均质滤料过滤过程的毛细管去除浊质模型

通过将粒状材料的滤床抽象为由无数条毛细管道组成的管束,将过滤过程描述为水流在毛细管道中流动时的管壁吸附过程,从而推导出了均质滤料过滤过程的浊质支除数学模型。     

A型虹吸式过滤器的设计计算

虹吸式过滤器是水处理过程中的主要设备之一，在其设计计算过程中，参数的选取将严重影响其过滤效果。本文作者针对实验结果和应用情况，将对该设备的设计计算作进一步探讨，以提高其过滤效果和过滤效率。     

钢筋砼过滤管的开孔率与轴向抗压强度

钢筋砼过滤管的开孔率与轴向抗压强度吴英月，陆法根，谷扬云管井是垂直安装在地下的取水构筑物，一般由井壁管、过滤管、沉砂管和滤料层、封闭物等组成（见图１）。过滤管与其外国的滤料层构成了管井过滤器。过滤器大都布置在管井下部．其质量优劣将直接影响管井的使用寿...     

过滤技术发展的回顾与展望

过滤作为固液分离的经济、有效的手段，有着修久的历史和不断完善的发展过程。本文回顾了过滤的产生和发展的曲折过程，认为过滤技术的改进主要取决于新型产的开发。对当前和处滤料的共同弱点进行了分析，进而认为纤维球滤料由于比表面积大，空隙率高，将有较好的发展前景。     

生物过滤影响因素的试验研究

生物过滤是将传统的过滤技术与微生物技术结合而成的新型工艺,其过滤过程受到多方面因素的影响。在运行过程中,掌握各因素的变化规律对提高生物过滤的处理效果有着重要意义。本文将重点讨论空床接触时间、水温、反冲洗以及悬浮颗粒对生物过滤过程的影响。     

SMSBR处理焦化废水的膜污染机理研究

在采用SMSBR处理焦化废水的过程中，通过对污泥进行终端过滤来反映膜污染机理，着重考察了过滤过程中的阻力分布，并通过标准堵塞过滤定律和沉积过滤定律来拟合膜过滤过程，从而确定了膜污染的控制因素。污泥的阻力分布试验表明，沉积阻力占总阻力的90％以上，并随压力的升高而增大，而内部污染阻力所占比例最小；污泥的终端过滤过程严格符合沉积过滤定律，即使在过滤初期也不受堵塞过滤的控制，这与阻力分布的结果相对应；污泥在严格符合沉积过滤定律，即使在过滤初期也不受堵塞过滤的控制，这与阻力布的结果相对应；污泥在终端过滤过程中膜的相对通量随过滤时间呈指数衰减趋势，并在几分钟内就达到相对稳定值，且低压对应较高的相对通量，但通量衰减指数和压力之间没有相关性；污泥的压密指数为0．7015。     

纤维面层表面非稳态过滤效率的研究

在介绍纤维过滤和颗粒过滤的基本理论基础上，根据表面过滤的“尘滤尘”现象，应用颗过滤理论建立了纤维层表面非稳态过滤效率的数学模型。对比研究表明该模型能较深刻地揭示了非稳态过滤过程随过滤进间的变化规律。从而对深化纤维过滤器的净化机理的认识，提高过滤效率，延长滤料使用寿命，加强清灰管理等方面有理论及应用意义。     

一种自清洗连续过滤器

介绍一种实用新型专利技术——自清洗连续过滤器。本产品的特点是在过滤的同时，完成滤网的反冲洗过程，而且是依靠自身的水反射冲刷，不需要再提供外援。这种过滤器外形似一个椭圆球体，内部有完全相同的两个通道，通道内有滤网、反射喷嘴、逆止阀板、排出口等。当滤网被污物堵塞后，进水口的扇形球阀将该通道关闭，此通道完成滤网及反冲洗过程，同时打开另一个备用通道正常过滤输水。     

凯驰：家用水过滤真空吸尘器新登场

为避免在吸地的过程中出现二次污染,来自德国的吸尘器专家凯驰带来全新解决方案：家用水过滤真空吸尘器。这种吸尘器可使灰尘被吸入后直接溶于水,再通过4层过滤系统,将灰尘过滤掉。     

利用雨水治理 营建水景的方案

将雨水处理与水景融合 将雨水处理融合到水景中需要重建一个自然的生态系统。在该生态系统中，我们可以利用生物过程对径流中所含的城市污染物质进行处理，并以此维持水景系统的正常健康状态。融入这类独特类型的水景处理系统的主要元素包括：（1）湿地植物；（2）生物过滤池；（3）湿地预处理过滤池；（4）曝气系统；（5）雨水存储量。     

泥浆压滤处理技术理论分析及试验研究

钻孔桩废弃泥浆处理已成为城市建设过程中的面临的重要难题之一,压滤技术作为一种新型的处理方式取得了很好的效果。为了探究压滤过程中的时间、压力以及最终压滤效果之间的关系,建立了合理的计算模型,经过推导给出压滤公式,并通过现有数据对公式的正确性进行了验证。通过对压滤公式中的参数以及变量的分析,说明：增加压力有利于压滤的快速完成,但当压力超过一定值以后,对压滤时间的影响很小;同时压滤压力越大,最终泥饼的渗透系数越小。最后进行了泥浆压滤的室内试验,试验结果进一步验证了所给出的压滤压力、压滤时间以及压滤效果之间的关系。     

