A review of hydroecological results of the Northern River Basins Study,Canada. Part 2. Peace–Athabasca Delta

The Peace–Athabasca Delta (PAD) in northern Canada is one of the world's largest freshwater deltas. Concern developed over the ecological health of this system in the early 1970s following regulation of its main headwater tributary, the Peace River. Continued drying of the delta into the 1990s resulted in the initiation of two major science programs, the Northern River Basins Study and the Peace–Athabasca Delta Technical Studies. Recognizing the importance of water to restoring and maintaining biological productivity and diversity of the PAD, a series of studies was initiated to explain the reasons for the protracted drying and to design methods to restore flooding. These studies demonstrated that open‐water floods from the Peace River were unlikely to flood the ecologically sensitive perched basins within the PAD. Moreover they discovered that most large‐scale overbank flooding resulted from ice‐jams formed during spring break‐up. Increases in freeze‐up ice levels due to enhanced winter flows from the reservoir and a decrease in spring snowmelt runoff from downstream tributaries were suggested as being responsible for a decline in the frequency and severity of ice‐jam floods. Based on results from numerical modelling studies of ice‐jams, a flow augmentation strategy was designed to aid the formation of ice‐jams near the PAD. Results of a test trial based on this strategy are presented. An update is also provided about ecological studies conducted since the delta was recharged by floodwaters in 1996. Copyright © 2002 Environment Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of flow regulation on hydrologic patterns of a large,inland delta

The Peace–Athabasca River Delta (PAD) is one of the largest freshwater deltas and most biologically productive in the world. Because regional evaporation is greater than precipitation, the thousands of lakes and wetlands dotting this area rely on periodic flooding from the Peace and Athabasca rivers to be replenished. Flood frequency significantly declined beginning in the mid‐1970s, several years after the initiation of flow regulation of the Peace River. However, the drying trend was interrupted in 1996 when the PAD experienced extensive inland inundation on two separate occasions, one in the spring and one in the summer. A one‐dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model was used to evaluate the role of flow regulation and hydroclimatic conditions on the water levels of major lakes found in the PAD. Three Peace River flow scenarios were analysed: the observed flows, the flow regime without the ‘precautionary drawdown’ spill which was required because of the discovery of a sinkhole at the crest of the dam, and the naturalized flow regime, which assumed no dam regulation. Modelling results indicated that the effect of the spill on the flow regime within the PAD was approximately equivalent in magnitude, although different in timing, to what would have resulted from the prevailing hydroclimatic conditions in an unregulated system. Furthermore, even in the absence of the precautionary drawdown spill, the lake levels would have risen well above the maximum daily average, suggesting that 1996 was one of the wettest years on record. Finally, the hydrodynamic regime observed at the end of the summer 1996 was very similar to that modelled under unregulated flow conditions, suggesting that flow regulation could be used to alter the hydrodynamic regime of a large delta to at least partially restore natural conditions and potentially improve ecosystem health. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水库防凌调度数学模型的研制与开发

本文着重研究利用水库调节径流减轻冰凌灾害.文中系统分析了影响凌汛的因素、水库防凌调度机理、运用方式；研究了不稳定封冻河段和稳定封冻河段冰下过流能力的经验公式，并依据冰水力学理论、河冰运行规律和水冰两相流连续方程及运动方程，参照黄河流域冰期实测资料，建立了水库防凌调度数学模型.经过模拟黄河内蒙古、下游河段典型年凌汛检验，证明调度模型合理、实用，对减轻凌汛灾害有重要作用，具有较好的应用价值.     

A review of hydroecological results of the Northern River Basins Study,Canada. Part 1. Peace and Slave rivers

During the early 1990s a multi‐component research programme was initiated by the Northern River Basins Study (NRBS) in Canada to answer the question: How does and how could flow regulation affect the aquatic ecosystem? Research focused on the major headwaters of the Mackenzie River, the Peace and Slave rivers, which became regulated in 1968 by the W.A.C. Bennett Dam in the Rocky Mountains. The lack of knowledge about the hydroecology of large northern rivers as well as a paucity of data for this relatively isolated basin required that studies be undertaken to assess how flow regulation had modified the physical template of this system. Research focused on quantifying the regulation effects on the flow regime, ice conditions, fluvial geomorphology and riparian vegetation of the Peace and Slave rivers and the Slave River Delta. Results of the NRBS studies indicate that regulation of the Peace River has shifted the pattern of seasonal flows and damped flow extremes creating a less variable annual regime. Increased winter releases from the reservoir have virtually eliminated the formation of a complete winter ice cover for a significant distance below the dam and delayed ice‐cover formation farther downstream. Higher ice levels that accompany increased winter flows are thought to affect the frequency and magnitude of ecologically important ice‐induced floods that occur during the spring. Although more difficult to link solely to the effects of flow regulation, pronounced morphologic and vegetation changes have been observed along the Peace River, including channel narrowing via the abandonment of secondary/backwater channels and in‐channel shoaling along the lower reaches. Vegetation succession has been especially evident on abandoned bar surfaces. Morphological changes were also observed in the Slave River Delta, particularly along the ecologically sensitive outer margin of the delta. Copyright © 2002 Environment Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flood Damage Reduction

