Integrated Water Resources Management in the Republic of Uzbekistan

Abstract

The Uzbek socio-economic structure is characterized by the transition from a centrally-planned to a market-orientated economy, with a shifting from agricultural production to industrial development. However, the agricultural sector continues to play a significant role in a general economy of the country. The major water sector strategy is to decrease the dependence of agricultural production on climate by introducing advanced irrigation techniques and water saving methods to achieve future sustainable socio-economic development and environmental protection. Water management policy should be flexible enough to adapt to new demands. The regulation of consumption through demand management tools, such as appropriate pricing policies, has recently received greater attention in Uzbekistan. The main thesis of this paper is that allocation of water resources cannot be separated from ecological and economic considerations. The establishment of development objectives and the identification of constraints are also discussed. In the coming years, special attention will need to be paid to the control of water pollution and land salinization, water resources conservation, and acknowledging that actions to increase water productivity are as important as finding additional sources of water.     

“九五”水利科学技术重大进展综述

“九五”期间水利科学技术取得的重大进展主要有10个方面：西北地区水资源和全国水供求计划研究，使我国水资源开发利用和生态系统研究的整体水平迈上新台阶；水文内循环研究开拓了联系水圈和大气研究新领域，无人水文站测报技术和水文计算研究成果显著；黄河、工部分河段和重点工程泥沙研究取得重大进展，河口海岸泥沙研究为国家重大工程决策提供了重要的科学依据；长江防洪决策支持系统和洪涝旱灾测评 估业务系统研制成功，为防洪减灾决策科学化奠定了基础；调亏灌溉技术、引黄高含沙水滴灌成套技术及喷微灌关键设备研制成功，我国现代农业用水的理论框架及技术体系初步形成；水土保持基础理论研究、技术推广应用成效显著，全国土壤侵蚀本底数据库的建立是水土保持监测领域的重要里程碑；六大江河和若干湖泊的治污研究全面展开，为水资源保持、水污染防治提供了科学依据；高拱坝、碾压混凝土坝、面板坝若干关键技术研究获得突破，筑坝水平居于世界前列；三峡、小浪底等重点工程建设取得多项重要技术突破；新型垂直防渗技术，提高了堤防工程的机械化施工水平和新技术含量，保证了堤防防渗效果和安全。     

合肥市董铺、大房郢水库饮用水水源地污染源调查及防治对策

董铺、大房郢水库作为合肥市最重要的生活饮用水地表水水源地,关系国计民生,具有举足轻重的战略地位。为加强两库水源保护,对两库保护区范围内的工业、城镇生活服务业、农业畜禽养殖和农田径流等污染源进行了详细调查与分析计算,对现状存在问题进行了分析,并有针对性地提出调整保护区范围、推进产业结构调整、加快实施生态环境保护工程措施、创新管理体制与机制等工程措施与非工程措施对策建议,成果可为同类地表水水源地污染防治与保护提供借鉴。     

海河流域水资源与水环境管理

针对我国北方地区城市化进程中所导致的水资源短缺和水污染严重的形势,以海河流域下游平原地区为例,探讨区域水资源管理和水污染综合整治的管理对策:①深化水资源管理体制改革和机制创新,在水资源优化配置和综合管理中实现水量和水质的统一;②在进行跨区域调水的同时,更加重视发展循环经济,发展"能耗低、水耗小、排污少"产业,建设节水防污型社会;③统筹区域水资源保护、水污染控制和水生态修复工作,实现"分质供水"和"梯级利用";④加强污水资源化、雨水利用和海水淡化等非常规水资源的综合利用。     

太湖湖内综合治理技术

太湖流域水污染严重，加强治理刻不容缓，除加强陆域污染源（工业点源，生活污水，农业面源）治理外，湖内生态治理已是关键。对污染底泥采用生态疏浚，清除表层0～40cm高营养盐含量的表层沉积物，减轻底泥释放的二次污染，依据陆生植物的养分吸收特点，条用水上种植技术净化富营养化水体，美化水域景观，加强对流域湖泊湿地，河流湿地和河口湿地的保护和建设，实施滨湖水生植被修复是行之有效的措施。     