考虑滤过效应的卵砾石层浆液扩散研究

 渗透注浆过程中水泥颗粒对土体孔隙的堵塞会产生滤过效应,滤过效应在浆液扩散过程中起着非常重要的作用。基于此,研究滤过效应对卵砾石层中注浆浆液扩散的影响。在总结浆液可注入性标准的基础上,考虑浆液滤过过程中水、水泥和土体的质量平衡,引入线性滤过定律,给出一种球孔扩散条件下考虑滤过效应的水泥浆浆液扩散模型,并通过模型理论结果和现场实测数据的对比,说明该方法的合理性和考虑滤过效应的必要性。不同注浆时间和水灰比条件下滤过效应对渗透注浆的影响分析表明,滤过效应导致土体的渗透阻力逐渐增大,土体中注浆压力随时间逐渐增加。浆液水灰比越小,注浆压力越大,滤过效应也越显著。     

Development of a biological filtration model applied for advanced treatment of sewage

A mathematical model of biological filtration process is developed in this paper. A biological filtration process has advantages that filtration action and biological activities are combined in a single reactor with aid of filter media. Both physical and biological functions are incorporated in this developed model to simulate both mechanisms. Backwashing is expressed by the assumption that a mean captured solids concentration is input as data, and a captured solids concentration is kept at that value during each filtration run. The developed model is applied to explain the experimental performance with biological filtration reactors, in which batch cultivation of autotrophic bacteria and continuous treatment of actual sewage are carried out. Its applicability is discussed by comparing the simulated results with the experimental data. This model can favourably estimate maximum accumulation of autotrophic bacteria on the medium in batch cultivation, long-term treatment performance in continuous treatment, details of water quality profiles through the filter bed, and biomass. Required hydraulic retention time for nitrification and an appropriate recirculation ratio in a winter season are discussed with this model. This model predicts that a HRT of 1.1 h or above is required to achieve nitrification with remaining NH4(+)-N of less than 1 mgN/L and that an appropriate recirculation ratio is 2-3.     

深床过滤中的生物硝化动力学研究

研究了深床过滤条件下的生物硝化技术，建立了硝化反应动力学模型和生物膜传质模型。试验结果表明，深床过滤条件下的生物硝化反应动力学级数为零级，出水氨氮、硝酸盐氮浓度与床层深度或HRT具有良好的线性关系；合适的HRT=1．1～1．25h，DO〉2．0mg／L（即气水比〉4．0），此时对氨氮的去除率可达90％以上；采用正向加压水冲洗与反向加压气洗相结合的反冲洗方式，可有效恢复深床过滤的效率和生物硝化反应效率。     

Selecting model for treatment of oily wastewater by MF-PAC hybrid process using mullite-alumina ceramic membranes

Hermia’s models for cross flow filtration were used to investigate the fouling mechanisms of mullite-alumina ceramic membranes in treatment of oily wastewaters in a hybrid microfiltration-powdered activated carbon process (MF-PAC). Results show that cake filtration model can be applied for prediction of permeation flux decline for MF and MF-PAC process up to 400 ppm PAC. The complete pore blocking model and the intermediate pore blocking model can predict permeation flux decline with time for MF-PAC with 800 and 1200 ppm PAC respectively. Average error for prediction of permeation flux with cake filtration model is 2.19% for MF process and 2.16, 2.06 and 1.31% for MF-PAC process with 100, 200 and 400 ppm PAC respectively. Also for MF-PAC process with 800 and 1200 ppm PAC, average error for prediction of permeation flux with complete pore blocking model and intermediate pore blocking model was 6.11 and 6% respectively.     

单纤维过滤机理经验模型合理性分析

有关单纤维过滤模型的过滤机理,早期大致将其归类为三种机理：扩散机理、惯性机理、拦截机理。针对这三个机理,也提出了不少的研究方法及理论公式模型,亦有对单一机理的合并分析理论。本文主要就这三个过滤机理的合理性及单机理合并的实际意义进行讨论分析,并讨论今后探索多重机理联合作用模型对实际研究的重要性,方法即是通过效率值的计算对比进行分析。计算分析了各单一机理之间的捕集效率理论误差及合并后对总效率的影响误差,研究结果表明：各单一过滤机理的各经验模型之间或大或小都存在着一定的差距,而对单一机理的合并则会让这样的差距进一步扩大。     

Removal of viruses from surface water and secondary effluents by sand filtration

The filtration of phi X 174, MS2, and T4 bacteriophages out of tap water and secondary effluents was performed by rapid sand filtration. The viruses were characterized, and the influence of their microscopic characteristics on filterability was examined by comparing retention values, residence times, attachment, and dispersion coefficients calculated from an advection-dispersion model and residence time variation. The only factor observed to influence retention was virus size, such that the larger the virus, the better the retention. The difference was due to the more effective transport of viruses inside the media, an observation that runs counter to currently accepted filtration theory. Cake formation on top of the filter during the initial stages of secondary effluent filtration significantly increased headloss, eventually resulting in shorter filtration cycles. However, deep filters contain buffering zones where the pressure drop is amortized, thus allowing for continued filtration. After the effluent passed through the buffer zone, regular filtration was observed, during which considerable virus retention was achieved.     

The impact of flow surges on rapid gravity filtration

In drinking water treatment flow fluctuations or surges can occur at the filtration stage. Pilot plant tests were carried out to investigate the impact of flow surges on filter performance in this study. Moreover a filtration model was applied to analyse the impact of flow surges on filter performance and predict the experimental data obtained from pilot plant tests. Experimental results showed that flow surges caused an increase in effluent particle concentration and head loss. Theoretical analysis in this study showed that the impact of a flow surge became more significant as the filtration run approaches the particle breakthrough stage. The model was also used to fit the data from one water treatment plant. The comparison demonstrated a good agreement.