Abstract

A fundamental conflict occurs when a floodplain, fluvio-morphologically formed by the river for draining its high flows, is occupied and developed by humanity. Consequently, damages are experienced that are the inevitable costs of occupancy of the floodplain. A systematic methodology is suggested for formulating an optimal scheme for addressing any flood situation with its own unique characteristics. This methodology embraces all available measures, structural and non-structural, traditional and modern, in evolving the best scheme. Diverse flood situations in New Brunswick (Canada), the Nile River Basin and Bangladesh exemplify three flooding situations radically different in origin and character. Finally, some important conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made for approaching solutions to major flood problems     

小浪底水库运用后山东黄河防凌问题分析

黄河小浪底水库运用后，可有效控制黄河下游河道流量，基本解决了山东黄河的防凌问题。但受小流量封河、跨流域调水和突发事件等因素的影响，山东黄河防凌又出现了新的问题。2001年小浪底水库投入防洪调度运行以来，对黄河山东段的河道变化情况及气温、水情、凌情等因素进行了分析，提出了做好防凌工作的建议。     

凌汛危害及其防护措施

凌汛在冬春季节江河水充受冰凌阻碍而引起的涨水现象，凌汛的发生与江河所处的地理位置密切相关，由于河流下游段的纬度高于上游段，因而产生封冻时下段早于上段，解冻时下段迟于上段，再加上江河中一些河段弯曲狭窄，在封冻流冰期，易开成冰塞洪水；在解冻流冰期；易产生冰坝洪水，其结果轻则漫滩，重者决堤成灾，造成很大灾害。我国在防凌汛洪水措施方面积累了较丰富的经验，在实路中逐步认识到凌汛的产生是由于热力和动力因素共同     

军事技术在河道应急破冰中的应用研究

依据黄河凌汛期凌情的不同特点,对目前防凌所涉及的军事爆炸破冰技术进行了多次现场试验,同时利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元数值模拟软件分别对火炮弹弹丸侵彻冰盖、聚能穿孔弹破碎冰塞、火箭拖带爆破带破碎大块冰凌等3类军事技术的破冰过程进行研究,研究了军用技术进行河道应急破冰的应用条件与相关参数,其研究成果可为河道应急爆炸破冰作业提供一定的理论及技术参考。     

黄河下游冰坝形成条件分析

黄河下游河道由于特定的地理位置,河道形态和水文、气象条件的组合,常常造成凌讯期部分河道卡冰结坝。通过对黄河下游河道冰坝的形成机理、冰坝的类型、冰坝的生消演变规律的分析,对进一步开展黄河下游河道冰坝的预测预报,搞好黄河下游防凌工作有着重要意义。     

冰情影响河段测流方法研究

正确确定河道流量对于研究寒冷地区冬季河渠道的冰情具有重要意义．对于渠底坡度一定的冰情影响河道，即使流量一定，流动阻力增加引起水深增加，导致敞流期量测得到的水位～流量关系改变，需要重新考虑测流垂线上测点选择．为了减少量测时间、成本及恶劣天气条件下工作不便，通常并不细测垂线流速分布，而只施测少数几个点，同时利用垂向测点流速和平均流速之间关系估计平均流速．测点选择不当往往造成很大误差．本文在传统二点测流法基础上，推导得到用于确定垂线平均流速的任意二点测流法，并应用原型观测资料进行了验证。     