Assessment of Water Quality Management in Turkey

Abstract

There has been a noticeable increase in the amount of pollution in water resources in Turkey in recent years. Negative environmental developments, such as industrialization, increasing urbanization, improper pesticide and fertilizer applications in agricultural lands, and the drainage of domestic and industrial wastewater into water resources without any waste treatment applications, cause rapid pollution of both surface and groundwater resources. Therefore, it is necessary to allocate more attention to water resources monitoring and evaluation studies to prevent the pollution of water resources, and to reclaim these resources.     

利用生态农业产业链技术控制农业面源污染

分析了中国农业面源污染现状及成因,认为农业面源污染是造成水体污染的最大问题。为了改善水体环境,从生态农业产业链技术的含义和内容出发,提出以"种—养—加—生"循环一体化的产业链技术体系来控制农业面源污染,保护水环境质量,即以源头无害化、过程资源化、末端生态化和控制规模化为原则,进行控制农田养分流失的生态种植、低污染零排放的生态养殖、无公害的生态饲料生产、以发酵垫料为主要原料的生物腐殖酸肥料加工和生态农业产业园区规划与建设等。这些技术的联控应用,能强化养分、食物链的循环延伸,是控制农业面源污染的有效方法,可以实现农业面源污染的零排放控制,改善水环境质量。     

东江源寻乌水水资源开发利用问题与对策建议

通过东江源寻乌水长系列水文、水质、水资源相关数据,从水资源时空变化、水质现状与水资源开发利用3方面统计分析了该流域水资源开发利用存在的问题:供用水时间错位、水利工程监管不到位、工程调蓄能力偏低、农业用水比重太大、部分水功能区水质不达标、用水总量超标等,并从产业结构调整、水污染防治、水利工程治理与监管、用水总量控制等方面提出了合理开发利用水资源的对策建议,为该流域乃至整个东江流域今后水资源的合理开发、优化配置、合理调度及综合治理提供参考.     

大沙河商丘段水污染物排放总量控制研究

在对大沙河商丘段水污染源详细调查的基础上 ,按照《淮河流域水污染防治规划及“九五”计划》的要求 ,采用目标总量控制的方法 ,以污染物达标排放为基点 ,建立区域污染源排污量与河段控制断面目标总量之间的响应关系 ,对预测年该河段总量控制进行了初步研究 ,为有关部门制定总量控制方案提供了依据     

d15 N和d18 O在太湖污染源解析中的应用

通过对太湖污染源的概化、比较,选择农业污水、工业污水、生活污水、雨水作为太湖水体污染源,测定污染源及16个水样d15 N和d18 O值,结合同位素质量守恒模型进行数值分析,确定各污染源来源比例。结果表明：太湖整体工农业污染占主要比重,生活污水和雨水来源比例均较低;其中,入湖支流水样工业污染来源比例平均高于农业污染来源,相对开阔湖区水样工业污染来源比例低于农业污染来源,而相对封闭湖区水样工业污染来源比例则高于农业污染来源。可见,在合理划分湖泊水体污染源组成的基础上,利用同位素与数值模型对污染源来源比例的量化研究可为湖泊污染源治理轻重缓急的选择提供参考依据,是揭示湖泊水体污染来源及其污染程度的重要手段。     

长江经济带供水安全保障战略研究

水安全保障是实现长江经济带高质量发展的基础。本文根据近10年长江经济带用水总量、用水结构和用水指标变化情况,分析长江经济带及各区域、典型城市、农业灌溉用水及农村饮用水特征及存在的问题,提出解决对策。研究表明：长江经济带用水总量虽已趋于稳定,但区域间存在差异,特别是中部地区用水指标偏高,仍然有较大的节水潜力;影响供水安全的主要问题是水质性缺水、干旱年缺水和供水保障率不高。建议：补齐水工程建设短板,加强水利工程联合调控,加大水污染治理和节水减排力度,提高水源地建设和保护;遇特殊年份,还需按用水类别实施应急管理以减小损失,保障长江经济带水资源可持续利用和生态环境良好。     

