Small-Scale Gravity Flow Water Systems in Phrae Province,Thailand

ABSTRACT

Small gravity flow water systems using small diameter PVC pipe are an increasingly popular technology in the mountains of Phrae Province, Thailand. The systems are appropriate to the needs and capabilities of the rural Thai village users; rural Thai villagers have been able to independently design, finance, and construct systems serving from 10–30 houses.

Technical details about the construction, maintenance, and finance of two systems in Ban Nam Jom Village are described. The systems include sedimentation and sand filtration tanks, and also galvanized iron reservoirs. One system, serving 22 houses, was constructed at a cost of US $904.72.

Low cost gravity flow water systems are a new technology for accessible mountain areas in countries where cheap PVCpipe is available.     

水资源合理配置与水权、水价、水市场的关系

实施南水北调东线工程,是促进东部地区经济社会可持续发展的必然选择。南水北调东线工程江苏段调水的目的是在江水北调的基础上,进一步优化配置用水,实现江、淮、沂沭泗水源互济互调,在苏北地区形成一个跨流域的水资源调配网络图。在调用水的同时,处理好水资源与水权、水价、水市场3者之间的关系,即相互协调、相互促进。     

“引大济湟”北干渠一期工程向杨家水库补水的水源论证

杨家水库供水范围内城市、农村生活、生态和农业总用水量超出了水库坝址处河流的来水量,需要从“引大济湟”北干渠一期工程补水,实施调节后才能保证水库的供水量.根据上水磨沟流域水资源状况,就北干渠一期工程向杨家水库补水进行了水源论证.     

背河坑塘水力条件对河道边坡稳定性的影响

靠近渠堤的坑塘是影响和危害河渠工程安全的严重隐患之一。以引江济淮工程中涉及坑塘和膨胀土的某一河道为例,运用GeoStudio软件建立了耦合渗流和稳定性分析的河道边坡计算模型,并对该边坡提出了相应的支护方案,分析了边坡支护前后的抗滑稳定性,并研究了填塘范围、坑塘水深及土体渗透性对边坡渗流和稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:按支护方案进行支护后,各种工况下的渠道边坡稳定性均满足规范要求;填塘处理能够显著降低坑塘渗流在坡面的出溢点高程、减小渗漏单宽流量,进而提升河道边坡的稳定性;不同河道水位工况下,坑塘水深对坑塘水分在边坡内渗流和边坡稳定性的影响均较小;膨胀土渗透系数越低,坑塘渗流在坡面的出溢点高程越低,渗漏单宽流量也越低,安全系数越高,膨胀土渗透性对坑塘水分在边坡内渗流和边坡稳定性的影响均十分显著。研究成果可为类似河道边坡的支护设计、填塘处理提供参考和借鉴。     

浙江省农村饮用水工程管理模式探讨

针对面广量大的农村饮水安全工程，如何加强管理，使工程长久良性运行，保障农民的饮水安全，浙江省各地在实践中进行了探索。通过水务一体化的管理体制、乡镇供水统一管理的模式、村级饮用水工程产权与经营权制度改革等措施．探索出农村饮水安全工程长效管理的模式，并取得了明显成效，农村饮水安全工程管理走出了一条可持续发展的道路。     

浅谈北海市农村饮水工程的水源管理与保护

通过对广西北海市农村饮水现状和供水工程建设及其水源利用分析,探讨农村饮水工程水源管理与保护的有效途经,促进可持续发展。     

Rainwater Harvesting: An Alternative to Safe Water Supply in Nigerian Rural Communities

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is an economical small-scale technology that has the potential to augment safe water supply with least disturbance to the environment, especially in the drier regions. In Nigeria, less than half of the population has reasonable access to reliable water supply. This study in northeastern Nigeria determined the rate of water consumption and current water sources before estimating the amount of rainwater that can potentially be harvested. A survey on 200 households in four villages namely, Gayama, Akate, Sidi and Sabongari established that more than half of them rely on sources that are susceptible to drought, i.e. shallow hand-dug wells and natural water bodies, while only 3% harvest rainwater. Taraba and Gombe states where the villages are located have a mean annual rainfall of 1,064 mm and 915 mm respectively. Annual RWH potential per household was estimated to be 63.35 m³ for Taraba state and 54.47 m³ for Gombe state. The amount could meet the water demand for the village of Gayama although the other three villages would have to supplement their rainwater with other sources. There is therefore sufficient rainwater to supplement the need of the rural communities if the existing mechanism and low involvement of the villagers in RWH activities could be improved.     

Rainwater storage in cement jars in Northeastern Thailand

The supply of drinking water in the rural Northeast of Thailand has long been a problem. Since the early 1980s the government has promoted 2000 l cement rainwater storage jars for drinking water. Examined here are issues related to the government's programme: jar acquisition and ownership; construction quality; use of jar water; rainwater collection systems and access; water quality; taste preferences; and water storage and shortages. It is found that, while having problems, the programme has been successful: village water storage capacity has increased; villagers are drinking better‐quality water for longer periods; and the acceptance of jars has improved.     