基于离散元方法与水动力学耦合的河冰动力学模型

流凌和冰坝是我国北方冬季比较常见的河冰现象,尤其冰坝,可导致严重的凌洪灾害,是河冰研究中的重要部分。本文将离散单元方法与二维水动力学相耦合,建立河冰的动力学数值模型,以模拟河冰输移、聚集、堆积,以及冰坝形成的动力过程。针对河道中大量密集且几何形状随机的流冰现象,采用扩展多面体单元对冰块进行构造,并通过离散元接触模型表征河冰输移和冰坝形成过程中冰块间的相互作用。河流水动力部分则采用考虑河冰影响的二维非定常浅水方程进行描述,并采用有限元方法进行数值计算。冰水耦合中的计算参数由河冰离散单元与其所在水动力学有限元网格节点的位置插值计算得到。通过对冰盖封河造成水位抬高过程的数值模拟,并将计算结果与理论分析结果以及DynaRICE河冰模型的模拟结果进行对比,以验证模型的有效性。在此基础上,对规则河道中河冰输移、堆积和形成冰坝的过程进行数值模拟和结果分析。通过以上河冰离散元与水动力学的耦合方法及其对河冰动力过程的数值模拟,对河冰动力过程从细观角度进行新的认识并为河冰动力过程研究提供一种有效的数值方法。     

黄河宁蒙河段冰期洪水波运动过程中的变形分析

河道中冰盖的存在会影响到洪水波的演进变形。以黄河宁蒙河段为研究对象,将马斯京根法尝试应用于冰期洪水计算,分析了马斯京根法参数与糙率的关系,比较了冰盖冻结增厚和融化减薄过程对洪水波变形的影响差异。研究结果表明,将马斯京根法应用于冰期洪水计算是可行的;断面的糙率越大,洪水波传播时间越久,变形越大;冰盖冻结增厚过程中,洪水波的变形存在先增加再减少而后又增加的现象;冰盖融化减薄过程中,洪水波随冰厚的减薄而变形增大。相同冰厚下,两种过程的变形程度存在交点。交点之前的冰厚范围,冰盖融化减薄时的洪水波变形更大;交点之后的冰厚范围,冰盖冻结增厚时的洪水波变形更大。     

以初冰期流量为因子预报春汛来水量

流域特征不同,春汛来水量影响因素不同。平原宽浅或流域内含大面积沼泽地的河流,春汛来水量主要受春季融冰影响,即与封冻时流量大小相关。因而,以初冰期流量为因子,预报春汛来水量和洪峰流量。     

冰凌预报模糊优选神经网络BP方法

黄河内蒙段地处黄河流域最北端，由于它的特殊地理位置、水文气象条件、河道特性，几乎每年产生凌汛。本文在分析影响凌汛成因因素的基础上，选取合适的预报因子，基于模糊优选神经网络BP模型，提出冰凌预报方法，应用于黄河内蒙段封河、开河日期的预报。结果表明，计算简便，精度良好。     

寒区河道-堤防-泛区凌汛灾害风险评估防控研究进展

寒区凌汛灾害的孕育、发生及演变与河道-堤防-泛区关联密切，凌汛灾害风险的科学评估与防控至关重要。以凌汛灾害风险“识别-计算-评估-防控”为主线思路，从凌汛成因与凌汛灾害特征、河冰及凌汛洪水数值模型、河道凌汛灾害风险评估、凌汛期堤防险情与溃堤淹没风险评估、凌汛灾害风险防控措施等五个方面，综述寒区河道-堤防-泛区凌汛灾害风险评估防控研究进展，并提出河道-堤防-泛区凌汛灾害链条效应及其驱动机制、河冰演变-凌汛壅水-堤防险情-泛区淹没风险链模型、河道凌汛壅水-堤防溃决-泛区淹没风险定量评估、堤防冻融险情演化动力机制及智能预测、凌汛灾害监测-预警-评估-防控应急决策支持系统、凌汛灾害“四预”数字孪生平台等方面是凌汛灾害风险评估与防控亟需解决的关键科学问题或未来主要的研究方向，可为寒区凌汛灾害风险的深入探究与科学管理提供重要思路。     

河流水文学若干研究领域的回顾与展望

就 2 1世纪的产汇流理论、流域定量地貌、河流洪水、河流泥沙、河流热状况与冰情、河流资源利用、河流水质与河流生态环境等河流水文学主要研究领域的发展前景作了初步的展望 :要进一步揭示不同气候和下垫面条件下的产汇流规律 ,研制预测功能强的流域水文模型 ,发展和应用数字流域 ,深入揭示复杂条件下的洪水运动规律 ,提出高精度的分析计算方法 ;水流动力学与泥沙动力学相耦合的产沙计算方法将得到实际应用 ,河流输沙机理将进一步被揭示 ;继续探索河冰形成及河流冰情变化的热力学和水力学机理 ,完善冰凌数学模型 ,进一步揭示河流水流挟带污染物质的运动机理 ,完善水质模型 ,提高计算精度 ;要采用多学科综合的手段 ,深入探讨人类活动对河流生态系统的影响     