Developing Strategies for Agricultural Water Management of Large Irrigation and Drainage Networks with Fuzzy MCDM

Sustainable water resources management aims at increasing the efficient use of water and achieving food security. This work proposes a generalized novel spatial fuzzy strategic planning (SFSP) in combination with multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) and a conceptual agricultural water use model for determining sustainable agricultural water management strategies. The proposed framework is applied to an irrigation and drainage network in Iran, which constitutes a large-scale water resource system. A spatial strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) analysis of internal and external factors related to agricultural water management is applied in this work. Possible water management strategies were ranked with the MCDM approach that combines the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Fuzzy technique for order-preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The AHP estimates the criteria weights and the TOPSIS model prioritizes the agricultural water management strategies. The results of SWOT analysis show that the final scores of the internal and external factors are equal to 2.9 and 2.73, respectively. Accordingly, the most attractive strategic type is a SO (aggressive) strategy, and a combination of structural and non-structural strategies (SO, ST, and WO strategies) are the top-ranked ones. Proposed strategies for water supply and demand management are the development and rehabilitation of the physical structure of water resources system of irrigation network, improvement of operation management and maintenance of water resources system, wastewater management, and inter-basin water transfer within the irrigation network. The results indicate that the total annual volume of agricultural water under normal conditions is about 1.8 billion cubic meters, of which about 1707 million cubic meters (95%) issue from surface water sources and 90 million cubic meters (5%) from groundwater sources. The proposed model and the calculated results provide viable and effective solutions for the implementation of sustainable management of water resources and consumption in large-scale water resources systems.

     

漳卫南运河流域水污染趋势与控制

通过调查,研究漳卫南运河20年来的污染历史和发展趋势,结合流域污染源监测,全面评价流域水污染现状和形势,提出了漳卫运河水污染控制对策:明确治理目标控制排污总量;严格执法;调整产业结构,治理污染源;加强城市污水处理厂的建设与运行管理;加强流域管理;加强监测;优化水资源配置及跨流域调水。     

娘子关泉域岩溶水资源开发利用与保护

在深入调查山西省娘子关泉域岩溶水资源现状的基础上 ,分析了岩溶水位逐年下降 ,泉水流量减少 ,水质受到不同程度污染的原因是由于煤矿开采、工业用水及废水的不达标排放、农业灌溉及农药化肥的使用。制定了泉域岩溶水质和水量的保护管理目标 ,指出只有依法保护泉域岩溶水资源 ,控制岩溶水位下降及泉流量减少 ,加强污染源的综合治理 ,推行清洁生产 ,完善泉域水资源的监测网络系统 ,才能实现岩溶泉域水资源的可持续利用。     

三峡库区香溪河回水区营养状态变化特征与驱动因子

基于2015—2016年香溪河回水区域主要水质参数和营养状态的周年监测数据,分析并探讨三峡库区香溪河库湾回水区营养状态的季节性变化特征及潜在污染来源。结果表明:(1)香溪河回水区TN、TP污染十分严重,在调查时段内,各月份香溪河库湾水体的TN、TP质量浓度均远高于限制值,易发生水体富营养化;(2)香溪河回水区水体营养程度较高,所有月份均达到中营养以上水平,并在2015年8月达到富营养状态。水体营养状态从低到高季节顺序为秋季、冬季、春季、夏季。TN质量浓度是影响香溪河回水区水体富营养化程度最重要的指标;(3)香溪河回水区TN主要来自农业面源污染和城镇生活污水排入,流域上游的磷矿资源开采产生的工业废水以及库湾沿岸的点源污染是水体中CODMn与TP污染负荷的主要来源。水体中Chl-a质量浓度受TN、TP等营养盐的限制较弱,SD受浮游藻类和悬浮物的共同影响。     