The impact of cost recovery and sharing system on water policy implementation and human right to water: a case of Ileje, Tanzania

In Tanzania, the National Water Policy (NAWAPO) of 2002 clearly stipulates that access to water supply and sanitation is a right for every Tanzanian and that cost recovery is the foundation of sustainable service delivery. To meet these demands, water authorities have introduced cost recovery and a water sharing system. The overall objective of this study was to assess the impact of cost recovery and the sharing system on water policy implementation and human rights to water in four villages in the Ileje district. The specific objectives were: (1) to assess the impact of cost recovery and the sharing system on the availability of water to the poor, (2) to assess user willingness to pay for the services provided, (3) to assess community understanding on the issue of water as a human right, (4) to analyse the implications of the results in relation to policies on human rights to water and the effectiveness of the implementation of the national water policy at the grassroots, and (5) to establish the guidelines for water pricing in rural areas. Questionnaires at water demand, water supply, ability and willingness to pay and revenue collection were the basis for data collection. While 36.7% of the population in the district had water supply coverage, more than 73,077 people of the total population of 115,996 still lacked access to clean and safe water and sanitation services in the Ileje district. The country's rural water supply coverage is 49%. Seventy-nine percent of the interviewees in all four villages said that water availability in litres per household per day had decreased mainly due to high water pricing which did not consider the income of villagers. On the other hand, more than 85% of the villagers were not satisfied with the amount they were paying because the services were still poor. On the issue of human rights to water, more than 92% of the villagers know about their right to water and want it exercised by the government. In all four villages, more than 78% of the interviewees are willing to payforwater provided that the tariffs are affordable. Water policy implementation continues slowly: regardless of the fact that more than five years have passed since policy inception, 60% of the villagers in Itumba still have no water services at all. The study shows that government fulfilment of human rights to water has a long way to go, especially in rural areas where people cannot afford to pay for water and some of the villages still depend on water from wells and seasonal rivers.     

浙江省水乡区域水资源可持续利用机制初探

浙江省水资源总量丰富 ,但存在人均占有量不足、年内分配不均、地下水超采、水污染日益严重等问题 ,而传统水资源管理体制存在的管理不顺的弊端无法有效控制水污染 ,难以统筹管理城乡水资源。参照欧美发达国家和深圳、上海对水资源进行综合开发和统一管理的先进管理模式 ,指出为实现江南水乡区域水资源可持续利用 ,建议理顺水资源管理体制 ,建立水务局 ,对城乡水资源进行一体化管理 ,建立节水型社会 ,防治水污染 ,维护和改善水环境。     

加强农田水利基本建设为四川新农村夯实基础

搞好农田水利基本建设，是确保“生产发展”的基础，是确保“生活宽裕”与“文明进步”的前提，是实现“村容整洁”的重要内容，是“管理民主”的有益探索。夯实农田水利基本建设基础，创新农田水利基本建设机制．对四川建设社会主义新农村具有十分重要的意义。     

拱网消能工与普通消力池的比较分析

针对渠系建筑物涵闸下游水流特点，采用一种适合于低佛氏数消能的新型消能结构一拱网消力池，并对通辽西辽河灌区洪淤渠、孟家段干渠和八一水库泻洪洞采用拱网消能的工程实例进行了分析。结果表明，与普通消力池相比．拱网消力池的池长可缩短50％以上，池深可减少约30％，且消能率可提高20％以上，一般比普通消能措施可节省工程造价30％以上。     

上海市水资源和水环境的可持续发展

从上海市的水域分布、水资源总量和水污染状况等方面分析上海市的水资源和水环境状况 ,分析结果表明 ,影响上海市水资源和水环境可持续发展主要有三大因素 :废污水的排放和治理问题 ;河网水动力条件和人工调节能力问题 ;流域资源的配置和环境影响问题。上海市水资源配置的主要目标是 :以水资源综合利用为核心 ,确保市民饮用水优质供给为首要目标 ,建立完善黄浦江水源、长江水源、地下水源和供水管网为重点的水资源配置系统 ,形成城镇供水、工业用水、农田灌溉、内河航运、环境用水相协调 ,水量、水质实时监控系统和合理的价格机制相配套的水资源配置体系。上海市水环境治理的主要目标是 :以水功能区划为依据 ,以“一江一湖十二河”为重点 ,以“六线六厂”污水处理骨干设施为基础 ,统筹兼顾城乡河网的内河航运、城市景观、生态环境等综合功能 ,形成污水收集处理、长期调水、定期清淤和长效管理相结合的水环境保护体系。     

An alternative water supply for chilean coastal desert villages

The measured domestic water consumption rates in two fishing villages on the arid north coast of Chile were 14.2 and 19.7 l/pers/day. The villagers pay 10% of their family income for water in Chungungo and 6% in Los Hornos. The true subsidized cost of the water would represent 39% and 26% respectively of average family income. These high water costs led to the establishment of a project to determine if fog water collection could provide a lower cost water supply. The site, on the ridge above the village of Chungungo, has produced 7200 l/day, an average of 22 I/day for each of the 330 people in the village, during its first 32 months of operation, at a cost estimated to be one‐quarter of that of the current water supply. In addition, the fog water supply should be more reliable and of equal or better quality.     

