跨流域调水工程供水调度运行初探

跨流域调水工程是我国的大型基础设施建设,其供水调度是一个极其复杂的问题,涉及运行机制、技术运用、市场运作等多种问题。结合对跨流域调水工程调度特点和我国跨流域调水工程存在问题的分析,提出了跨流域调水工程应实行政府管理与市场运作双重运行机制．应在遵循利益最大化原则的同时,兼顾区域和谐原则、国家利益和个体利益相结合的原则和公益性与经营性的统一．并据此提出了跨流域调水工程供水调度的研究思路。     

Environmental over enthusiasm

India needs large dams for water storage, hydropower and flood control. It also needs long-distance inter-basin water transfers. However, India has a complex and strict environmental regulatory system which ignores a developing economy's needs and peoples' aspirations and is often impractical. This is used by activists to thwart infrastructure building, and, when faced with development slowdown, the government tries to thwart the laws they themselves have made. India's food, water and energy security, economic, and poverty-alleviation plans are in jeopardy unless environmental regulators realize that the regulations are being misused and that environmental over-enthusiasm is benefiting neither development nor the environment.     

碳中和愿景下城市供水面临的挑战、安全保障对策与技术研究进展

随着我国人口逐渐增多、经济迅猛发展、生活水平不断提高、城市化进程逐渐加速,城市面积扩大并发展成城市群,对水资源的需求持续增加.与此同时,工业、农业生产、人类活动等途径进入环境中的各类污染物总量也在增加、成分更加复杂,这些污染物最终进入城市水体.为满足水质要求,城市供水系统能源消耗逐渐增加,产生较多的碳足迹.一些城市群为...     

Economic approaches to water management in Australia

This paper focuses on the use of three economic approaches to water management in Australia that can increase the efficiency of water use and water security, thus providing a fillip to sustainability and economic growth: the establishment of water markets and water pricing; government spending; and the adoption of legislation and economic regulations promoting the development of water markets. Australia is well down the reform path, but needs to complete implementation. Australia's challenge is relevant to many countries struggling with demand and supply water imbalances, and the consequential declining environmental outcomes in rural areas and persistent water shortages in urban areas.     

跨流域调水生态环境影响评价指标体系研究

目前对跨流域调水工程生态环境影响评价,尚未构建一套普遍适用的指标体系。在对工程实例进行充分调研的基础上,从跨流域调水对水源区、输水区和受水区的生态环境影响特征出发,遵循系统性、代表性、科学性、定性定量相结合、独立性和客观性等原则,从物理化学系统、生物系统、社会经济系统三方面分别构建跨流域调水的生态环境影响评价指标体系。并针对解决城市供水、农业灌溉、生态环境保护和综合开发利用等不同目标的跨流域调水工程在环境影响评价指标权重分配上所体现的差异进行了分析总结,可供跨流域调水对生态环境影响评价时参考选用。     

Innovations in Water Management

Abstract

The water allocations made to the lower Colorado River Basin under the 1922 Colorado River Compact. as well as the later contractual allocations made by the Secretary of the Interior under the Boulder Canyon Project Act to the States of Arizona, California, and Nevada, and water agencies in those states, were based on significant overestimates offuture water supply. Based on the priority system in each state, the burden of the current shortages has fallen principally on municipal water users. This paper reviews the steps they have taken through innovative conservation measures, water transfers and water banking to deal with the shortage situation. It also briefly discusses the status of native-American rights in the lower Colorado River Basin in such efforts and the possibility of fixed term leases of water from Upper Basin States or users to Lower Basin municipal users.     

The water–energy nexus: energy use for water supply in China

China’s strategy to meet increasing water demand is to increase the use of inter-basin transfer water and unconventional water. This study evaluates the energy requirements of this strategy by disaggregating and quantifying the regional energy use for water supply in 2020 and 2030; the energy use in 2014 is calculated to represent the present situation. We find that the energy use for water supply in 2014 amounted to 81 billion kWh. This value is expected increase to 90 and 109 billion kWh by 2020 and 2030, respectively. In 2030, the urban domestic sector will overtake the agricultural sector as the most energy-intensive sector, with major contribution from inter-basin transfer water.     