赣江中游吉安段水质变化分析及对策思考

本文选用栋背、吉安、峡江水文站26年的水质监测数据进行趋势变化分析,以研究赣江中游吉安段的水质变化特点.结果表明:在城市化不断加快的背景下,26年来赣江中游吉安段的水质无明显变化,虽然总体水质较好,但仍存在时空分布不均,水利工程调蓄能力低,季节性、工程性和水质性缺水时有发生等问题,并曾发生水污染事件.为了继续保护好吉安的水生态环境,保障经济社会的可持续发展,本文从水生态环境保护和减少农业污染、治理工业污染与生活污染两方面提出了相应措施与建议.     

Source apportionment of river water pollution in a typical agricultural city of Anhui Province,eastern China using multivariate statistical techniques with APCS– MLR

The deterioration of the surface water environment has become a serious challenge for water resources management due to increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Water resources protection requires control of potential pollution sources. In this study, 99 water samples were collected from a river in a typical agricultural city of Anhui Province in eastern China, and these samples were analyzed in terms of pH, electrical conductivity, and the concentrations of F^-, Cl^-, SO₄^2-, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Cluster analysis, co-occurrence network analysis, and principal component analysis/factor analysis were conducted to qualitatively identify the potential sources of river water pollution in the study area. An absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression receptor model was used to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each source to water quality parameters. The results showed that all observed water quality indices met the quality criteria specified in the Chinese drinking water standards, except for pH, ρ(F^-), ρ(SO₄^2-), and ρ(As). The heat map showed that the frequent recharge of pollutants from the tributaries during the wet season was the main reason for the deterioration of water quality. Five sources of river water pollution were identified, and their contribution ratios in a descending order were as follows: the geogenic process (24%) > agricultural activities (21%) > poultry farming sources (17%) > domestic pollution (9%) > transportation pollution (5%). Therefore, controlling pollution from agricultural activities, strengthening the regulation of livestock farming, and improving the sewage network are the recommended strategies for improving the quality of surface water resources in this area.     

依法保护淮河水资源促进流域经济社会可持续发展

经过10多年的治理,淮河水污染恶化的势头得到有效控制,但治理效果与国家确定的水污染防治目标之间仍有较大差距.水资源短缺、入河排污量大、产业结构不合理是目前存在的主要问题.应采取严格排污总量控制,调整产业结构,加快污水厂建设,强化水资源统一管理,改进污染联防等措施.     

基于生态文明视角的典型干旱区流域水资源污染损失测算研究——以新疆区域为例

为促进新疆社会经济与水资源环境协调发展,对水资源污染损失进行经济核算,从而为政府制定区域经济发展规划及重大项目的实施提供科学决策依据。研究方法采用模糊综合评价法,选择7个社会经济活动较为频繁的典型流域,结合调查的不同流域5类水质标准数据进行具体评价。评价结果表明,2015年新疆水资源污染经济损失为175.79亿元,占当年新疆GDP总量的1.89%,相对于全国各省(自治区)水污染经济损失情况处于中等偏下水平。调查的7个流域普遍存在水资源污染情况,形成水资源污染的主观原因包括城市排污、农业排污、生活排污等,客观原因为水污染处理能力不足。亟需从产业结构调整、非点源污染治理及加强水污染处理能力等方面进行流域水资源污染综合治理。     

河南省平原地区浅层地下水总硬度的分布及演化趋势

针对河南省平原地区浅层地下水总硬度总体呈升高趋势的现状,分析其原因,结果表明,地表污水的渗入、工业废渣和城市生活垃圾的随意堆放、农药化肥的大量使用、地下水开采引起的含水层水动力条件改变,是河南省平原地区浅层地下水总硬度升高的主要原因。为防止地下水硬度进一步升高,建议采取进一步推进产业结构战略性调整,加强重点行业管理与水污染源治理;优化农业产业结构,研究和推广农业面源污染防治技术;加强地下水资源的统一规划和管理,分区限量开采地下水等措施。