The economic potential of rural water supply projects in Tanzania

The rationale behind the decision to invest in the development of rural water supply in Tanzania is discussed. It is shown that theoretically economic as well as social benefits are supposed to influence investment decisions. In practice, however, choice of projects to be developed are made solely on the basis of social rather than economic factors. Economic potential of such projects are generally not considered. Examples of small scale irrigation, fish farming and village afforestation are discussed. It is concluded that economic potential of rural water supply projects should be considered together with the social benefits during the planning stages of such projects.     

南水北调中线引江济汉工程地质条件分析

引江济汉工程系与南水北调中线水源工程配套的汉江中下游4大工程之一,工程拟主要采用人工渠道自长江枝江-荆州河段引水,跨越荆州、潜江境内众多的公路、河流、湖汉后,在潜江市高石碑-东荆河口一带入汉江,初拟年均调水量93亿m3;工程兴建将近距离沟通长江、汉江两大河流,补偿南水北调工程实施后汉江丹江口以下河段工农业及生态用水,改善汉江中下游生态和水文环境.在阐述引江济汉工程基本地质条件的基础上,对拟建渠道工程存在的主要工程地质问题作初步的分析和研究,对其线路方案提出地质建议.     

Identification of River Sections for Domestic Water Supply along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China

This paper presents major findings from a recent study aiming to systematically determine suitable river sections for local domestic water supply along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China. On the basis of analysis on the current riverbank utilization and bank stability, accessible and stable river sections in the region were selected. The water quality in these river sections was then studied using a two-dimensional unsteady flow and pollutant transport/transformation model, RBFVM-2D. The model was calibrated and verified against the hydrodynamic data, water quality data and remote sensing data collected from the river. The investigation on the pollution sources along the river identified 56 main pollution point sources. The pollution zones downstream of these point sources are the main threat for the water quality in the river. The model was used to compute the pollution zones. In particular, simulations were conducted to establish the relationship between the extent of the pollution zone and the wastewater discharge rate of the associated point source. These water quality simulation results were combined with the riverbank stability analysis to determine suitable river sections for local domestic water supply.     

Evaluating Bank Filtration as an Alternative to the Current Water Supply from Deeper Aquifer: A Case Study from the Pannonian Basin,Serbia

Groundwater from a depth of 100–200 m is the main source of public water supply in most municipalities in the Pannonian basin in central and southeastern Europe. Even though its quality does not always meet EU standards for drinking water—including those regarding arsenic—in many villages and even in some major cities no treatment except chlorination takes place. Of the several alternatives to improve the water supply situation in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in the northern part of the Republic of Serbia, re-orientation towards more centralized systems combined with river bank filtration as an additional and sustainable raw water resource was evaluated as the best. A hydrogeological and hydrochemical survey of the Tisa (or Tisza) River alluvium in the Padej test field confirmed the aptness of this approach. A good connection between the Tisa River bed and the alluvial aquifer consisting of fine-grained sand was found (average hydraulic conductivity of 5 × 10⁻⁵ m/s). With appropriately designed and managed wells, 80–100 l/s bank filtrate per km of river bank can be produced for water supply. Comprehensive analysis of the river water and river bank filtrate as well as a pilot treatment of the bank filtrate suggest that aeration-oxidation-flocculation-filtration-disinfection is a suitable technology for the Tisa River bank filtrate.     

漓江城市段河流生态健康评价

近年来,对漓江水质进行过多次监测与研究,如生化需氧量、酸碱度和溶解氧等常规环境监测项目已获得良好的研究基础。本研究在进行漓江河流生态健康评价时,除涵括常规水质参数及河流形态、结构功能等参数作为评价因子之外,还引入了河流沉积物的生态风险作为评价因子,并结合沉积物中重金属及有机氯农药的环境地球化学行为,综合评价漓江河流生态健康程度,以期获得更全面科学的评估结果,为流域生态可持续发展提供依据。     

变频恒压供水系统在村村通自来水工程中的应用

随着农村经济的快速发展,传统的供水方式已不能满足农村供水需求,要求使用更先进的供水系统。在实施村村通自来水、工程过程中,迁安市广泛使用了变频恒压供水系统,以满足社会主义新农村建设要求。