跨流域供水水库群联合调度规则研究

针对跨流域供水水库群联合调度存在的主从递阶结构,提出了调水规则和供水规则相结合的跨流域供水水库群联合调度规则。其中,调水规则由一组基于各水库蓄水量的调水控制线表示,根据其间的相对位置关系,决定是否调水,调水量如何分配等;供水规则由各库供水调度图表示,对应于不同用水户的限制供水线将水库的兴利库容分为若干调度区。建立了适合于主从递阶结构的水库群联合调度二层规划模型,采用并行种群混合进化的粒子群算法对模型进行求解。中国北方某大型跨流域调水工程的实例研究证明了模型的合理性和有效性。     

River regulation in the United Kingdom: An historical perspective

The beginnings of direct river modification in the U.K. are traced back to the 1st century A.D. when works were undertaken for land drainage and transportation. After the Roman period river works were widespread, there being more than 5,000 water-mills by 1086, but of small scale until the 17th century. Impressive drainage schemes were supplemented from the end of the 18th century by the construction of numerous small dams for water supply and to provide compensation water. Severe pollution during the mid-19th century led eventually to an organized system of river management. By 1900 the era of large dam buildings and large (> 1000 km) inter-basin transfers had begun. The regulation of rivers in the U.K. has been subjected to much public scrutiny and debate, more so than the development of any other resource. However, the problems being encountered in river management today are shown to be embedded in the history of water resource development.     

Optimization of Hydraulic-Hydrologic Complex System of Reservoirs and Connecting Tunnel

Nowadays, population growth, environmental constraints and climate change can adversely affect our water supply systems’ ability to keep up with demand. Due to lack of unsuitable distribution and dispersion of water resources, precipitation, soil resources, etc., inter-basin transfers of water could be a solution in order to balancing between supply and demand water in different areas. In this study, the optimal designing of water conveyance from basin No-1 to basin No-2 is investigated. Water is transferred between these two dams by tunnel structure. Since the water flow through the tunnel is under pressure, increasing dam height will cause the decrease of tunnel diameter for constant water conveyance efficiency. The purpose of this study is transferring 95 % of water flow between two basins after supplying the agriculture consumption and environmental needs. Therefore, the mathematical program was developed first to solve the governing equations of water balance of reservoir and hydraulic of tunnel. Then, various strategies including different diameters of tunnel and dam height were considered and finally the best strategy from economic and technical viewpoint was proposed. The results showed that dam height of 151.2 m and tunnel diameter of 3.2 m are the economic options to convey of 95 % of the water.     

Applying water soft path analysis in small urban areas: four Canadian case studies

Water soft paths begin from the vision that future water management has more to gain from reducing demand than from increasing supply. This article reviews three case studies of water soft path analysis in small urban areas in Canada, and one study of an urban planning process incorporating soft path concepts. The analytical studies indicate how communities can avoid the need for expansion of water infrastructure with negligible impacts on lifestyles or livelihoods. The planning study demonstrates that it is possible to introduce water soft paths early in a review, and that this will stimulate more ecologically sensitive thinking among citizens, officials and political leaders. Similar conclusions can be expected from soft path studies in urban areas elsewhere in the developed world.     

Scenario Optimisation of Pumping Schedules in a Complex Water Supply System Considering a Cost–Risk Balancing Approach

The optimisation of water pumping plant activation schedules is a significant issue when managing emergency and costly water transfer under a drought risk. This problem needs specific optimisation tools to deal with complex multi-reservoir supply systems and to consider different alternative scenarios. The effectiveness of emergency transfers alleviating droughts requires early warning and activation; on the other hand, the high operating costs of pump stations require system managers to take a robust approach that defines activation rules. The proposed optimisation procedure combines scenario optimisation analysis with a cost-risk balancing approach. The model searches for the identification of optimal decision rules by balancing the risk of water shortages and the operating costs of pumping stations. Scenario optimisation provides ‘barycentric’ values that define the activation threshold by comparing hydrological synthetic series results. A multi-objective approach is also required in order to balance energy cost minimisation requirements and a reduction of damage needs that can be caused by water shortages. Consequently, a scenario optimisation has been developed considering the multi-objective and cost-risk balancing problem. A model application has been developed optimising water management and energy costs in a real water system with shortage risks in the South Sardinia (Italy) region.     

