, and then six feature parameters are extracted. The support vector machine (SVM) has a desirable classification ability with fewer training samples. The inputs of the SVM are extracted feature parameters of different flow patterns. Simulation and static experiments were carried out for typical flow patterns. Results showed that this method is fast in speed and can identify these flow patterns correctly.     

Neural network approach to ultrasonic flow measurements

Mathematical models and numerical methods offer a flexible tool to investigate flow disturbance effects on flowmeters of different types. In this paper a simple neural network based approach has been used to study the velocity profile dependence of ultrasonic flowmeters. Neural networks have been used in two ways: to interpolate the velocity profiles in the points needed for the modelling of ultrasonic flow measurement, and to compute the weights for different paths of multipath ultrasonic flowmeters. In the former case two types of neural networks, multilayer perceptron networks and radial basis function networks, have been investigated. In the latter case, a single layer neural network with linear neurons is first trained with known velocity profiles, and the weights determined by the network have then been used in the computation of the errors in other piping configurations. The results have been compared with the errors computed with the weights for different paths given in Pannel CN, Evans WAB, Jackson DA. A new integration technique for flowmeters with chordal paths, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 1990;1:216–224.     

精矿浆体管道输送流量检测研究

针对精矿浆体管道输送流量难以准确检测的问题,在浆体管道输送试验基地进行输运试验与研究。分析精矿流体特性与浆体浓度变化及气泡等对电磁流量计检测流量的影响。设计一种基于多传感器信息融合的流量检测系统,给出其检测系统结构框图。提取流体状态的特征量:差压波动系数、流量波动系数、浆体密度等,并研究其与流量的相关性。将精矿浆体管道输送过程划分为5个阶段,根据特征量识别所获数据所处阶段。采用分层产生式规则的专家系统对每个阶段检测的流量进行真伪辨别和融合修正处理。给出了带浆停泵再启动与多泵串联批量输送铁精矿浆体的流量试验曲线,说明系统能在各种工况下准确地检测输送流量。     

Note: ultrasonic gas flowmeter based on optimized time-of-flight algorithms

A new digital signal processor based single path ultrasonic gas flowmeter is designed, constructed, and experimentally tested. To achieve high accuracy measurements, an optimized ultrasound driven method of incorporation of the amplitude modulation and the phase modulation of the transmit-receive technique is used to stimulate the transmitter. Based on the regularities among the received envelope zero-crossings, different received signal's signal-to-noise ratio situations are discriminated and optional time-of-flight algorithms are applied to take flow rate calculations. Experimental results from the dry calibration indicate that the designed flowmeter prototype can meet the zero-flow verification test requirements of the American Gas Association Report No. 9. Furthermore, the results derived from the flow calibration prove that the proposed flowmeter prototype can measure flow rate accurately in the practical experiments, and the nominal accuracies after FWME adjustment are lower than 0.8% throughout the calibration range.     

电动扬声器智能检测与自动分类系统的设计

针对电声领域中电动扬声器自动化检测程度差的问题,设计了一套用于电动扬声器的智能检测与自动分类系统.采用机器视觉技术对扬声器焊点进行识别与定位,将焊点定位信息发送给自组装机械设备用于调整扬声器焊点位置,使焊点接入测试端口.结合LabVIEW软件设计,实现对扬声器电声参数的智能检测.根据检测结果,自组装机械设备可对扬声器进...     

螺旋锥齿轮大轮齿形误差的在机测量

为了在国产数控螺旋锥齿轮磨齿机上实现大轮齿形误差的在机测量,对大轮齿形误差的在机测量方法进行了研究。基于齿轮坐标系与机床坐标系之间的关系,建立了将齿面离散点坐标及法矢从齿轮坐标系转换到机床坐标系的方法。根据大轮的齿面几何特征,建立了大轮齿形误差的在机测量方法以及测量流程。根据在机测量得到的测球球心空间坐标,运用曲面拟合技术和最优化算法,计算了实际齿面相对于理论齿面沿各离散点法矢方向的齿形误差值。通过对比在机测量和齿轮测量中心的齿形误差测量结果,验证了螺旋锥齿轮大轮齿形误差在机测量方法的正确性。     

转台-摆头式五轴机床几何误差测量及辨识

为降低转动轴几何误差对转台-摆头式五轴机床精度的影响,提出了基于球杆仪的位置无关几何误差测量和辨识方法。基于多体系统理论及齐次坐标变换方法建立了转台-摆头式五轴机床位置无关几何误差模型,依据旋转轴不同运动状态下的几何误差影响因素建立基于圆轨迹的四种测量模式,并实现10项位置无关几何误差的辨识。利用所建立的几何误差模型进行数值模拟,确定转动轴的10项位置无关几何误差对测量轨迹的影响。最后,采用误差补偿的形式实验验证所提出的测量及辨识方法的有效性,将位置无关几何误差补偿前后的测量轨迹进行比较。误差补偿后10项位置无关几何误差的平均补偿率为70.4%,最大补偿率达到88.4%,实验结果表明所提出的建模和辨识方法可用于转台-摆头式五轴机床转动轴精度检测,同时可为机床精度评价及几何精度提升提供依据。     

一种基于EMD与多特征支持向量机(SVM)故障诊断方法

针对齿轮箱故障振动信号的不平稳非线性冲击行为,本文提出了一种基于经验模态分解的特征值提取及多特征支持向量机的智能诊断方法。在电机频率分别取30 Hz、35 Hz、40 Hz;载荷分别取0 N∙M、15 N∙M、30 N∙M;采样频率为1500 Hz条件下,进行齿轮正常状态、齿面磨损和齿轮裂痕故障模拟实验。试验结果表明:该创新方法在有限样本数据分析中可以准确、有效地对齿轮箱的工作状态和故障类型进行分类,且支持向量机在故障诊断中使用方便,可以提高诊断的精确性,在齿轮箱故障诊断或类似振动信号的检测应用中具有很强的实用性。     

一种节省电量的超声波热量表的设计与实现

为了延长超声波热量表的使用周期,设计了一种能够自动降低功耗的超声波热量表。该设备采用智能测量频率技术,即根据检测到的流速情况调节检测频率,从而达到降低功耗,延长电池寿命的目的,此外还简单介绍了专门设计的数据采集模块、模数转换器、时钟模块和串口模块。     

基于DSP的电机综合参数测试系统研究

提出一种基于DSP的电机综合数据采集系统设计方案,论述了测试系统原理、硬件电路设计及系统软件设计.该系统可以测量电机的电压、电流、功率因数、功率、温度、转矩和转速,能够对电机参数进行快速准确地测定分析,用于电机的控制和智能保护.