万家寨水库运用对桃汛降低潼关高程的影响

介绍了万家寨水库及其防凌运用原则 ;分析了万家寨水库投入运用前、后潼关站桃汛洪峰流量和最大十日洪量的变化 ;指出万家寨水库运用减少了桃汛洪水对潼关高程的冲刷作用 ;建议在保证防凌安全的前提下 ,改善万家寨水库开河期的防凌运用方式。     

黄河头道拐段冰输移及堆积过程数值模拟

头道拐河段因其特殊的河道形态及地理位置而成为黄河内蒙古段最易形成冰坝的河段,研究该河段河冰输移及堆积过程是理解内蒙古段河冰过程及卡冰结坝作用机理的关键。本文基于耦合的二维有限元水动力学模型和DPM(Discrete Parcel Method)河冰动力学模型,模拟了黄河头道拐河段2020—2021年冬季封河过程并进行了验证,讨论了不同水力条件、上游流凌密集度及河道形态对封河过程的影响。结果表明：相比于官牛犋弯道,河道弯曲率大、束窄程度高的什四份子弯道更易形成卡冰,且流量越小,卡冰作用越明显,冰盖向上游发展速度越快。河道流凌密集度小于0.4时,各种流量下研究河段未发生卡冰;流凌密集度增大至0.4,表面流冰首先在弯曲率系数较大的什四份子弯道处形成卡冰,随着流凌密集度和流量的进一步增大,下潜并输移到下游的流凌也会在官牛犋弯道形成卡冰,因此,头道拐河段形成卡冰的流凌密集度临界条件为0.4。应用冰水耦合二维动力学模型可以很好地模拟天然河道河冰输移、堆积过程中河道的水力特性、冰厚增长及封河形态,揭示了影响河冰过程的相关因素及作用机理,为黄河内蒙古段防凌减灾工作提供技术支撑。     

Modelling the effects of climate and flow regulation on ice‐affected backwater staging in a large northern river

In cold region environments, ice‐jam floods (IJFs) pose a severe risk to local communities, economies, and ecosystems. Previous studies have shown that both climate and regulation affect IJF probabilities, but their relative impacts are poorly understood. This study presents a probabilistic modelling framework that couples hydrologic and hydraulic models to assess the relative role of regulated and naturalized flows on ice‐affected backwater staging. The framework is evaluated at an IJF‐prone town on the Peace River in western Canada, which has been regulated since 1972. Naturalized flows were generated for the comparison, and ice‐affected backwater profiles were calculated along jams of varying length and location and for different combinations of model parameters and boundary conditions. Results show significant differences in backwater staging (~2 m for a return period of T = 1:10 year) between two study time periods (1973–1992 vs 1993–2012) as compared with two different hydraulic flow conditions (regulated vs naturalized), suggesting a larger role of climate than regulation in backwater staging. However, regulation was found to offset flood risk during the 1973–1992 period and exacerbate flood risk during the 1993–2012 period.     

A two‐dimensional self‐adaptive hydrodynamic scheme for the assessment of the effects of structures on flooding phenomena in river basins

In order to assess the effects of river and floodplain engineering projects on flooding, a new self‐adaptive hydrodynamic scheme for the simulation of two‐dimensional river flows is proposed. The depth‐averaged motion equations are solved numerically using a fractional step method, in which the convective terms are calculated using the inverse characteristics method and the remaining terms with an explicit method based on a finite difference method. The integration is performed on a dynamically self‐adaptive calculus grid, which allows representation of the movable boundary between wetting and drying regions of the basins to follow the effective development, in time and space, of the expansion phenomenon of flood. The proposed procedure allows the grid's dynamic refinement to avoid coordinate transformation or the use of unstructured grids. The proposed method is simple and allows the thickening of the grid to accommodate the flooding phenomena on the floodplain and to calculate the velocity in the domain regions in which a higher space resolution is required. Therefore, flows running through structures such as weirs, gates, bridges or culverts can be simulated. In the paper two different case studies, approached with the proposed self‐adaptive calculation scheme, are discussed. The studies concern the analysis of the effects of structures, such as roads or embankments, on flooding phenomena in the Tiber and Tanaro basins respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.