跨流域调水对恢复白洋淀生态环境重要性分析

近几十年来,由于气候变化和和人类活动的影响,白洋淀入淀水量逐年减少,造成多次干淀现象。水利部和河北省先后组织多次本流域调水和外流域调水,以缓解白洋淀供水不足的问题。通过对白洋淀供水水源与耗水量分析,为保护和恢复白洋淀生态环境,跨流域调水是一项重要措施。南水北调中线工程总干渠通水后,将能实现引江水补淀,从根本上解决白洋淀生态环境危机。     

农村饮水安全工程建设与管理的建议

为避免农村饮水安全工程建设出现标准低、规模小,建后时间不长就不能满足社会经济的发展和人民生活需求水平提高的现象发生,对农村饮水工程的规划设计、水源选择和总体布局等需作出合理安排。通过调研认为农村饮水安全工程要科学合理规划,优先发展适度规模的集中式供水工程;要改革和创新工程管理体制和运行机制;要建立稳定的维护投入渠道,加强建后管理,完善社会化服务体系。     

Adaptation of urban water supply infrastructure to impacts from climate and socioeconomic changes: The case of Hamilton,New Zealand

While the relations between climate variables and sectoral water demand have been well established in the literature, few studies have attempted to quantify changes in urban water usage with climate change. Concentrating on the city of Hamilton, New Zealand, we investigate possible water use and infrastructure needs for a range of climate and population projections. We find that water demand (at the monthly aggregate level) is largely driven by changes in population, and not significantly affected by changes in climate. However, as population increases, the effect of climate variables on per capita consumption will be magnified. Monthly aggregate changes may further mask potenially significant short-term shortages. In several scenarios, water supply shortages in 2030 occur with a 30--40% probability, suggesting needs for long-term capacity expansion or aggressive demand side management, rather than implementation of short-term management of water demand.     

Will the energy industry drain the water used for agricultural irrigation in the Yellow River basin?

This article employs the case of the Yellow River basin to advance understanding of the water–energy–food nexus by demonstrating how the country’s energy and agriculture sectors are competing for limited water supplies and by quantifying the future water demands in the two sectors. The results show that in 2030 the water demands for food and energy are likely to increase by less than 4 km³ and 1 km³, respectively, in the Yellow River basin. The analysis suggests that agricultural water savings and inter-basin water transfers are the main ways to ensure sufficient water flows through the basin to fulfil demand for both sectors while preserving the natural ecosystems.     

Inter-Basin Water Transfer Public Agreements: A Decision Approach to Quantity and Price

Water transfers from regions with high rainfall and large reservoirs toregions with scarcity are currently viewed as necessary projects to assure supply and increase efficiency. In countries where most surface water is controlled by public agencies, the transfer requires a politically feasible agreement between them. Among the multiple subjects of the agreement, the present study only deals with the commercial problem of deciding the water transferable quantity and price in an equitable rational way, the decision to be agreed by the public agencies being recommended by independent experts. Aimed at the work of such experts, the paper proposes a decision stochastic approach to determine quantity and price by simulating the recipient's demand curve and the donor's supply curve for transferable water. This approach can be easily implemented using numerical tables containing geographical and economic data on the basins, which appear generally published in government surveys. A case study on the Tajo-Segura aqueduct in Spain and the recipient area of Lorca is developed.     

南水北调来水后河北省水资源情况与利用对策

针对南水北调来水后受水区水资源供需情况发生改变的实际,分析了河北省受水区南水北调前后水资源供需平衡状况、河北省节水与调水的关系以及受水区水资源开发利用原则,提出了水资源利用的对策与措施。对南水北调来水后河北省水资源开发利用具有一定的指导意义。     

牧区供水现状及发展方向

以"牧区供水现状及发展方向的研究"成果为基础,在介绍近年来我国牧区供水方面现状和存在问题的基础上,指出保障饮水安全、提高供水数量和方便程度是牧区供水的努力方向,增加投入、降低成本、减轻牧民经济负担、提高牧民收入和生活质量是牧区供水的发展方向.     

Informal water markets and community management in peri-urban Luanda,Angola

ABSTRACT

The majority of Angola’s peri-urban population still rely on informal mechanisms for water supply. This water is expensive and of poor quality, representing a significant household expenditure for the urban poor. The article uses qualitative tools and tracking of the supply chain to analyze the scope of the informal water economy in Luanda. Marketing water at the local household level involves significant trading in social capital. A financially sustainable model of community water management that builds on this neighbourhood social capital has been adopted by the government for implementation across the country.